Edgar Smith
Encyclopedia
Edgar Smith is an American
convicted murderer, who was once on Death Row
for the 1957 murder of fifteen-year-old honor student and cheer leader Victoria Ann Zielinski. Vigorously contesting his conviction through the courts and in the media, Smith became a celebrity, and his case was argued in public most notably by William F. Buckley, Jr.
He eventually succeeded in winning a retrial and negotiating a reduced sentence. Smith was released only to be incarcerated for a second time for the kidnapping and attempted murder of Lefteriya Ozbun in 1976.
disappeared on her way home from a friend's house. One of the girl's shoes, a black penny loafer was discovered the following morning on the roadside by her parents, who had been driving around an approximate two mile radius from where there daughter had last been seen, searching for her. They also noticed a blood-matted head scarf in the vicinity. While Mr. Zielinski, the girl's father continued searching on foot, Mrs. Zielinski contacted the police. Mr. Zielinski after observing a pair of gloves lying in the dirt of a sand pit located a few hundred yards from where the shoe was found, returned to his wife and together they waited for the police. The police arrived a short time later and along with the Mahwah Police Department’s Captain Ed Wickham, the search resumed, and Vickie’s body was discovered on the banks of the nearby sand pit
. Her skull had been smashed by repeated blows with one or more large rocks.
Edgar Smith was at the time an unemployed mechanic. On the night of the murder, Smith borrowed a friend's car, and his later activities aroused suspicion, including Smith excusing himself from meeting the same friend in a bar early in the evening, and having to remove his trousers, claiming he had been sick on them. When the murder was reported the following day on the radio, two of Smith’s friends joked with him as the murderer's car was reported to be the same make as the one Smith had driven the previous evening. One of the friends later remarked that Smith had "a startled look on his face". A few days later drops of blood were found on the seats of the car and Smith was brought in for questioning by the police.
During questioning, Smith repeatedly could not account for a half hour gap during the night of the murder. He was also unable to account for his missing clothing, which the police later located and which were identified by Smith’s wife. Faced with this evidence, Smith reportedly blurted out that Vickie had hit him in the face. He informed the police that he had picked Vickie up in his car, then attempted to grab her when she left, her attempt to leave having angered him. Smith was arrested for the murder, and faced three psychiatric examinations before his trial.
Prosecutor Guy W. Calissi
describing the murder as the "most vicious, most brutal and the most sadistic I have ever seen.". Witnesses included Myrna Zielinski, Victoria’s younger sister. Although Myrna was to meet Vickie at 8:45 on the night of the murder. she testified that she did not see her sister after about 7:40. At approximately 7:30 that evening, at Victoria's request Myrna had walked her sister part of the way to the home of Barbara Nixon, Victoria's best friend. The houses were situated approximately four fifths of a mile apart on Wyckoff Avenue in Ramsey Township and the Borough of Mahwah, New Jersey respectively. At 7:40, approximately two thirds of a mile south of the Zielinski home in the direction of Mahwah, Myrna testified that she last saw her sister when Victoria had continued walking the route to the Nixon home by herself and Myrna had returned home. Victoria had planned only a short visit at Barbara Nixon's residence and because the girl was uneasy about walking the dark road by herself, Myrna Zielinski agreed to walk back in the direction of the Nixon home in order to meet Victoria and walk part of the way back home with her. The two had pre-arranged to leave their starting points at 8:30 PM. When Myrna left her home a bit late, at about 8:40 PM, she walked the entire route to the Nixon house at an accelerated pace without encountering Victoria, who should logically have been walking in a northerly direction towards her on Wyckoff Avenue, (which was) virtually the only route between the two houses at the time. Myrna testified that she had arrived at the Nixon home and been told that her sister had left for home about ten minutes earlier.
