Domestic policy of Nicolas Sarkozy
Encyclopedia
- This article is only about the domestic reforms led by the French government between the mandate of Nicolas Sarkozy. For a broader view on the presidential mandate, see Presidency of Nicolas SarkozyPresidency of Nicolas SarkozyNicolas Sarkozy, candidate of the conservative Union for a Popular Movement , was elected President in May 2007, and became the sixth President of the French Fifth Republic on May 16, 2007. He nominated François Fillon as Prime minister, who formed a composite government, a bit modified following...
The domestic policy of Nicolas Sarkozy's presidency was led by François Fillon
François Fillon
François Charles Armand Fillon is the Prime Minister of France. He was appointed to that office by President Nicolas Sarkozy on 17 May 2007. He served initially until 13 November 2010 when he resigned from being prime minister before a planned cabinet reshuffle.On 14 November 2010, Sarkozy...
's government as soon as the president was elected
French presidential election, 2007
The 2007 French presidential election, the ninth of the Fifth French Republic was held to elect the successor to Jacques Chirac as president of France for a five-year term.The winner, decided on 5 and 6 May 2007, was Nicolas Sarkozy...
, and the government appointed by the president. According to the French constitution, the government and the Prime Minister "determine and conduct the policy of the nation", that is to say deal with the domestic policy, while the President of the Republic focus on foreign relations. However, a modification of the constitution in 2001 shortened the presidential mandate from 7 to 5 years, so that the presidency lasts the same time as the government's mandate. Therefore, the president can be more implicated in the governmental policy. It was the case with Nicolas Sarkozy, who has been accused of being an "hyperpresident" by his opponents. François Fillon appeared as too much submitted to the president.
Nicolas Sarkozy had promised during the presidential campaign a lot of reforms. He announced the government would be very dynamic. He pleged to completely revamp the higher education system, to overhaul the judiciary system, judged as too ancient, to led profound fiscal and economic reforms, and to revise the integration and social benefits system. He pledged to create ministries dedicated to the environment and to the immigration and national identity. He also announced a complete reforms of the Health system, and various measures concerning culture.
First reforms
On 6 May 2007, Nicolas Sarkozy was elected President of the Republic of France at the second round of the presidential elections, with 53,06 % of the votes. Few days later, on 18 May, he appointed François FillonFrançois Fillon
François Charles Armand Fillon is the Prime Minister of France. He was appointed to that office by President Nicolas Sarkozy on 17 May 2007. He served initially until 13 November 2010 when he resigned from being prime minister before a planned cabinet reshuffle.On 14 November 2010, Sarkozy...
as Prime Minister. The first government comprised 15 ministers, 4 secretaries and one high commissary, but this government was to be transitional, because legislative elections were to be led. On 17 June, the UMP obtained the majority in the second round of the legislative elections, but less large than expected. The day after, a new government was therefore formed, with 15 ministers, 14 secretaries and 1 high commissary. Six members of the government come from the Socialist Party.
One week later, in the first Council of Ministers, the first bills were prepared. On 20 and 27 June, the Council of ministers began to prepare and examine the TEPA law, the General Review of Public Policies
French General Review of Public Policies
The French General Review of Public Policies , in French "Révision générale des politiques publiques", aims at reducing public spending while increasing the efficiency and quality of public action. It was launched by the Fillon Government in July 2007...
, and the reform of the judiciary map. Meanwhile, the government presented to "social representatives" a first draft on social negotiations and minimum service in transports. On 3 July, Prime Minister François Fillon presented to deputies of the National Assembly the broad lines of his domestic policy: modernization of institutions, social negotiations, reform of high school system, reform of the judiciary map, reform of the labour market, reform of the illness assurance, creation of a social TVA, policy on public debt. The Council of Ministers continued to examine bills pledged by Nicolas Sarkozy during the presidential campaign: bill on immigration and integration, LRU bill, draft on social negotiations. On 7 July, they plan the organization of the Grenelle Environment. In August, an extraordinary session of the Parliament allowed various laws to be enacted in a hurry: LRU law, law on recidivists, TEPA law (enacted after the Constitutional council modified it), law on social dialogue and minimum service in transport, adoption of the RSA
Revenu de solidarité active
The Revenu de solidarité active is a French form of social welfare. It is aimed at people working with low wages and provide them with a complement; its aim is to encourage activity. It was implemented on 1 June 2009 by the French government....
(implemented for experimentation in November).
Preparation of major laws
Reforms continued to be prepared and examined after the summer holidays, with the creation of commissions, releasing of reports and discussions. Nicolas Sarkozy also prepared the pledged reform of secondary education and high school by writing to every teacher a « Letter to teachers » in which he recalled the missions and the values conveyed by school and teachers. He also created, soon after, a Commission for the evolution of the teacher job. On 7 September, a first round of negotiations between social representatives on the modernization of the labour market was launched. The Grenelle Environment lasted from September to October, and led to a plan designed by the Minister of the Environment Jean-Louis BorlooJean-Louis Borloo
Jean-Louis Borloo is a French politician, and was the French Minister for Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Town and Country Planning between 2007 and 2010.-Professional résumé:Education...
