Gay Student Services v. Texas A&M University
Encyclopedia
Gay Student Services v. Texas A&M University, 737 F. 2d 1317 (5th Cir. 1984) is a court case in which the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
held that the First Amendment
required public universities to recognize student organizations aimed at gay
students. In 1976, Texas A&M University
denied official recognition to the Gay Student Services Organization on the grounds that homosexuality was illegal in Texas, and the group's stated goals—offering referral services and providing educational information to students—were actually the responsibility of university staff. The students sued the university for violation of their First Amendment right to freedom of speech in February 1977. For six years, the case wound its way through the courts; although the trial court ruled in favor of Texas A&M several times, the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals repeatedly overturned the verdict. The U.S. Supreme Court declined to take the case, letting stand the circuit court ruling that the students' free speech rights had been compromised. This resulted in the removal of all legal restrictions against gay rights groups on college campuses.
opened in 1876, only male students were admitted. All students were required to join the Corps of Cadets and receive military training. Although the school was located in a poorly populated area, student social clubs and fraternities were discouraged. After World War II
ended, enrollment at A&M skyrocketed as many former soldiers used the G.I. Bill to further their education.
The university was slow to embrace change. When in the 1950s editorials in the school newspaper, The Battalion
, encouraged coeducation, the Student Senate to demand the editor of the paper resign. Later in the year students defeated 2–1 a campus resolution on coeducation. Texas A&M finally became coeducational in 1963; female students were forbidden from joining the Corps of Cadets. The following year, the college was officially integrated, and in 1965 membership in the Corps of Cadets became voluntary. By 1970, enrollment had grown to more than from all and .
In April of that year, three students identified in the court papers as M. Minton, M. Garrett, and S. Skinner (later determined to be Michael Minton, Michael Garrett, and Sherri Skinner) approached John Koldus, the Texas A&M Vice President for Student Affairs, and requested limited recognition for an organization to support gay issues. The students did not want full university recognition, which included partial funding from student fees as well as official office space in the Student Programs Office, because several of their members wished to be discreet about their sexual orientation. Instead, the group requested only meeting space on campus and the right to post notices on school bulletin boards and in the student newspaper. Koldus informed the students that the university did not offer limited recognition, and that to gain the access they had asked for the students must apply for fully official status.
The Director of Student Affairs, Carolyn Adair, advised the students to describe themselves as a service group rather than a political or social organization. Accordingly, their application listed the group's goals as: creating a referral service for students advising professional counseling in several fields, providing information and education on life as a homosexual student, and sponsoring external speakers to discuss gay issues.
For the next six months, the application lingered unresolved, although as early as May a university memo - unseen by the students - emphatically stated that the university would not recognize the organization unless ordered to do so. On November 29, the application was officially denied on two grounds. The initial reason was that homosexual conduct was illegal in Texas. Furthermore, the university maintained that university staff held sole responsibility for offering referral services, educational information, and speakers. As a result, the university ruled that the student organization's mission was not "consistent with the philosophy and goals" of the university.
right to freedom of speech. The case was initially dismissed by a trial court with no comment. The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals remanded the case for trial. A bench trial
, held in November 1981, was decided in favor of Texas A&M. This decision was overturned by the appellate court. The appellate court ruled that, despite the mission listed in their application, the Gay Student Services group was primarily a social organization. The appellate court found that Texas A&M "did not and has not to the time of trial in this case, recognized fraternal organizations, i.e. student groups whose principal if not sole purpose is to hold social gatherings to encourage friendships and personal affinity", and that this was the primary reason for the refusal to grant official status. Although trial testimony had centered on other issues, the appellate court ruling hinted that the outcome might have been different if Texas A&M had argued that the denial was a result of public health concerns. This decision was rendered before there was much public awareness of AIDS
.
Following this ruling, the state of Texas refused to further represent the university. Texas A&M officials instead hired a private lawyer, and appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court.