In fact the Nixon home sat at the northwest corner of Wyckoff and Fardale Avenues, (Borough of Mahwah, NJ) approximately four fifths of a mile from the Zielinski dwelling, also located on Wyckoff Ave. On the evening of March 4, 1957, Victoria's walk home was along the two-lane Wyckoff Avenue (see trial transcript testimony of Myrna Zielinski.) This particular stretch of road, in 1957 was residential, bordering on rural and heavily wooded on both sides in between sparsely placed homes. she had pre-arranged to meet her thirteen year old sister at a point about half way between the Nixon and Zielinski homes, adjacent to West Crescent Ave. In 1957, West Crescent Ave. intersected Wyckoff at the point where Mahwah, New Jersey becomes the township of Ramsey, New Jersey
. Incidentally, it was at this intersection that Wyckoff Avenue became lit with street lights and a sidewalk was provided for pedestrians. Up to that juncture,Victoria would have had to walk along a very dark road (virtually in the road.)
Myrna Zielinski's testimony indicated that by coincidence, both sisters had left their starting points ten minutes late, at approximately 8:40 pm. It would later seem inexplicable to investigators that Victoria would have willingly entered Smith's vehicle knowing that her sister was on her way to meet her (this was especially compelling because it had been Victoria who had requested that Myrna make the journey and such behavior was not consistent with Vickie's known character). It was also noted in the police report of the crime that Victoria's finger nails were "badly bitten", This was documented in the trial transcript (referred to as "ripped" by the Bergen County Coroner who performed an autopsy on the body) although its evidential value would prove elusive. However, there was an implication that Victoria did not habitually bite her fingernails and the fact that they were bitten signified that a period of angst had (immediately) preceded her murder, a factor that at least partially contradicts the logic behind Edgar Smith's eventual release from death row on appeal. In any case, they are mute evidence that Victoria Zielinski had realized that Smith's intent was at the very least, malicious before he murdered her.
As stated elsewhere in this article, Smith eventually succeeded in overturning his conviction for first degree murder, accepting his conviction to the lesser charge of murder in the second degree. However, when all of the trial testimony and physical evidence is examined, all indicators show that the evidence at the murder scene is far too spread out in a physical sense to warrant a second degree murder conviction of the defendant. Premeditation is shown based on testimony corroborated by the physical evidence, that Smith had chased the girl several hundred yards, hit her with a baseball bat (obtained from the vehicle in a premeditated act), and then dragged her while she struggled, back to the murder scene, even pausing at one point to discard the bloody bat in a wooded area near the intersection of Chapel Road and Fardale Avenue.
On the witness stand, Myrna also identified several items of Victoria’s clothing that she had been wearing when last seen. The trial transcript reveals that Myrna who was thirteen when her sister was murdered, had a good memory for detail, recalling that Victoria had worn "boy's blue jeans", a coral cardigan sweater, a blue and gold campus jacket, penny loafers, a Wittenaur white gold wristwatch, and a silver heart locket on a long chain around her neck. Myrna remembered that Victoria had carried a natural leather purse, an accounting school book and a writing tablet. All of these items with the possible exception of the wristwatch, were found in the vicinity of the crime and introduced in to evidence at the Smith trial. Vickie’s parents were called next, and recounted how they, together with Captain Ed Wickham of the Mahwah Police Department had found their daughter's body just after 9 AM on the morning of March 5, 1957 in the area of a sandpit located about two miles from the Zielinski's residence.
Sixteen year old Barbara Nixon, at whose home Victoria had been visiting just before she disappeared, also testified, being the last person before Edgar Smith to see Victoria Zielinski alive. She also identified an item of clothing (a head scarf or kerchief found the next morning on Fardale Avenue approximately 500 yards from the crime scene) that she had lent to Victoria.
Detectives who interviewed Smith also testified about the missing articles of his clothing and his initial reasons for it (his explanations to his wife and others about their absence). They also testified about Smith’s continual claims that Don Hommell, a friend of his, was the real killer.
Smith testified that Vickie had waved him to pull over, and then entered his car for conversation. Smith claimed that he had, at Vickie's suggestion, pulled into a dirt driveway leading to a local sand pit off of Chapel Road exactly where Chapel Road intersected Fardale Avenue in Mahwah; that Vickie had stated that his wife was having an affair with "the oil man" or words to that nature and that he had angrily told Vickie to leave. Smith claimed that after Victoria left the vehicle he was driving, a 1950 light blue Mercury convertible that belonged to a frend, he had been sitting in the car (inside the sandpit area) for a few moments before "hearing a commotion" coming from the vicinity of Chapel road. Realizing, he testified, that in the darkness he could make out at least two people approaching his car, he had grabbed a baseball bat from the back seat for "protection", fearing that Victoria's father had somehow arrived on the seen and that Victoria was walking together with him in Smith's direction. Testimony by members of the Mahwah and Ramsey police department indicate that Smith's interrogation resulted in often contradictory replies. At one point, Smith said that he observed from his spot in the sandpit Donald Hommell of Ramsey's vehicle parked along Chapel road. It was established however, that this would have been impossible because of obstructions that made a clear view of Chapel road from the sandpit impossible.