. The negotiations led to a first law, on GMOs. The reform of the judiciary system also began, but was subject to many debates. In November, the minister of Justice Rachida Dati unveil the reform of the judiciary map for the next three years, causing the discontentment of magistrates and judges. The reform began with a law on dangerous criminals (enacted in February 2008, after validation bynthe Constitutional Council). On 20 November, the law on immigration and integration was enacted after the constitutional council approved the possibility to resort to DNA tests, controversial point of the bill.
Major economical reforms were also underway, with the release of other major discussions were led to prepare two contradictory reports on social TVA, ordered by the President, the preparation on a law on competition on the sector of distribution, and a first budget bill for 2008 with a prevision growth between 2 and 2,5% and a 41,7 bn euros deficit, reduction of public debt to 64% of GDP, and suppression of 22 921 civil servants jobs. The budget bill for Social Security was also ambitious, with a reduction of the deficit to à 9 billions euros. On 30 August, a "Commission for the liberation of the French growth", presided by Jacques Attali
Jacques Attali
Jacques Attali is a French economist, writer and senior civil servant.Former adviser to President François Mitterrand and first president of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, he founded the non-profit organization PlaNet Finance and was nominated President of the Commission for...
, had been created. The commission was asked to release a report, ordered by the President, to revive the French economy. The Conseil d’orientation des retraites (COR) released a report stating the pension reform of 2003 did not allow improve the situation. It said the measures to improve employment of seniors failed. The preparation of the Grenelle Insertion
Grenelle Insertion
The Grenelle de l'insertion or Grenelle Insertion, concluded on 27 May 2008, refers to an open multi-party debate in France that gathered representatives of national and local government and organizations on an equal footing, with goal of unifying a position on a the reform of the national policy of...
, that would take place in May 2008, was also announced, in November. Finally, on 19 December, the government unveiled its plan for social reforms in 2008, including the reform of the labour market, of social negotiations, further training, and status of civil servants.
Reform of the central government and the institutions was also underway at the end of 2007, as part of the RGPP
French General Review of Public Policies
The French General Review of Public Policies , in French "Révision générale des politiques publiques", aims at reducing public spending while increasing the efficiency and quality of public action. It was launched by the Fillon Government in July 2007...
In September, the Home Minister announced the creation of a direction of domestic information, resulting from the merge between the direction of supervisory of the territory (DST) and the branch of the French police force dealing with political security (RG). In October, the minister du Budget officially announced the merger between the general direction of taxation (DGI) and the general direction of public accounts (DGCP). On 29 October, the "Comité on the modernization and rebalance of the institutions of the Fifth Republic", presided by Édouard Balladur
Édouard Balladur
Édouard Balladur is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 29 March 1993 to 10 May 1995.-Biography:Balladur was born in İzmir, Turkey, to an Armenian Catholic family with five children and long-standing ties to France...
, released a report, ordered by the President; it was to prepare a major reform of the constitution and of the parliamentarian system. Finally, the bill merging the ANPE and the UNEDIC/ASSEDIC was presented (enacted in February 2008).
However, at the end of the year 2007, political life was troubled by a growing contestation of certain groups strongly affected by some reforms. Between October and December, university students At the beginning of November, a growing discontentment of university students, protesting against the LRU law, led to two months of strikes and blockades. The movement also extended to high school students. On 28 November, the Prime Minister and the Minister of Higher Education Valérie Pécresse signed an agreement guaranteeing a 50% increase in the universities budget within five years. The agreement aimed at satisfying the students and putting an end to the movement. The reform of the judiciary map also caused a month of protestations of magistrates and judges, but the law was finally enacted on 27 December, despite the opposition of trade-unions. Economic reforms were also highly controversial. The Minister of Labour unveiled a controversial plan for the special retirement plan
French special retirement plan
In France employees of some government-owned corporations enjoy a special retirement plan, collectively known as régimes spéciaux de retraite...
. The Minister proposed a deadline to trade unions to engage negotiations. Discussions open with RATP and SNCF
SNCF
The SNCF , is France's national state-owned railway company. SNCF operates the country's national rail services, including the TGV, France's high-speed rail network...
, but national strikes
November 2007 strikes in France
The 2007 strikes in France were a series of general strikes, mostly in the public sector, which started on 13 November 2007. The strike was over President Nicolas Sarkozy's and Prime Minister François Fillon's attempt to reduce early retirement benefits for 500,000 public employees...
are organized to oppose the law. In November, national negotiations between patronal organizations and trade unions on the modernization of the labour market. They fail to reach an agreement. In December negotiations on the special retirement plan
French special retirement plan
In France employees of some government-owned corporations enjoy a special retirement plan, collectively known as régimes spéciaux de retraite...
continue, but failed.
2008 reforms
At the beginning of 2008, various laws previously announced were voted by the Parliament and enacted: merger ANPE-Unedic, law on dangerous criminals, fusion DST-RG, implementation of the RGPPFrench General Review of Public Policies
The French General Review of Public Policies , in French "Révision générale des politiques publiques", aims at reducing public spending while increasing the efficiency and quality of public action. It was launched by the Fillon Government in July 2007...