In their brief, Texas A&M officials changed tactics. They now argued that recognizing the Gay Student Services organization would encourage more homosexual conduct, thus leading to increased psychological and physical problems. The brief further alleged that the appellate court ruling had "created for homosexuals a right not specifically enumerated in the Constitution." In response, the students argued that the university's appeal was "predicated largely on the mistaken belief that mere official recognition of a student service organization that has been meeting unofficially since 1976 will cause a significant increase in homosexual activity. This belief is completely unfounded."
By this time, several other federal courts had also ruled that LGBT student organizations had a right to form under the First Amendment. The Supreme Court declined to hear this case, letting stand the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruling that ordered the school to recognize the student organization.
During the period that began with the Fifth Circuit Court decision of August 3, 1984, ruling that Texas A&M acted improperly when it refused to recognize Gay Student Services, and then ended with the Supreme Court decision on April 1, 1985, not to hear Texas A&M's appeal, campus daily life and political activism was highly and tensely focused on the question of whether GSS (often mistakenly referred to as GSSO) should be allowed on campus. During those eight months, the university's student council voted on a resolution in favor of GSS recognition, after an address to the council by the GSS president Marco Roberts, creating a furor among the student population; hundreds of articles, columns, and letters to the editor appeared in the school's paper and the city newspaper regarding the controversial issue; dozens of news reports appeared on local and national news programs.; multiple formal debate forums on the issue were held on campus, with GSS leaders invited to participate; two major on-campus protest rallies were led by the leaders of GSS (at the invitation of a recognized student group called Students Working Against Many Problems, or SWAMP) which were attended and counter-protested by hundreds of students; and lastly, Marco Roberts and David Kerr (president of the gay student group at Trinity University) joined 1,400 couples at the MDA Kissathon held at Kyle field during the spring semester of 1985, surrounded by a curtain of SWAMP couples.
In a matter of coincidence, the last on-campus rally hosted by SWAMP to provide GSS leaders the opportunity to speak and distribute literature occurred on April 1, 1985, the same day the Supreme Court rendered its decision that let the Fifth Circuit Court ruling stand, effectively ending the legal battle in GSS's favor.
, a national social fraternity
, because its presence on campus might result in "a social caste system".
On 31 March and 1 April 2010, through the efforts of the GLBT Resource Center, the GLBT Professional Network and the Queer Studies Working Group at Texas A&M, and with funding from many campus bodies including the President's Office, the university celebrated the 25th anniversary of the Supreme Court's inaction with a well-attended two-day symposium, "25 Years After," that featured an exploration of "Queer of Color" the first day and "GLBT in Higher Education" on the second, featuring a keynote speech by the openly gay president of Roosevelt University, Charles R. Middleton
.
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:* Eastern District of Louisiana* Middle District of Louisiana...
held that the First Amendment
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. The amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering...
required public universities to recognize student organizations aimed at gay
Gay
Gay is a word that refers to a homosexual person, especially a homosexual male. For homosexual women the specific term is "lesbian"....
students. In 1976, Texas A&M University
Texas A&M University
Texas A&M University is a coeducational public research university located in College Station, Texas . It is the flagship institution of the Texas A&M University System. The sixth-largest university in the United States, A&M's enrollment for Fall 2011 was over 50,000 for the first time in school...
denied official recognition to the Gay Student Services Organization on the grounds that homosexuality was illegal in Texas, and the group's stated goals—offering referral services and providing educational information to students—were actually the responsibility of university staff. The students sued the university for violation of their First Amendment right to freedom of speech in February 1977. For six years, the case wound its way through the courts; although the trial court ruled in favor of Texas A&M several times, the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals repeatedly overturned the verdict. The U.S. Supreme Court declined to take the case, letting stand the circuit court ruling that the students' free speech rights had been compromised. This resulted in the removal of all legal restrictions against gay rights groups on college campuses.