At the trial, on the witness stand, Smith stated that he soon realized that it was not Mr. Zielinski with Victoria; instead, he indicated that the male figure with Vickie was Donald Hommell, a friend of his and that Vickie was bleeding from a cut on her head; he claimed that he asked Hommell what had happened and was told that Victoria had fallen on the roadway. Victoria, Smith said, pleaded with him not to leave her with Hommell and that he had acquiesced, helping the bleeding girl into the car where she sat with her her head tilted back on the seat rest. Hommell, according to Smith had not allowed him to take the cut and bleeding girl to a local hospital but had instead pulled her from the car and she had fallen out, spattering Smith's pants with blood in the process. He then testified that he had decided that since Victoria was "Hommell's girl", he felt he should leave the scene and let Hommell take care of the situation; Hommell had, according to Smith,in fact encouraged him to leave. Smith stated that he drove away leaving the bleeding girl (even as she plead with him for succor) in the sand pit with Hommell; and that he did not come forward for fear that her death was his responsibility; that he originally believed that she had bled to death from the injury he had observed. Hommell was questioned, and he told the court that he was in the area at the time, and had "casually" been involved with Vickie. However, the police testified that both Hommell’s car and clothing had been checked, and nothing had been found. Furthermore, the vehicle Hommell had been driving that night belonged to his employer, and was not one that Smith would have recognized. Smith was found guilty by the jury after two and a half hours of deliberation.
, where he spent 14 years. In 1962 his wife left him, and in 1964 he was forced to become his own lawyer because of his financial situation. He attacked Hommell’s statement, and maintained that his own comments were inadmissible because he had not signed anything. He also examined the medical report, which had found estimating Vickie’s time of death difficult. Smith's appeals, however, were repeatedly dismissed, however his death sentence was postponed on several occasions. In 1962, Smith began correspondence with William F. Buckley, Jr.
, the founder of National Review
, during which Buckley began to doubt Smith’s guilt, later stating that the case was "inherently implausible".
An article by Buckley in November 1965, published in Esquire
, drew national media attention:
This brought renewed media interest in Hommell, scrutiny which was increased still further with the publishing of Smith’s book Brief Against Death in 1968.
. As the confession was obtained eight years prior to the introduction of Miranda rights, Smith’s appeal carried some weight. In 1971, Smith was able to have a repeat trial, and in June of that year Smith’s confession was ruled to have been obtained unfairly, and Smith was offered parole if he accepted a charge of second degree murder under a deal approved by Judge Morris Pashman
, an offer which he accepted. On December 6, 1971, he pleaded guilty to second degree murder, and he was released from prison at age 37.
Smith went on to lecture at a number of colleges and universities, as well as making several television and radio appearances. He published a third book, ‘’Getting Out’’, and argued for penal reform. However, as his celebrity status declined, Smith began drinking heavily and suffering from debt.
, during October 1976, Smith drove his car up to 33 year old Lefteriya Lisa Ozbun, and kidnapped her at knifepoint. Ozbun continually resisted Smith while he attempted to drive her away. Smith stabbed Ozbun in her side and she was ejected from the car as he lost control and drove off of the road. Smith recovered and drove away; however a nearby witness made a note of the vehicle's registration, and it was later traced to Smith’s new wife, Paige. Smith immediately contacted Buckley, who turned him into the FBI.
)
Ozbun survived her wound, and testified in the trial. Smith claimed to be an emotionally disturbed, sex offender in pursuit of a shorter sentence. He cited his actions during the Vickie Zielinski case in support of this claim; instead he was found guilty of kidnapping with intent to rob, attempted murder, and sentenced to life.
