Freitag aus Licht
Encyclopedia
Freitag aus Licht is the fifth of seven operas that comprise Licht
(Light), by Karlheinz Stockhausen
. It was the last of the operas to receive a staged production with the composer's involvement.
of the Leipzig Opera
, which gave the staged premiere on September 12, 1996. Three subsequent performances were given on September 13, 14, and 15. The musical direction and sound projection was done by the composer. The staging was done by Uwe Wand. Stage, costume, object and lighting designs were from Johannes Conen. Johannes Bönig did the choreography. In addition to the soloists, the choir of the Leipzig Opera, the children's choirs of the Leipzig Opera
and Middle German Radio, and the children's orchestra of the Johann Sebastian Bach music school of Leipzig performed in the original production.
The production was filmed for a documentary by WDR
. A 4-disc recording of the opera is available from the Stockhausen Verlag (CD 50).
The plot is a retelling of the creation myth from the Book of Genesis. It employs elements from the Urantia Book. Adam's wife, Eve, is tempted to have an illicit union with Caino in order to accelerate the development of mankind. Because this advancement is not part of God's plan for humanity, Eve and Caino's affair has grievous consequences, namely, a brutal war between children of different races. The basic outline of Eve's sin and repentance is echoed in the action of the dancer couples. They begin as natural pairings, but as a result of swapping partners, they engender unnatural hybrids. In the opera's finale, these hybrids join into a towering candle flame and spiral upward.
Ludon enters with his black children, who are all carrying African percussion instruments. The children play their instruments and laugh as they march.
Ludon and Eve greet each other once more as the two groups of children face each other. Synthibird appears with a keyboard nearby. The white orchestra plays for the black chorus, who enjoy the music. Eve sings with the choir and conducts them. Elu and Lufa play along from the background, as does Synthibird.
Ludon signals the black chorus and they begin to sing and play on their African percussion instruments. Synthibird appears in a new location in a slightly different guise and accompanies them quietly. Ludon sings along and signals to each of the 24 children to perform a solo. Eve and her children are spellbound by the performance and erupt in wild cheers and whistles when it is over. Ludon suggests to Eve that their children should play together, and she agrees.
The music is performed cheerfully by everyone, and at the end, they all laugh. Eve and her children say goodbye to Ludon and his, and they exit as they came in. During their departure, the children continue to laugh and play fragments of the music they performed together. The sound of their laughter and music grows softer in the distance.
Eve approaches in a boat from far across the lake. Elu and Lufa are playing long notes as they stand behind her. The women wear transparent dresses, and the boat stops just offshore. Eve lifts her dress as she wades ashore. The boat moves further out as Eve meets Caino. She sits in his lap, with her legs embracing his hips. They sing together as Elu and Lufa accompany them from the boat.
Eve summons the boat and wades out to it. She sits down with her back to Caino, who watches the boat sail away. He exits to the right.
As the boat disappears, a terrifying unseen tenor voice yells, "Eve -- our children!" A bright red streak shoots down from the sky, across the lake, and across the audience out the front door and remains visible.
There are 12 couples (see above) of male and female partners played by dancers. Each couple has its own music, text, and pattern of sexual intercourse which should be recognizable as such to the audience.
After Fall, the couples begin to swap partners:
Each exchange of partners is followed by the appearance of a hybrid couple in a candle flame between the other couples:
The hybrid couples are portrayed by vocalists who sing along with the electronic music until the Choir Spiral, using tuning forks to orient themselves to the proper pitch because of the density of the other musical activity.
about how the requirements of the Light cycle forced the composer into a cloister of sorts,
Writing for the Sunday Times, Paul Driver also cited the megalomania of Licht and Stockhausen's 'obsession with control', but his review was favorable overall:
Stockhausen's former assistant Richard Toop wrote for the Sydney Morning Herald,
Toop also takes pains to point out that all four performances were sold out, concluding "So much for the unmarketability of new opera" (Toop 1996).
Licht
Licht , subtitled "The Seven Days of the Week," is a cycle of seven operas composed by Karlheinz Stockhausen between 1977 and 2003. In total, the cycle contains over 29 hours of music.-Origin:...
(Light), by Karlheinz Stockhausen
Karlheinz Stockhausen
Karlheinz Stockhausen was a German composer, widely acknowledged by critics as one of the most important but also controversial composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries. Another critic calls him "one of the great visionaries of 20th-century music"...