Background
When Texas A&M UniversityTexas A&M University
Texas A&M University is a coeducational public research university located in College Station, Texas . It is the flagship institution of the Texas A&M University System. The sixth-largest university in the United States, A&M's enrollment for Fall 2011 was over 50,000 for the first time in school...
opened in 1876, only male students were admitted. All students were required to join the Corps of Cadets and receive military training. Although the school was located in a poorly populated area, student social clubs and fraternities were discouraged. After World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
ended, enrollment at A&M skyrocketed as many former soldiers used the G.I. Bill to further their education.
The university was slow to embrace change. When in the 1950s editorials in the school newspaper, The Battalion
The Battalion
The Battalion is the student newspaper of Texas A&M University. Started in 1893 as a monthly publication, it continues to this day, now as a daily paper. The first paper at Texas A&M University was the Texas Collegian published in 1878...
, encouraged coeducation, the Student Senate to demand the editor of the paper resign. Later in the year students defeated 2–1 a campus resolution on coeducation. Texas A&M finally became coeducational in 1963; female students were forbidden from joining the Corps of Cadets. The following year, the college was officially integrated, and in 1965 membership in the Corps of Cadets became voluntary. By 1970, enrollment had grown to more than from all and .
Precursor
In the spring semester of 1976, a group of Texas A&M students organized a gay support group. In an effort to advertise their new organization, they began posting flyers around the Texas A&M campus during the evenings. During one of these evenings, two of them were confronted at knife point by two other students, and forced to take all their flyers down. After that incident, they decided to get formal permission to post flyers.In April of that year, three students identified in the court papers as M. Minton, M. Garrett, and S. Skinner (later determined to be Michael Minton, Michael Garrett, and Sherri Skinner) approached John Koldus, the Texas A&M Vice President for Student Affairs, and requested limited recognition for an organization to support gay issues. The students did not want full university recognition, which included partial funding from student fees as well as official office space in the Student Programs Office, because several of their members wished to be discreet about their sexual orientation. Instead, the group requested only meeting space on campus and the right to post notices on school bulletin boards and in the student newspaper. Koldus informed the students that the university did not offer limited recognition, and that to gain the access they had asked for the students must apply for fully official status.
The Director of Student Affairs, Carolyn Adair, advised the students to describe themselves as a service group rather than a political or social organization. Accordingly, their application listed the group's goals as: creating a referral service for students advising professional counseling in several fields, providing information and education on life as a homosexual student, and sponsoring external speakers to discuss gay issues.
For the next six months, the application lingered unresolved, although as early as May a university memo - unseen by the students - emphatically stated that the university would not recognize the organization unless ordered to do so. On November 29, the application was officially denied on two grounds. The initial reason was that homosexual conduct was illegal in Texas. Furthermore, the university maintained that university staff held sole responsibility for offering referral services, educational information, and speakers. As a result, the university ruled that the student organization's mission was not "consistent with the philosophy and goals" of the university.
Court proceedings
The students sued the university in February 1977 for infringing their First AmendmentFirst Amendment to the United States Constitution
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. The amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering...
right to freedom of speech. The case was initially dismissed by a trial court with no comment. The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals remanded the case for trial. A bench trial
Bench trial
A bench trial is a trial held before a judge sitting without a jury. The term is chiefly used in common law jurisdictions to describe exceptions from jury trial, as most other legal systems do not use juries to any great extent....
, held in November 1981, was decided in favor of Texas A&M. This decision was overturned by the appellate court. The appellate court ruled that, despite the mission listed in their application, the Gay Student Services group was primarily a social organization. The appellate court found that Texas A&M "did not and has not to the time of trial in this case, recognized fraternal organizations, i.e. student groups whose principal if not sole purpose is to hold social gatherings to encourage friendships and personal affinity", and that this was the primary reason for the refusal to grant official status. Although trial testimony had centered on other issues, the appellate court ruling hinted that the outcome might have been different if Texas A&M had argued that the denial was a result of public health concerns. This decision was rendered before there was much public awareness of AIDS
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus...
