Feminine essence theory of transsexuality
Encyclopedia
In the study of transsexuality
, the idea of a feminine essence refers to the proposal that male-to-female transsexuals
are females trapped in male bodies. This idea has been interpreted in many senses, as a female mind, spirit, personality, etc., as well as in more literal senses such as a female brain or other essence
; it is also a psychological narrative, that is, a self-description of how some transsexuals see themselves, or of how they must portray themselves to qualify for certain medical treatments.
According to sexologist J. Michael Bailey
and Kiira Triea, "the predominant cultural understanding of male-to-female transsexualism is that all male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals are, essentially, women trapped in men's bodies.". They reject the idea, claiming that "The persistence of the predominant cultural understanding, while explicable, is damaging to science and to many transsexuals." According to sexologist Ray Blanchard
, "Transsexuals seized upon this phrase as the only language available for explaining their predicament to themselves and for communicating their feelings to others. The great majority of patients understand full well that this is a façon de parler [manner of speaking], not a literal statement of fact, and are not delusional in any normal sense of the word."
The feminine essence idea has been described under several names, and there is no authoritative, widely accepted definition. It was called the feminine essence narrative by Alice Dreger in 2008, and the feminine essence theory" by Ray Blanchard
, who formulated the concept into a set of logical propositions. Other names include Harry Benjamin syndrome, after one of the early sexologists whose early writings about the nature of transsexuality, along with those of psychiatrist David O. Cauldwell, are favorably cited by proponents in support of this idea.
This idea is associated with, but separate from the "brainsex theory of transsexualism", which is a belief about a neurodevelopmental cause of transsexuality. Proponents of the brainsex theory of transsexualism draw a distinction between their "brain sex" and their "anatomical sex", and they assert that the anatomical sex is not the true sex. Some proponents reject the term transsexual, as the trans
- prefix implies that their true sex is changing, instead of being affirmed, with treatments like sex reassignment surgery
. Some proponents consider themselves to be intersex
ed instead of transgendered.
Modern sexologists including Blanchard reject the idea that these transsexuals are "literally" female. A more "figurative" interpretation, involving neurologically mediated gender identity
, was supported historically by pioneering sexologists such as Harry Benjamin
. There continues to be debate regarding whether and to what extent male-to-female transsexuals are like natal females versus are females.
("the father of transsexualism"), who revived the idea of Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs that a person might have a "female soul trapped in a male body."
Modern researchers classify the common story told by transwomen about themselves as a psychological narrative, and therefore refer to this idea as the feminine essence narrative. In his book The Man Who Would Be Queen
, sexologist J. Michael Bailey
gives these statements as a prototypical example of the feminine essence narrative: "Since I can remember, I have always felt as if I were a member of the other sex. I have felt like a freak with this body and detest my penis. I must get sex reassignment surgery (a "sex change operation") in order to match my external body with my internal mind."
Neurological research has found that transsexuals' brains differ in a number of ways. For example a study done on the brains of non-homosexual transsexuals using MRI and pheromones as stimuli found that transsexuals process smelling androgen and estrogen in the same way that women do. Previous research by the same team found that homosexual males also process smelling the pheromones of the sexes in a way that is similar to that of women. Work done by Simon LeVay
had previously found that the hypothalamus of homosexual males has a region which is similar in size to that of heterosexual females. This is not so in non-homosexual males. Last but not least a study done by Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol reached the conclusion that the brain does change in overall volume and the volume of its parts with the use of cross-sex hormone supplements. In the case of male-to-female transsexuals, the brain assumes the proportions of a female brain.
Critics of this narrative consider it to be inconsistent with their research findings. Blanchard has reported finding that there are two, and not one, types of male-to-female transsexual and that they differ with regard to their sexual interests, whether they were overtly gender atypical in childhood, how easily they pass as female, the ages at which they decide to transition to female, birth order, and their physical height and weight. There have also been findings that the groups differ in how well they respond to sex reassignment and how likely they are to regret having transitioned. These sexologists have therefore posited that more than one motivator can lead a biological male to desire to live life as female, but that there is no evidence for a core essence of femininity.
, transsexuals sometimes adopt and tell the story that they believe will help them qualify – the "transsexual narrative" representing themselves as "essentially female" – which may explain at least part of the prevalence of the feminine essence narrative.
Those homosexuals who felt themselves to be female were categorized, "in the interest of scientific precision," as "urnings
" (now known as uranian
s).
Transsexualism
Transsexualism is an individual's identification with a gender inconsistent or not culturally associated with their biological sex. Simply put, it defines a person whose biological birth sex conflicts with their psychological gender...
, the idea of a feminine essence refers to the proposal that male-to-female transsexuals
Trans woman
A trans woman is a male-to-female transsexual or transgender person and the term trans woman is preferred by some individuals over various medical terms. Other non-medical terms include t-girl, tg-girl and ts-girl...
are females trapped in male bodies. This idea has been interpreted in many senses, as a female mind, spirit, personality, etc., as well as in more literal senses such as a female brain or other essence
Essence
In philosophy, essence is the attribute or set of attributes that make an object or substance what it fundamentally is, and which it has by necessity, and without which it loses its identity. Essence is contrasted with accident: a property that the object or substance has contingently, without...
