Encyclopedia
Gay is an adjective meaning "carefree", "happy", or "bright and showy"; however in modern usage,
gay is a word usually used, as either a noun or adjective, to refer to same-sex sexual orientation;
homosexuality.
"Gay", when used as an adjective, sometimes describes traits associated with both queer, or
homosexual, men and women, culture or lifestyle. The term
lesbian, on the other hand, is used exclusively in a gender-specific way to describe women who prefer sexual relations with other women.
Etymology
The primary meaning of the word
gay has changed dramatically during the 20th century—though the change evolved from earlier usages. It derives via the
Old French gai, probably from a
Germanic source. The word originally meant "carefree", "happy", or "bright and showy" and was very commonly used with this meaning in speech and literature. For example, the title of the 1938
ballet aptly named
Gaîté Parisienne , a patchwork compiled from
Jacques Offenbach's operettas, illustrates this connotation. In more recent times, starting in the mid 20th century, the word
gay cannot usually be used in this former context without the expectation that one will assume a
double entendre, or that the person using the term is out of touch with contemporary society. Some have tried to revive the original
denotation of the word, but with limited success.
The word started to acquire sexual connotations in the late 17th century, being used with meaning "addicted to pleasures and dissipations". This was by extension from the primary meaning of "carefree": implying "uninhibited by moral constraints". By the late nineteenth century the term "gay life" was a well-established euphemism for
prostitution and other forms of extramarital sexual behaviour that were perceived as immoral.
The first name
Gay is still occasionally encountered, usually as a female name although the spelling is often altered to
Gaye. . It was also used as a male first name. The first name of the popular male Irish television presenter
Gabriel Byrne was always abbreviated as "Gay", as in the title of his radio show
The Gay Byrne Show. It can also be used as a short form of the female name
Gaynell and as a short form of the male names
Gaylen and
Gaylord. The "Gaiety" was also a common name for places of entertainment. One of
Oscar Wilde's favourite venues in Dublin was the Gaiety Theatre, first appearing there in 1884.
Development of modern sexualized usage
The use of the term
gay, as it relates to homosexuality, arises from an extension of the sexualised connotation of "carefree and uninhibited", implying a willingness to disregard conventional or respectable sexual mores. Such usage is documented as early as the 1920s. It was initially more commonly used to imply heterosexually unconstrained lifestyles, as for example in the once-common phrase "gay Lothario", or in the title of the book and film
The Gay Falcon , which concerns a womanising detective whose first name is "Gay". Well into the mid 20th century a middle-aged bachelor could be described as "gay" without prejudice.
A passage from
Gertrude Stein's
Miss Furr & Miss Skeene is possibly the first traceable published use of the word to refer to a homosexual relationship, though it is not altogether clear whether she uses the word to mean
lesbianism or happiness:
- They were ...gay, they learned little things that are things in being gay, ... they were quite regularly gay.
The 1929 musical
Bitter Sweet by
Noel Coward contains another use of the word in a context that strongly implies homosexuality. In the song "Green Carnation", four overdressed, 1890s
dandies sing:
- Pretty boys, witty boys, You may sneer
- At our disintegration.
- Haughty boys, naughty boys,
- Dear, dear, dear!
- Swooning with affectation...
- And as we are the reason
- For the "Nineties" being gay,
- We all wear a green carnation.
The song title alludes to
Oscar Wilde, who famously wore a
green carnation, and whose homosexuality was well known. However, the phrase "gay nineties" was already well-established as an epithet for the decade . The song also drew on familiar satires on Wilde and Aestheticism dating back to
Gilbert and Sullivan's
Patience . Because of its continuation of these public usages and conventions – in a mainstream musical – the precise connotations of the word in this context remain ambiguous.
Other usages at this date involve some of the same ambiguity as Coward's lyrics.
Bringing Up Baby was the first film to use the word
gay in apparent reference to homosexuality. In a scene where
Cary Grant's clothes have been sent to the cleaners, he must wear a lady's feathery robe. When another character inquires about his clothes, he responds "Because I just went gay...all of a sudden!" However, since this was a mainstream film at a time when the use of the word to refer to homosexuality would still be unfamiliar to most film-goers, the line can also be interpreted to mean "I just decided to do something frivolous". While there is much debate about what Grant meant with the ad-lib , Grant's Hollywood background should leave little doubt as to what he meant--he knew the connotation of the term, even if the audience did not.