. It was the last of the operas to receive a staged production with the composer's involvement.
History
Freitag was commissioned by Udo ZimmermannUdo Zimmermann
Udo Zimmermann was born in Dresden on October 6, 1943. He is a German composer, music director, and conductor.- Biography :Zimmermann was a member of the Dresdner Kreuzchor from 1954 to 1962. He then continued his music education at the Dresden Music School. He studied composition with Johannes...
of the Leipzig Opera
Oper Leipzig
Oper Leipzig is an opera house and opera company in Leipzig, Germany.The Leipzig Opera traces its establishment to the year 1693, making it the third oldest opera venue in Europe after La Fenice and the Hamburg State Opera...
, which gave the staged premiere on September 12, 1996. Three subsequent performances were given on September 13, 14, and 15. The musical direction and sound projection was done by the composer. The staging was done by Uwe Wand. Stage, costume, object and lighting designs were from Johannes Conen. Johannes Bönig did the choreography. In addition to the soloists, the choir of the Leipzig Opera, the children's choirs of the Leipzig Opera
Oper Leipzig
Oper Leipzig is an opera house and opera company in Leipzig, Germany.The Leipzig Opera traces its establishment to the year 1693, making it the third oldest opera venue in Europe after La Fenice and the Hamburg State Opera...
and Middle German Radio, and the children's orchestra of the Johann Sebastian Bach music school of Leipzig performed in the original production.
The production was filmed for a documentary by WDR
Westdeutscher Rundfunk
Westdeutscher Rundfunk is a German public-broadcasting institution based in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia with its main office in Cologne. WDR is a constituent member of the consortium of German public-broadcasting institutions, ARD...
. A 4-disc recording of the opera is available from the Stockhausen Verlag (CD 50).
Roles
| Role | Performer | Premiere Cast |
|---|---|---|
| Eve | soprano | Angela Tunstall |
| Ludon | bass | Nicholas Isherwood Nicholas Isherwood Nicholas Isherwood is US-born bass singer, who specialises in contemporary and baroque music. Notable roles include "Lucifer" in the world premieres of Stockhausen’s Montag, Dienstag, and Freitag from Licht at La Scala and the Leipzig Opera, and in Donnerstag aus Licht at Covent Garden.Isherwood... |
| Caino | baritone | Jürgen Kurth |
| Elu | basset-horn | Suzanne Stephens Suzanne Stephens Suzanne Stephens is an American clarinetist, resident in Germany, described as "an outstanding performer and tireless promoter of the clarinet and basset horn" .-Biography:... |
| Lufa | flute | Kathinka Pasveer Kathinka Pasveer -Biography:Kathinka Pasveer was born in Zaandam, North Holland, the daughter of a conductor who also taught at the Amsterdam Conservatory . She studied with Frans Vester at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, where she received her performer's diploma, with the distinction of the Nicolai Prize in... |
| Synthibird | synthesizer | Massimiliano Viel |
| Couple 1 | ||
| Woman | dancer | Jennifer Mann |
| Man | dancer | Volker Wurth |
| Couple 2 | ||
| Cat | dancer | Claudia Kratzheller |
| Dog | dancer | Markus Wittstock |
| Couple 3 | ||
| Photocopy Machine | dancer | Lucy Teisingerova |
| Typewriter | dancer | Lole Geßler |
| Couple 4 | ||
| Racing Car | dancer | Silke Pietsch |
| Racing Driver | dancer | Ludger Rademacher |
| Couple 5 | ||
| Pinball Machine | dancer | Xenia Bogomolec |
| Pinball Machine Player | dancer | Simon John Rowe |
| Couple 6 | ||
| Soccer Ball | dancer | Jutta Bernhardt |
| Kicking Leg With Soccer Shoe | dancer | Thomas Seger |
| Couple 7 | ||
| Moon With Little Owl | dancer | Ellen Schaller |
| Rocket | dancer | Peer Rohrsdorf |
| Couple 8 | ||
| Bare Arm | dancer | Carola Schweiger |
| Hand Holding Drug Syringe | dancer | Uwe Volkert |
| Couple 9 | ||
| Electric Pencil Sharpener | dancer | Elke Hunstock |
| Pencil | dancer | Andreas Kirsche |
| Couple 10 | ||
| Woman's Mouth With Crocus Blossum | dancer | Christine Hebestreit |
| Ice Cream Cone With Bee | dancer | Wolfgang Maas |
| Couple 11 | ||
| Violin | dancer | Angelika Wenzel |
| Bow | dancer | Alessio Trevisani |
| Couple 12 | ||
| Nest | dancer | Alexandra Paul |
| Raven | dancer | Todd Ford |
Synopsis