; it is also a psychological narrative, that is, a self-description of how some transsexuals see themselves, or of how they must portray themselves to qualify for certain medical treatments.
According to sexologist J. Michael Bailey
J. Michael Bailey
John Michael Bailey is an American psychologist and professor at Northwestern University. He is best known among scientists for his work on the etiology of sexual orientation, from which he concluded that homosexuality is substantially inherited...
and Kiira Triea, "the predominant cultural understanding of male-to-female transsexualism is that all male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals are, essentially, women trapped in men's bodies.". They reject the idea, claiming that "The persistence of the predominant cultural understanding, while explicable, is damaging to science and to many transsexuals." According to sexologist Ray Blanchard
Ray Blanchard
Ray Milton Blanchard is an American-Canadian sexologist, best known for his research studies on pedophilia, gender dysphoria, and sexual orientation. He has also published research studies on phallometry and several paraphilias, including transvestism and autoerotic asphyxia.-Education and...
, "Transsexuals seized upon this phrase as the only language available for explaining their predicament to themselves and for communicating their feelings to others. The great majority of patients understand full well that this is a façon de parler [manner of speaking], not a literal statement of fact, and are not delusional in any normal sense of the word."
The feminine essence idea has been described under several names, and there is no authoritative, widely accepted definition. It was called the feminine essence narrative by Alice Dreger in 2008, and the feminine essence theory" by Ray Blanchard
Ray Blanchard
Ray Milton Blanchard is an American-Canadian sexologist, best known for his research studies on pedophilia, gender dysphoria, and sexual orientation. He has also published research studies on phallometry and several paraphilias, including transvestism and autoerotic asphyxia.-Education and...
, who formulated the concept into a set of logical propositions. Other names include Harry Benjamin syndrome, after one of the early sexologists whose early writings about the nature of transsexuality, along with those of psychiatrist David O. Cauldwell, are favorably cited by proponents in support of this idea.
This idea is associated with, but separate from the "brainsex theory of transsexualism", which is a belief about a neurodevelopmental cause of transsexuality. Proponents of the brainsex theory of transsexualism draw a distinction between their "brain sex" and their "anatomical sex", and they assert that the anatomical sex is not the true sex. Some proponents reject the term transsexual, as the trans
Trans
Trans is a Latin noun or prefix, meaning "across", "beyond" or "on the opposite side".Trans may refer to:- Science and technology :* Cis-trans isomerism, in chemistry, a form of stereoisomerism...
- prefix implies that their true sex is changing, instead of being affirmed, with treatments like sex reassignment surgery
Sex reassignment surgery
Sex reassignment surgery is a term for the surgical procedures by which a person's physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are altered to resemble...
. Some proponents consider themselves to be intersex
Intersex
Intersex, in humans and other animals, is the presence of intermediate or atypical combinations of physical features that usually distinguish female from male...
ed instead of transgendered.
Modern sexologists including Blanchard reject the idea that these transsexuals are "literally" female. A more "figurative" interpretation, involving neurologically mediated gender identity
Gender identity
A gender identity is the way in which an individual self-identifies with a gender category, for example, as being either a man or a woman, or in some cases being neither, which can be distinct from biological sex. Basic gender identity is usually formed by age three and is extremely difficult to...
, was supported historically by pioneering sexologists such as Harry Benjamin
Harry Benjamin
Harry Benjamin was a German endocrinologist, widely known for his clinical work with transsexualism. He was raised in an observant Ashkenazy Jewish home.- Early life and career :...
. There continues to be debate regarding whether and to what extent male-to-female transsexuals are like natal females versus are females.
Description
The "feminine essence" idea predates modern psychological studies, and was supported by some early sexologists such as Harry BenjaminHarry Benjamin
Harry Benjamin was a German endocrinologist, widely known for his clinical work with transsexualism. He was raised in an observant Ashkenazy Jewish home.- Early life and career :...
("the father of transsexualism"), who revived the idea of Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs that a person might have a "female soul trapped in a male body."
Modern researchers classify the common story told by transwomen about themselves as a psychological narrative, and therefore refer to this idea as the feminine essence narrative. In his book The Man Who Would Be Queen
The Man Who Would Be Queen
The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism is a 2003 book by J. Michael Bailey, published by Joseph Henry Press....
, sexologist J. Michael Bailey
J. Michael Bailey
John Michael Bailey is an American psychologist and professor at Northwestern University. He is best known among scientists for his work on the etiology of sexual orientation, from which he concluded that homosexuality is substantially inherited...
gives these statements as a prototypical example of the feminine essence narrative: "Since I can remember, I have always felt as if I were a member of the other sex. I have felt like a freak with this body and detest my penis. I must get sex reassignment surgery (a "sex change operation") in order to match my external body with my internal mind."