.
Following this ruling, the state of Texas refused to further represent the university. Texas A&M officials instead hired a private lawyer, and appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court.
In their brief, Texas A&M officials changed tactics. They now argued that recognizing the Gay Student Services organization would encourage more homosexual conduct, thus leading to increased psychological and physical problems. The brief further alleged that the appellate court ruling had "created for homosexuals a right not specifically enumerated in the Constitution." In response, the students argued that the university's appeal was "predicated largely on the mistaken belief that mere official recognition of a student service organization that has been meeting unofficially since 1976 will cause a significant increase in homosexual activity. This belief is completely unfounded."
By this time, several other federal courts had also ruled that LGBT student organizations had a right to form under the First Amendment. The Supreme Court declined to hear this case, letting stand the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruling that ordered the school to recognize the student organization.
Campus activism
During the period that began with the Fifth Circuit Court decision of August 3, 1984, ruling that Texas A&M acted improperly when it refused to recognize Gay Student Services, and then ended with the Supreme Court decision on April 1, 1985, not to hear Texas A&M's appeal, campus daily life and political activism was highly and tensely focused on the question of whether GSS (often mistakenly referred to as GSSO) should be allowed on campus. During those eight months, the university's student council voted on a resolution in favor of GSS recognition, after an address to the council by the GSS president Marco Roberts, creating a furor among the student population; hundreds of articles, columns, and letters to the editor appeared in the school's paper and the city newspaper regarding the controversial issue; dozens of news reports appeared on local and national news programs.; multiple formal debate forums on the issue were held on campus, with GSS leaders invited to participate; two major on-campus protest rallies were led by the leaders of GSS (at the invitation of a recognized student group called Students Working Against Many Problems, or SWAMP) which were attended and counter-protested by hundreds of students; and lastly, Marco Roberts and David Kerr (president of the gay student group at Trinity University) joined 1,400 couples at the MDA Kissathon held at Kyle field during the spring semester of 1985, surrounded by a curtain of SWAMP couples.
In a matter of coincidence, the last on-campus rally hosted by SWAMP to provide GSS leaders the opportunity to speak and distribute literature occurred on April 1, 1985, the same day the Supreme Court rendered its decision that let the Fifth Circuit Court ruling stand, effectively ending the legal battle in GSS's favor.
Legacy
The case set a national precedent by removing all legal restrictions against gay rights groups on campuses. The subsequent recognition of the group provided a university precedent for allowing social organizations. In 1977, the university had also denied recognition to Sigma Phi EpsilonSigma Phi Epsilon
Sigma Phi Epsilon , commonly nicknamed SigEp or SPE, is a social college fraternity for male college students in the United States. It was founded on November 1, 1901, at Richmond College , and its national headquarters remains in Richmond, Virginia. It was founded on three principles: Virtue,...
, a national social fraternity
Fraternity
A fraternity is a brotherhood, though the term usually connotes a distinct or formal organization. An organization referred to as a fraternity may be a:*Secret society*Chivalric order*Benefit society*Friendly society*Social club*Trade union...
, because its presence on campus might result in "a social caste system".
On 31 March and 1 April 2010, through the efforts of the GLBT Resource Center, the GLBT Professional Network and the Queer Studies Working Group at Texas A&M, and with funding from many campus bodies including the President's Office, the university celebrated the 25th anniversary of the Supreme Court's inaction with a well-attended two-day symposium, "25 Years After," that featured an exploration of "Queer of Color" the first day and "GLBT in Higher Education" on the second, featuring a keynote speech by the openly gay president of Roosevelt University, Charles R. Middleton
Charles R. Middleton
-Biography:Middleton graduated with his Bachelors degree from Florida State University. He received both his Masters degree and Doctorate from Duke University....
.