There are three layers of music in Freitag. The first layer is entirely abstract ambient electronic music, which plays underneath all of the staged action. The second layer consists of concrete music which is mimed by 12 couples of dancers. The third layer consists of traditional scenic action portrayed and sung by actors. In the synopsis below, the events of the third layer are described first, but they occur simultaneously with the events of the second layer, referred to as "sound scenes" by Stockhausen.The plot is a retelling of the creation myth from the Book of Genesis. It employs elements from the Urantia Book. Adam's wife, Eve, is tempted to have an illicit union with Caino in order to accelerate the development of mankind. Because this advancement is not part of God's plan for humanity, Eve and Caino's affair has grievous consequences, namely, a brutal war between children of different races. The basic outline of Eve's sin and repentance is echoed in the action of the dancer couples. They begin as natural pairings, but as a result of swapping partners, they engender unnatural hybrids. In the opera's finale, these hybrids join into a towering candle flame and spiral upward.
Friday Greeting
The audience is greeted by 8-track electronic music in the lobby, which is lit solely by candles. The music is the first layer of the opera. Duration: 68.5 minutesProposal
Eve enters from the left followed by two companions, Elu and Lufa. Ludon enters from the right, and they greet each other. He suggests that Eve should mate with his son Caino. Eve is skeptical, but they agree to meet again to introduce their children to each other.Children's Orchestra
Eve descends from a mountain with her white children in tow. The children carry instruments with them (violins, flutes, etc.). Elu and Lufa follow behind the children. The children play individual notes and call to each other as they march.Ludon enters with his black children, who are all carrying African percussion instruments. The children play their instruments and laugh as they march.
Ludon and Eve greet each other once more as the two groups of children face each other. Synthibird appears with a keyboard nearby. The white orchestra plays for the black chorus, who enjoy the music. Eve sings with the choir and conducts them. Elu and Lufa play along from the background, as does Synthibird.
Children's Choir
After a brief pause, the black chorus cheers for the white orchestra and use their instruments to applaud. Synthibird disappears.Ludon signals the black chorus and they begin to sing and play on their African percussion instruments. Synthibird appears in a new location in a slightly different guise and accompanies them quietly. Ludon sings along and signals to each of the 24 children to perform a solo. Eve and her children are spellbound by the performance and erupt in wild cheers and whistles when it is over. Ludon suggests to Eve that their children should play together, and she agrees.
Children's Tutti
Eve gives a downbeat for the first bar, which is played only by the white orchestra. Ludon conducts the 2nd bar, which is only played by the black chorus. Eve conducts the 3rd & 4th bars which are played by both the chorus and orchestra. Each section is followed by silence. After the 4th bar, Ludon graciously asks Eve to conduct the ensemble, and he joins the chorus to sing. Elu, Lufa and Synthibird accompany.The music is performed cheerfully by everyone, and at the end, they all laugh. Eve and her children say goodbye to Ludon and his, and they exit as they came in. During their departure, the children continue to laugh and play fragments of the music they performed together. The sound of their laughter and music grows softer in the distance.
Consent
Ludon enters and waits for Eve who appears mysteriously with Elu and Lufa. Ludon gives Eve a black talisman and asks her again to mate with his son Caino. He argues that their offspring will help the evolution of mankind. Eve agrees and gives the talisman back to Ludon. She disappears with Elu and Lufa, to Ludon's surprise. He exits along the same path by which he entered.Fall
The moon is reflected in a lake, although the moon itself is not in the night sky. The sounds of nocturnal birds are heard. Caino, who is young and black, enters from the right. He looks out over the lake and sits in the lotus position.Eve approaches in a boat from far across the lake. Elu and Lufa are playing long notes as they stand behind her. The women wear transparent dresses, and the boat stops just offshore. Eve lifts her dress as she wades ashore. The boat moves further out as Eve meets Caino. She sits in his lap, with her legs embracing his hips. They sing together as Elu and Lufa accompany them from the boat.