In 1979, Smith sued for divorce with his second wife, and in 1988 and 1990 he sought further legal action against his sentencing. Smith appealed at every opportunity, however each was turned down. In February 2004, Smith postponed his own appeal hearing, and in recent years his health has deteriorated, and he has suffered several heart attacks. He has been denied parole as late as April 2009.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
convicted murderer, who was once on Death Row
Death row
Death row signifies the place, often a section of a prison, that houses individuals awaiting execution. The term is also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution , even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists.After individuals are found...
for the 1957 murder of fifteen-year-old honor student and cheer leader Victoria Ann Zielinski. Vigorously contesting his conviction through the courts and in the media, Smith became a celebrity, and his case was argued in public most notably by William F. Buckley, Jr.
William F. Buckley, Jr.
William Frank Buckley, Jr. was an American conservative author and commentator. He founded the political magazine National Review in 1955, hosted 1,429 episodes of the television show Firing Line from 1966 until 1999, and was a nationally syndicated newspaper columnist. His writing was noted for...
He eventually succeeded in winning a retrial and negotiating a reduced sentence. Smith was released only to be incarcerated for a second time for the kidnapping and attempted murder of Lefteriya Ozbun in 1976.
Crime
In March 1957, 15-year old Victoria Ann Zielinski of Ramsey, New JerseyRamsey, New Jersey
Ramsey is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It is a suburb of New York City, located northwest of Midtown Manhattan. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough population was 14,473....
disappeared on her way home from a friend's house. One of the girl's shoes, a black penny loafer was discovered the following morning on the roadside by her parents, who had been driving around an approximate two mile radius from where there daughter had last been seen, searching for her. They also noticed a blood-matted head scarf in the vicinity. While Mr. Zielinski, the girl's father continued searching on foot, Mrs. Zielinski contacted the police. Mr. Zielinski after observing a pair of gloves lying in the dirt of a sand pit located a few hundred yards from where the shoe was found, returned to his wife and together they waited for the police. The police arrived a short time later and along with the Mahwah Police Department’s Captain Ed Wickham, the search resumed, and Vickie’s body was discovered on the banks of the nearby sand pit
Sand Pit
Sandspit Park Beach & Marina is located on the Patchogue River in the Village of Patchogue in Suffolk County, New York.Sandspit is on Brightwood Street off Ceder Ave directly south of the Patchogue Long Island Rail Road Station...
. Her skull had been smashed by repeated blows with one or more large rocks.
Edgar Smith was at the time an unemployed mechanic. On the night of the murder, Smith borrowed a friend's car, and his later activities aroused suspicion, including Smith excusing himself from meeting the same friend in a bar early in the evening, and having to remove his trousers, claiming he had been sick on them. When the murder was reported the following day on the radio, two of Smith’s friends joked with him as the murderer's car was reported to be the same make as the one Smith had driven the previous evening. One of the friends later remarked that Smith had "a startled look on his face". A few days later drops of blood were found on the seats of the car and Smith was brought in for questioning by the police.
During questioning, Smith repeatedly could not account for a half hour gap during the night of the murder. He was also unable to account for his missing clothing, which the police later located and which were identified by Smith’s wife. Faced with this evidence, Smith reportedly blurted out that Vickie had hit him in the face. He informed the police that he had picked Vickie up in his car, then attempted to grab her when she left, her attempt to leave having angered him. Smith was arrested for the murder, and faced three psychiatric examinations before his trial.
Trial
The trial of Edgar Smith for first degree murder drew strong media attention, with Bergen County, New JerseyBergen County, New Jersey
Bergen County is the most populous county of the state of New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, its population was 905,116. The county is part of the New York City Metropolitan Area. Its county seat is Hackensack...