The word continued to be used with the dominant meaning of "carefree", as evidenced by the title of
The Gay Divorcee , a musical film about a heterosexual couple. It was originally to be called
The Gay Divorce after the play on which it was based, but the Hays Office determined that while a divorcee may be gay, it would be unseemly to allow a divorce to appear so.
By the mid-century "gay" was well-established as an antonym for "straight" , and to refer to the lifestyles of unmarried and or unattached people. Other connotations of frivolousness and showiness in dress led to association with camp and effeminacy. This range of connotation probably affected the gradual movement of the term towards its current dominant meaning, which was at first confined to subcultures. The subcultural usage started to become mainstream in the 1960s, when
gay became the term predominantly preferred by homosexual men to describe themselves.
Gay was the preferred term since other terms, such as "queer" were felt to be derogatory. "Homosexual" was perceived as excessively clinical: especially since homosexuality was at that time designated as a mental illness, and "homosexual" was used by the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to denote men affected by this "mental illness". Homosexuality was no longer classified as an illness in the DSM by 1973, but the clinical connotation of the word was already embedded in society.
One of the many characters invented by 1950s TV comic
Ernie Kovacs was a "gay-acting" poet named
Percy Dovetonsils. In one of his poems he mentions the expression "gay caballero".
By 1963, the word "gay" was known well enough by the straight community to be used by
Albert Ellis in his book
The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Man-Hunting. By 1968 mainstream audiences were expected to recognise the
double entendre in the ultra-camp musical entitled
— which formed part of the plot of the film
The Producers. The camp implications of the concept were explicit in the ludicrous pastiche of Coward's style epitomised by the title song:
- Springtime for Hitler and Germany
- Deutschland is happy and gay!
- We're marching to a faster pace
- Look out, here comes the master race!
Parts of speech
Gay was originally used purely as an adjective .
Gay can also be used as a plural noun: "Gays are opposed to that policy"; although some dislike this usage, it is common particularly in the names of various organizations such as
PFLAG: and COLAGE . It is sometimes used as a singular noun, as in "he is a gay", such as in its use by the
Little Britain comedy character Daffyd Thomas .
Folk etymologies
It has been claimed that "gay" was derived as an acronym for "Good As You", but this is a backronym .
Another folk etymology refers to Gay Street, a small street in the West Village of
New York City — a nexus of homosexual culture. The term also seems, from documentary evidence, to have existed in New York as a code word in the 1940s, where the question, "Are you gay?" would denote more than it might have seemed to outsiders.
Commonly accepted usage
Overview article: Terminology of homosexuality- Gay is used as an adjective to describe sexual orientation and is usually chosen instead of homosexual as an identity-label.
- Gay sex involves acts between or among people of the same sex or gender.
- Gay is usually used to describe the "gay community" by both insiders and the mainstream media.
- Gay can be used as a nonspecific derogatory comment towards a person or object. As a term of abuse it may be widely used by adolescents.
- Gay is sometimes used to describe an object of particular flamboyance.
- Other connotations can vary widely based upon speaker and situation.
Sexual orientation
Sexual orientation, behaviour, and self-identification are not necessarily aligned in a clear-cut fashion for a given individual. See sex for a discussion of sex and gender. Some people consider
gay and
homosexual to be synonyms. Others consider
gay to be a matter of self-identification and
homosexual to refer to sexual activity or to sexual attraction that is predominantly to members of the same sex. By using these definitions, a person could be gay and not homosexual, or homosexual and not gay.
If a person has had same-sex sexual encounters but does not self-identify as gay, terms such as 'closeted', 'on the down low', 'discreet', or 'bi-curious' may be applied. Conversely, a person may identify as gay without engaging in homosexual sex. Possible choices include identifying as gay socially while choosing to be celibate or while anticipating a first homosexual experience. Further, a
bisexual person can also identify as "gay" but others might consider
gay and
bisexual to be mutually exclusive.
Some same-sex oriented persons prefer 'homosexual' as an identity over 'gay', seeing the former as describing a sexual orientation and the latter as describing a cultural or socio-political group with which they do not identify.
Self-identification
Self-identification of one's sexual orientation is becoming far more commonplace in areas of increased social acceptance, but many are either reluctant to self-identify publicly or even privately to themselves. The process is fairly complex, and many groups related to gay people cite inadvertent heterosexism as a leading problem for those that would otherwise self-identify.