Blanchard's interpretation: "Feminine essence theory"
In 2008, the Canadian sexologist Ray Blanchard presented the idea in the form of a theory in a commentary entitled "Deconstructing the Feminine Essence Narrative" wherein he lists what he considers to be "the central tenets of the feminine essence theory", and then refutes each of his tenets:
- Male-to-female transsexuals are, in some literal sense and not just in a figurative sense, women inside men’s bodies.
- There is only one type of woman, therefore there can be only one type of (true) male-to-female transsexual.
- Apparent differences among male-to-female transsexuals are relatively superficial and irrelevant to the basic unity of the transsexual syndrome.
- Male-to-female transsexuals have no unique, behavioral or psychological characteristics that are absent in typical men and women.
Neuroanatomic research
According to Bailey and Triea, one of the predictions based on the feminine essence theory is that male-to-female transsexuals would possess female rather than male brain anatomy. A widely cited research study of this topic examined the brain anatomy of six deceased male-to-female transsexuals, who had undergone during their lives hormonal treatment and surgical sex reassignment. The study reported that a brain structure called the "central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis" (BSTc), which is larger in typical males than in typical females, was in the female range in the transsexual subjects. The interpretation and the methods of that study have been criticized, and the finding continues to be a matter of debate.Neurological research has found that transsexuals' brains differ in a number of ways. For example a study done on the brains of non-homosexual transsexuals using MRI and pheromones as stimuli found that transsexuals process smelling androgen and estrogen in the same way that women do. Previous research by the same team found that homosexual males also process smelling the pheromones of the sexes in a way that is similar to that of women. Work done by Simon LeVay
Simon LeVay
Simon LeVay is a British-American neuroscientist. He is known for his studies about brain structures and sexual orientation.-Personal life:LeVay was born on August 28, 1943 in Oxford, England...
had previously found that the hypothalamus of homosexual males has a region which is similar in size to that of heterosexual females. This is not so in non-homosexual males. Last but not least a study done by Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol reached the conclusion that the brain does change in overall volume and the volume of its parts with the use of cross-sex hormone supplements. In the case of male-to-female transsexuals, the brain assumes the proportions of a female brain.
Other findings
The main support for the feminine essence narrative is that many male-to-female transsexuals say they feel it to be true; many autobiographical and clinical accounts by or about transsexual individuals contain variations of the statement of having a female soul or needing to make the external body resemble the inner or true self.Critics of this narrative consider it to be inconsistent with their research findings. Blanchard has reported finding that there are two, and not one, types of male-to-female transsexual and that they differ with regard to their sexual interests, whether they were overtly gender atypical in childhood, how easily they pass as female, the ages at which they decide to transition to female, birth order, and their physical height and weight. There have also been findings that the groups differ in how well they respond to sex reassignment and how likely they are to regret having transitioned. These sexologists have therefore posited that more than one motivator can lead a biological male to desire to live life as female, but that there is no evidence for a core essence of femininity.
Role of medical community in perpetuating this narrative
Since the medical community has guidelines for what types of transsexuals qualify for sex reassignment surgerySex reassignment surgery
Sex reassignment surgery is a term for the surgical procedures by which a person's physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are altered to resemble...
, transsexuals sometimes adopt and tell the story that they believe will help them qualify – the "transsexual narrative" representing themselves as "essentially female" – which may explain at least part of the prevalence of the feminine essence narrative.
Terminology
The phrase "feminine soul enclosed in a male body" (anima muliebris in corpore virili inclusa) was introduced in 1868 by Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs, not to describe male-to-female transsexuals, none of whom existed yet as such, but to describe a type of gay men who self-identified as feminine. Major sexologists in the 19th century picked up the idea that a homosexual was "a female soul in a male body, a condition deriving from an error in embryonic differentiation."Those homosexuals who felt themselves to be female were categorized, "in the interest of scientific precision," as "urnings
Uranian
frame|right|From [[John Addington Symonds]]' 1891 book A Problem in Modern Ethics.Uranian is a 19th century term that referred to a person of a third sex — originally, someone with "a female psyche in a male body" who is sexually attracted to men, and later extended to cover homosexual gender...
" (now known as uranian
Uranian
frame|right|From [[John Addington Symonds]]' 1891 book A Problem in Modern Ethics.Uranian is a 19th century term that referred to a person of a third sex — originally, someone with "a female psyche in a male body" who is sexually attracted to men, and later extended to cover homosexual gender...
s).
See also
- Autogynephilia
- Blanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theoryBlanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theoryBlanchard's transsexualism typology is a psychological typology of male-to-female transsexualism created by Ray Blanchard through the 1980s and 1990s, building on the work of his colleague, Kurt Freund...
- Causes of transsexualism
- Classification of transsexualsClassification of transsexualsThe classification of transsexuals and people who experience various types of gender dysphoria has been attempted by many researchers and clinicians...
- Homosexual transsexual