Prosecutor Guy W. Calissi
Guy W. Calissi
Guy W. Calissi , was an American Democratic Party politician, prosecutor, lawyer and judge, who served for seven years as mayor of Wood-Ridge, New Jersey, 16 years as Bergen County, New Jersey prosecutor and was appointed in 1970 to serve as a judge on New Jersey Superior Court, a post he served...
describing the murder as the "most vicious, most brutal and the most sadistic I have ever seen.". Witnesses included Myrna Zielinski, Victoria’s younger sister. Although Myrna was to meet Vickie at 8:45 on the night of the murder. she testified that she did not see her sister after about 7:40. At approximately 7:30 that evening, at Victoria's request Myrna had walked her sister part of the way to the home of Barbara Nixon, Victoria's best friend. The houses were situated approximately four fifths of a mile apart on Wyckoff Avenue in Ramsey Township and the Borough of Mahwah, New Jersey respectively. At 7:40, approximately two thirds of a mile south of the Zielinski home in the direction of Mahwah, Myrna testified that she last saw her sister when Victoria had continued walking the route to the Nixon home by herself and Myrna had returned home. Victoria had planned only a short visit at Barbara Nixon's residence and because the girl was uneasy about walking the dark road by herself, Myrna Zielinski agreed to walk back in the direction of the Nixon home in order to meet Victoria and walk part of the way back home with her. The two had pre-arranged to leave their starting points at 8:30 PM. When Myrna left her home a bit late, at about 8:40 PM, she walked the entire route to the Nixon house at an accelerated pace without encountering Victoria, who should logically have been walking in a northerly direction towards her on Wyckoff Avenue, (which was) virtually the only route between the two houses at the time. Myrna testified that she had arrived at the Nixon home and been told that her sister had left for home about ten minutes earlier.
In fact the Nixon home sat at the northwest corner of Wyckoff and Fardale Avenues, (Borough of Mahwah, NJ) approximately four fifths of a mile from the Zielinski dwelling, also located on Wyckoff Ave. On the evening of March 4, 1957, Victoria's walk home was along the two-lane Wyckoff Avenue (see trial transcript testimony of Myrna Zielinski.) This particular stretch of road, in 1957 was residential, bordering on rural and heavily wooded on both sides in between sparsely placed homes. she had pre-arranged to meet her thirteen year old sister at a point about half way between the Nixon and Zielinski homes, adjacent to West Crescent Ave. In 1957, West Crescent Ave. intersected Wyckoff at the point where Mahwah, New Jersey becomes the township of Ramsey, New Jersey
Ramsey, New Jersey
Ramsey is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It is a suburb of New York City, located northwest of Midtown Manhattan. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough population was 14,473....
. Incidentally, it was at this intersection that Wyckoff Avenue became lit with street lights and a sidewalk was provided for pedestrians. Up to that juncture,Victoria would have had to walk along a very dark road (virtually in the road.)
Myrna Zielinski's testimony indicated that by coincidence, both sisters had left their starting points ten minutes late, at approximately 8:40 pm. It would later seem inexplicable to investigators that Victoria would have willingly entered Smith's vehicle knowing that her sister was on her way to meet her (this was especially compelling because it had been Victoria who had requested that Myrna make the journey and such behavior was not consistent with Vickie's known character). It was also noted in the police report of the crime that Victoria's finger nails were "badly bitten", This was documented in the trial transcript (referred to as "ripped" by the Bergen County Coroner who performed an autopsy on the body) although its evidential value would prove elusive. However, there was an implication that Victoria did not habitually bite her fingernails and the fact that they were bitten signified that a period of angst had (immediately) preceded her murder, a factor that at least partially contradicts the logic behind Edgar Smith's eventual release from death row on appeal. In any case, they are mute evidence that Victoria Zielinski had realized that Smith's intent was at the very least, malicious before he murdered her.
As stated elsewhere in this article, Smith eventually succeeded in overturning his conviction for first degree murder, accepting his conviction to the lesser charge of murder in the second degree. However, when all of the trial testimony and physical evidence is examined, all indicators show that the evidence at the murder scene is far too spread out in a physical sense to warrant a second degree murder conviction of the defendant. Premeditation is shown based on testimony corroborated by the physical evidence, that Smith had chased the girl several hundred yards, hit her with a baseball bat (obtained from the vehicle in a premeditated act), and then dragged her while she struggled, back to the murder scene, even pausing at one point to discard the bloody bat in a wooded area near the intersection of Chapel Road and Fardale Avenue.