Selecting the appropriate term
Some people reject the term
homosexual as an identity-label because they find it too clinical-sounding. They believe it is too focused on physical acts rather than romance or attraction, or too reminiscent of the era when homosexuality was considered a mental illness. Conversely, some people find the term
gay to be offensive or reject it as an identity-label because they perceive the cultural connotations to be undesirable or because of the negative connotations of the slang usage of the word.
According to the
Safe Schools Coalition of Washington's
Glossary for School Employees:
- "Homosexual: Avoid this term; it is clinical, distancing and archaic. Sometimes appropriate in referring to behaviour . When referring to people, as opposed to behaviour, homosexual is considered derogatory and the terms gay and lesbian are preferred, at least in the Northwest [of the United States]."
Sometimes the term
gay is used to describe both same-sex male and same-sex female relations. More rarely, it is used as a shorthand for terms
queer or
gay,
lesbian,
bisexual, etc. The term also sometimes includes
transgender, transsexual, and
intersexual. Some trans and intersexed individuals find their inclusion in this larger grouping to be offensive. It is commonly used to refer specifically to gay
men; the precise meaning may need to be made clear from context. The term
lesbian, however, is exclusively female.
Gay community
Main article: Gay communityThe notion of the
gay community is complex and slightly controversial.
Just as the word "gay" is sometimes used as shorthand for "gay, lesbian, and bisexual" and possibly also "transsexual" and others, so "gay community" is sometimes a synonym for "
LGBT community" or "Queer community". In other cases, the speaker may be referring only to gay men. Some people interpret the phrase "gay community" to mean "the population of gay people".
Some LGBT people are entirely geographically or socially isolated from other LGBT people, or don't feel their social connections to their LGBT friends are different from those they have with straight friends. As a result, some analysts question the notion of sharing a "community" with people one has never actually met . But other advocates insist that all LGBT people ,
are part of a global community, in one way or another.
Descriptor
The term
gay can also be used as an adjective to describe things related to gay people or things which are part of
gay culture. For example, while a
gay bar is not itself homosexual, using
gay as an adjective to describe the bar indicates that the bar is either gay-oriented, caters primarily to a gay clientele, or is otherwise part of gay culture.
Using it to describe an object, such as an item of clothing, suggests that it is particularly flamboyant, often on the verge of being gaudy and garish. This usage pre-dates the association of the term with homosexuality, but has acquired different connotations since the modern usage developed.
Using the term
gay as an adjective where the meaning is akin to "related to gay people, culture, or homosexuality in general" is a widely accepted use of the word. By contrast, using
gay in the pejorative sense, to describe something solely as negative, can cause offence.
Pejorative non-sexualized usage
When used with a derisive attitude , the term
gay is pejorative.
The Times is a national newspaper [i] published daily in the United Kingdom [i] since 1785, and unde ...
comments that while retaining its other meanings, it has also acquired "a widespread current usage" amongst young people, to mean "
lame" or "rubbish". Recently, young
bloggers have used "gay" to mean "uninteresting" or "dull" -- just the opposite of the original meaning . This usage has its origins in the 1980s, when homosexuality was still seen as negative by many people. Beginning in the 1990s and especially in the 2000s, the usage as a generic insult became common among young people, who may or may not link the term to homosexuality. This practice is frowned upon in communities that seek to ensure respect for people of all sexual orientations, and is considered by some to be on par with ethnic slurs. Many defenders of the word's pejorative usage choose to spell it "ghey" to avoid any sexual connotations. Critics object to this change of spelling, often comparing it to the use of words like "knigger" for
nigger to evade accusations of racism.
A 2006 BBC ruling by the Board of Governors over the use of the word in this context by
Chris Moyles on his
Radio 1 show,
"I don't want that one, it's gay", stated that:
- The word 'gay' ... need not be offensive... or homophobic... The governors said, however, that Moyles was simply keeping up with developments in English usage. [...] The committee... was "familiar with hearing this word in this context." The governors believed that in describing a ring tone as 'gay', the DJ was conveying that he thought it was 'rubbish', rather than 'homosexual'. [...] The panel acknowledged however that this use... in a derogatory sense... could cause offence in some listeners, and counselled caution on its use.
Notes
References
- 1995. The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, Merriam-Webster, 189-191. ISBN 0-87779-603-3.
- Harper, Douglas . . URL accessed 13 February 2006.
See also
External links