Eve summons the boat and wades out to it. She sits down with her back to Caino, who watches the boat sail away. He exits to the right.
As the boat disappears, a terrifying unseen tenor voice yells, "Eve -- our children!" A bright red streak shoots down from the sky, across the lake, and across the audience out the front door and remains visible.
Children's War
The sound of children's voices is heard approaching from offstage. They are singing and shouting. The white children enter from the left wearing military outfits and carrying toy weapons. They race repeatedly over to the right side of the stage and return to the left as they make noises with their weapons. In one rush, they exit entirely to the right, and return onstage battling the black children, who are fighting with simpler weapons (spears, bows, etc). The war reaches a fever pitch, and the black children look beaten. They signal for help and a giant winged rhinoceros enters from the right. Four boys ride on its back and shoot arrows at the white children. The rhinoceros charges around the battlefield and spits fire. Eve flies in to protect her children. The white children fly away with Eve as the black children and the rhinoceros chase them offstage to the left. The sounds of the battle die away.Repentance
Eve, Elu and Lufa arise from the lake and fly to the shore. Eve kneels on the spot where she made love to Caino. She sings while making prayer gestures. As she sings, she thinks of her master (Michael) and her husband (Adam). Her song brings her forgiveness from God, and the three disappear.Elufa
After the final "sound scene", Elu and Lufa enter from the left as they play. They converse about what was happened through their instruments. All 12 couples watch in fascination. In the middle of their duet, Lufa looks at all 12 couples and asks, "Do you repent?" All 12 couples shout together "Yes, we repent!"Choir Spiral
After Elu and Lufa have exited, the 6 hybrid couples from the sound scenes (see below) with their candles assemble into a towering candle form. As they sing Choir Spiral, the large flame they have created ascends in a slow spiral pattern and disappears into Heaven.Friday Farewell
The electronic music from the opera is played in the lobby as the audience exits the theater. The lobby is engulfed in a thick orange mist. The music fades out after the audience has left.Sound Scenes
(These Events occur simultaneously with Acts I & II)There are 12 couples (see above) of male and female partners played by dancers. Each couple has its own music, text, and pattern of sexual intercourse which should be recognizable as such to the audience.
After Fall, the couples begin to swap partners:
- sound scene 8: the cat partners with the man; woman with the dog
- sound scene 9: the typewriter partners with the racing car; racing car driver with the photocopy machine
- sound scene 10: the pinball machine player partners with the soccer ball; kicking leg with the pinball machine
- sound scene 11: the rocket partners with the woman's arm; drug syringe to the moon
- sound scene 12a: the pencil partners with the woman's mouth; ice-cream cone with the pencil sharpener
- sound scene 12b: the violin bow partners with the nest; the raven with the violin
Each exchange of partners is followed by the appearance of a hybrid couple in a candle flame between the other couples:
- 1st couple: naked woman with dog's head/man with a cat's body
- 2nd couple: female car with typewriter as a breast/racing car driver in a photocopy machine
- 3rd couple: female pinball machine with kicking leg as lower part of her body/pinball machine player with soccer ball as lower part of his body
- 4th couple: female moon with drug syringe piercing her body/man rocket with woman's arm as lower part of his body
- 5th couple: woman's mouth with pencil/electric pencil sharpener man with ice-cream cone bee
- 6th couple: female nest with violin bow crotch/male raven with cello as lower part of his body
The hybrid couples are portrayed by vocalists who sing along with the electronic music until the Choir Spiral, using tuning forks to orient themselves to the proper pitch because of the density of the other musical activity.