On the witness stand, Myrna also identified several items of Victoria’s clothing that she had been wearing when last seen. The trial transcript reveals that Myrna who was thirteen when her sister was murdered, had a good memory for detail, recalling that Victoria had worn "boy's blue jeans", a coral cardigan sweater, a blue and gold campus jacket, penny loafers, a Wittenaur white gold wristwatch, and a silver heart locket on a long chain around her neck. Myrna remembered that Victoria had carried a natural leather purse, an accounting school book and a writing tablet. All of these items with the possible exception of the wristwatch, were found in the vicinity of the crime and introduced in to evidence at the Smith trial. Vickie’s parents were called next, and recounted how they, together with Captain Ed Wickham of the Mahwah Police Department had found their daughter's body just after 9 AM on the morning of March 5, 1957 in the area of a sandpit located about two miles from the Zielinski's residence.
Sixteen year old Barbara Nixon, at whose home Victoria had been visiting just before she disappeared, also testified, being the last person before Edgar Smith to see Victoria Zielinski alive. She also identified an item of clothing (a head scarf or kerchief found the next morning on Fardale Avenue approximately 500 yards from the crime scene) that she had lent to Victoria.
Detectives who interviewed Smith also testified about the missing articles of his clothing and his initial reasons for it (his explanations to his wife and others about their absence). They also testified about Smith’s continual claims that Don Hommell, a friend of his, was the real killer.
Smith testified that Vickie had waved him to pull over, and then entered his car for conversation. Smith claimed that he had, at Vickie's suggestion, pulled into a dirt driveway leading to a local sand pit off of Chapel Road exactly where Chapel Road intersected Fardale Avenue in Mahwah; that Vickie had stated that his wife was having an affair with "the oil man" or words to that nature and that he had angrily told Vickie to leave. Smith claimed that after Victoria left the vehicle he was driving, a 1950 light blue Mercury convertible that belonged to a frend, he had been sitting in the car (inside the sandpit area) for a few moments before "hearing a commotion" coming from the vicinity of Chapel road. Realizing, he testified, that in the darkness he could make out at least two people approaching his car, he had grabbed a baseball bat from the back seat for "protection", fearing that Victoria's father had somehow arrived on the seen and that Victoria was walking together with him in Smith's direction. Testimony by members of the Mahwah and Ramsey police department indicate that Smith's interrogation resulted in often contradictory replies. At one point, Smith said that he observed from his spot in the sandpit Donald Hommell of Ramsey's vehicle parked along Chapel road. It was established however, that this would have been impossible because of obstructions that made a clear view of Chapel road from the sandpit impossible.
At the trial, on the witness stand, Smith stated that he soon realized that it was not Mr. Zielinski with Victoria; instead, he indicated that the male figure with Vickie was Donald Hommell, a friend of his and that Vickie was bleeding from a cut on her head; he claimed that he asked Hommell what had happened and was told that Victoria had fallen on the roadway. Victoria, Smith said, pleaded with him not to leave her with Hommell and that he had acquiesced, helping the bleeding girl into the car where she sat with her her head tilted back on the seat rest. Hommell, according to Smith had not allowed him to take the cut and bleeding girl to a local hospital but had instead pulled her from the car and she had fallen out, spattering Smith's pants with blood in the process. He then testified that he had decided that since Victoria was "Hommell's girl", he felt he should leave the scene and let Hommell take care of the situation; Hommell had, according to Smith,in fact encouraged him to leave. Smith stated that he drove away leaving the bleeding girl (even as she plead with him for succor) in the sand pit with Hommell; and that he did not come forward for fear that her death was his responsibility; that he originally believed that she had bled to death from the injury he had observed. Hommell was questioned, and he told the court that he was in the area at the time, and had "casually" been involved with Vickie. However, the police testified that both Hommell’s car and clothing had been checked, and nothing had been found. Furthermore, the vehicle Hommell had been driving that night belonged to his employer, and was not one that Smith would have recognized. Smith was found guilty by the jury after two and a half hours of deliberation.
Incarceration
Smith was sent to death row at New Jersey State PrisonNew Jersey State Prison
The New Jersey State Prison , formerly known as Trenton State Prison, is a state prison in Trenton, New Jersey operated by the New Jersey Department of Corrections. It accommodated over 1,900 prisoners as of January, 2005....
, where he spent 14 years. In 1962 his wife left him, and in 1964 he was forced to become his own lawyer because of his financial situation. He attacked Hommell’s statement, and maintained that his own comments were inadmissible because he had not signed anything. He also examined the medical report, which had found estimating Vickie’s time of death difficult. Smith's appeals, however, were repeatedly dismissed, however his death sentence was postponed on several occasions. In 1962, Smith began correspondence with William F. Buckley, Jr.
William F. Buckley, Jr.
William Frank Buckley, Jr. was an American conservative author and commentator. He founded the political magazine National Review in 1955, hosted 1,429 episodes of the television show Firing Line from 1966 until 1999, and was a nationally syndicated newspaper columnist. His writing was noted for...
, the founder of National Review
National Review
National Review is a biweekly magazine founded by the late author William F. Buckley, Jr., in 1955 and based in New York City. It describes itself as "America's most widely read and influential magazine and web site for conservative news, commentary, and opinion."Although the print version of the...
, during which Buckley began to doubt Smith’s guilt, later stating that the case was "inherently implausible".
An article by Buckley in November 1965, published in Esquire
Esquire (magazine)
Esquire is a men's magazine, published in the U.S. by the Hearst Corporation. Founded in 1932, it flourished during the Great Depression under the guidance of founder and editor Arnold Gingrich.-History:...
, drew national media attention:
This brought renewed media interest in Hommell, scrutiny which was increased still further with the publishing of Smith’s book Brief Against Death in 1968.
Release and life after prison
In 1971, Smith was successful with his 19th appeal against the fair nature of his trial, claiming that his confession was obtained under duressDuress
In jurisprudence, duress or coercion refers to a situation whereby a person performs an act as a result of violence, threat or other pressure against the person. Black's Law Dictionary defines duress as "any unlawful threat or coercion used... to induce another to act [or not act] in a manner...
. As the confession was obtained eight years prior to the introduction of Miranda rights, Smith’s appeal carried some weight. In 1971, Smith was able to have a repeat trial, and in June of that year Smith’s confession was ruled to have been obtained unfairly, and Smith was offered parole if he accepted a charge of second degree murder under a deal approved by Judge Morris Pashman
Morris Pashman
Morris Pashman was an American Republican Party politician and attorney who served as Mayor of Passaic, New Jersey before spending 23 years as a judge, 10 of them on the New Jersey Supreme Court...
, an offer which he accepted. On December 6, 1971, he pleaded guilty to second degree murder, and he was released from prison at age 37.
Smith went on to lecture at a number of colleges and universities, as well as making several television and radio appearances. He published a third book, ‘’Getting Out’’, and argued for penal reform. However, as his celebrity status declined, Smith began drinking heavily and suffering from debt.
Second crime
In San Diego, CaliforniaCalifornia
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
, during October 1976, Smith drove his car up to 33 year old Lefteriya Lisa Ozbun, and kidnapped her at knifepoint. Ozbun continually resisted Smith while he attempted to drive her away. Smith stabbed Ozbun in her side and she was ejected from the car as he lost control and drove off of the road. Smith recovered and drove away; however a nearby witness made a note of the vehicle's registration, and it was later traced to Smith’s new wife, Paige. Smith immediately contacted Buckley, who turned him into the FBI.
Second incarceration
Smith's second crime drove media attention to Buckley, Smith’s defenders, and the psychiatrists who cleared his return to public life. (Buckley, famous as a law-and-order conservative, wrote a 1979 article about how he had been won over by Smith's claims of innocence, to his later regret.)
Ozbun survived her wound, and testified in the trial. Smith claimed to be an emotionally disturbed, sex offender in pursuit of a shorter sentence. He cited his actions during the Vickie Zielinski case in support of this claim; instead he was found guilty of kidnapping with intent to rob, attempted murder, and sentenced to life.
In 1979, Smith sued for divorce with his second wife, and in 1988 and 1990 he sought further legal action against his sentencing. Smith appealed at every opportunity, however each was turned down. In February 2004, Smith postponed his own appeal hearing, and in recent years his health has deteriorated, and he has suffered several heart attacks. He has been denied parole as late as April 2009.