Critical reception
The mixed critical reaction that marked Stockhausen's entire career continued with the premiere of Friday. Gérard Condé wrote in Le MondeLe Monde
Le Monde is a French daily evening newspaper owned by La Vie-Le Monde Group and edited in Paris. It is one of two French newspapers of record, and has generally been well respected since its first edition under founder Hubert Beuve-Méry on 19 December 1944...
about how the requirements of the Light cycle forced the composer into a cloister of sorts,
This quest for perfection, a complete fulfillment of the artistic gesture from its conception to its implementation, against the tide of the entire musical practice, gradually shut the composer in a superb isolation, which resembles a prison. Opponents see it as the culmination of a paranoid megalomaniac, yet Stockhausen continues to fascinate, to open doors into the unknown with wonder. (Condé 1996)
Writing for the Sunday Times, Paul Driver also cited the megalomania of Licht and Stockhausen's 'obsession with control', but his review was favorable overall:
I found that there was something grand and stirring about it all, despite the apparent puerility. Stockhausen, like Blake's fool, persists in his puerility and grows wise. His live music, when clearly apprehensible, as in the writing for children, is compellingly strange: disjunctive yet flavoursome; not exactly tonal nor atonal nor modal; always quasi-electronically sliding in pitch. The actual electronics are often breathtaking, the visual extravagance likewise. The kids, from local schools, were brilliant. Old modernist that he is, Stockhausen is still worth watching. (Driver 1996)
Stockhausen's former assistant Richard Toop wrote for the Sydney Morning Herald,
Clearly, there's something here to drive virtually everyone with a political correctness hobbyhorse into a frenzy: this is probably one reason why Leipzig is so far the only German opera house to commit itself to the LICHT cycle. German critics in particular, many of whom still seem ideologically ensnared in post-'68 nostalgia, and for whom Stockhausen clearly exists only as something to be offended by, regularly get steamed up about the "renunciation of reason" in the LICHT cycle, to a degree that itself seems irrational.
This seems to me to involve a certain hypocrisy, or at very least a double standard. It's quite clear what the function of music is for Stockhausen these days: it's not just art (that too) but a means of raising human consciousness to a cosmic level, through stage presentations which synthesise old myths and seek to create new ones. Now, do we expect the Odyssey, or the Ramayana, or even the Old Testament, to be politically correct? (Toop 1996)
Toop also takes pains to point out that all four performances were sold out, concluding "So much for the unmarketability of new opera" (Toop 1996).
Individual works from Freitag
- Children's Choir for 8- or 2-track tape, multiple voices, bass (also conducting), synthesizer, sound projectionist (1994) [9'30"]
- Children's Orchestra for 8- or 2-track tape, multiple instruments, soprano (also conducting), flute, basset-horn, synthesizer, sound projectionist (1994) [6']
- Children's Tutti for 8- or 2-track tape, children's orchestra, children's choir, soprano (also conducting), bass, flute, basset-horn, synthesizer, sound projectionist (1994) [7']
- Children's War for 8- or 2-track tape, children's choir, synthesizer, sound projectionist (1994) [12']
- Choir Spiral for 8- or 2-track tape, 12 singers (3S, 3A, 6B), sound projectionist (1994) [8']
- Comet (Piano Piece XVII) for 8- or 2-track tape, electronic keyboard, sound projectionist (1999) [ca. 15']
- Comet for 8- or 2-track tape, percussionist, sound projectionist (1999) [ca. 15']
- Consent for 8- or 2-track tape, soprano, bass, flute, basset-horn, sound projectionist (1994) [9']
- Couples of Friday for soprano, bass & tape (1999) [ca. 65']
- Electronic Music with Sound Scenes of Friday from Light for 24-track electronic music (1994) [ca. 145']
- Elufa for basset-horn, flute (2-track tape optional) (1991) [7'30"]
- Fall for 8- or 2-track tape, soprano, baritone, flute, basset-horn, sound projectionist (1994) [18']
- Freia for basset-horn (1991) [7']
- Freia for flute (1991) [7']
- Friday Greeting for 8-track electronic music (1991) [ca. 68'30"]
- Friday Farewell for 8-track electronic music (1994) [ca. 78']
- Friday Temptation for 24-track tape, 5 musical performers, children's orchestra, children's choir, 12 choir singers, synthesizer, 12 dancers, sound projectionist (1994) [ca. 145']
- Outer Space for 8-track electronic music (1994) [ca. 146']
- Piano Piece XVI for 12-track tape, stringed piano, electronic keyboards ad lib., sound projectionist (1995) [ca. 7']
- Proposal for 8-track tape, soprano, bass, flute, basset-horn (1994) [12'30"]
- Repentance for 2-track tape, soprano, flute, basset-horn, sound projectionist (1994) [10']
- Two Couples for 2-track electronic and concrete music (1999) [21']
- Vibra-Elufa for vibraphone [7']