.
Preparations of other laws continued. On 11 January a third round of negotiations on the modernization of the labour market was led, with at last an agreement achieved and signed by the participants. A week after, discussions on social dialogue and representation of workers in companies were launched. Preparation of education reforms continued, with the "green book on the evolution of the teacher job" published. In February, the minister of Education presented the reform of education programs. Meanwhile, debates on the reform of the judiciary map engaged in February. The highly expected report by the Commission for the liberation of the French growth was published on 30 January. The expected plan "Espoir banlieues" was unveiled by the president.
The month February was marked by a strike of public television channels, protesting against the suppression of advertising on France Télévisions
France Télévisions
France Télévisions is the French public national television broadcaster. It is a state-owned company formed from the bringing together of the public television channels France 2 and France 3 , later joined by the legally independent channels France 5 , France Ô , and France 4 France Télévisions ...
. A commission for the new public television was created to design the law. In March, negotiations on pensions between trade unions and patronal organizations,also with various strikes and demonstrations.
Following the regional and local elections in France, the government was modified on 18 March; however, the first cabinet underwent few changes, and that did not modified the reforms to be led. Soon after the cabinet change, the law on the modification of institutions was presented by the Prime Minister himself, and the law on the modernization of the labour market was at last voted and enacted, after several months of negotiations.
Meanwhile, various reforms were launched with publications of reports and creation of special commissions. In April, a report was released by the Commission Larcher, allowing debates on the reform of hospitals to be engaged. A commission to examine the reform of laws on minors delinquency was created by the Minister of Justice. A report to plan the modification of civil servants' statute was released.
May was dominated by debates on social reforms, amid various national demonstrations and strikes.
Fight against the crisis
The last months of 2008 were dominated by the fight against the financial and economic crisis. In October, the President unveiled plans to support the real-estate sector (purchase of 30.000 buildings by the government), the PME (French small-and-middle-sized companies), with 20 billions euros, and the written press, very affected by the crisis. The President himself launched on 2 October the General States of the Press to provide financial aids to newspapers. Financial help was also provided by the State to the banking sector. The government had to intervene jointly with Luxembourg and Belgium to save the ailing bank FortisFortis (finance)
Fortis N.V./S.A. was a company active in insurance, banking and investment management. In 2007 it was the 20th largest business in the world by revenue but after encountering severe problems in the financial crisis of 2008, most of the company was sold in parts, with only insurance activities...
. The French government was committed with other European countries to recapitalize banks, and participated to the Eurogroup plan signed in October.
At the end of the year, the government also began to fight against the social effects of the crisis. On 28 October, the President unveiled to support employment, with significant aids by the government. On 20 November, Nicolas Sarkozy created the "Fonds stratégique d’investissement", a sovereignty fund with 20 billion euros to help French companies and banks fighting the crisis. The budget bill was revised down several times, with falling tax revenues, a growing deficit, and exploding debt. Finally, on 4 December, President Nicolas Sarkozy announced a 26 billion euros stimulus package to fight the economic crisis. The day after, Patrick Devedjian
Patrick Devedjian
Patrick Devedjian is a French politician of the Union for a Popular Movement party...
was appointed Minister of the economic revival. The 2009 budget bills were adopted at the very end of the year. The Social Security deficit amounts to 10,5 milliards euros, while the government deficit amounts to 66,986 billions euros, with a GDP growth prevision between 0,2% and 0,5%.
The necessity to fight against the crisis caused the rhythm of reforms to slow, especially economic reforms. However, laws previously planned in other fields were adopted: RSA (extension to the whole territory after a period of experimentation), enforcement of the modernization of the institutions, preparation of the law on regions, presentation of the law on the appointment of the President of Frances Television by the President of the Republic, plan for numerical television on the territory, preparation of the modification of laws on bioethics, and above all official presentation of the law on hospitals on 22 October.
The end of the year was also marked by the growing opposition to the government of university and school teachers. They led various strikes and demonstrations in November to protest against job cuts, the funding and management of research and teaching in university and higher education, and the modification of the statute of teachers.
Reforms
InstitutionsPrime Minister François Fillon himself was asked to led the announced reform of the constitution. The reform was held on the famous article 49
Article 49 of the French Constitution
Article 49 of the Constitution of France is part of Title V: "On the relations between the parliament and the government" . It sets out the political responsibility of the French government to the parliament...
of the text.
Economy
- Reform of extra-hours. The very polemical measure was included in a stimulus packageFrench fiscal package of 2007The French fiscal package of 2007 is a series of measures implemented by the Fillon administration in 2007. The paquet fiscal is often called in France loi TEPA, referring to the law in favor of labor, employment and purchasing power...
with many other measures, voted in July 2007. With the reform, extra-hours are not submitted to contribution, i.e. taxes on salaries. With extra hours, workers can earn more. It is a mean to cancel the effects of the 35 hours reform. - 50% fiscal shield, included in the 2007 fiscal package.
- Suppression of inheritance tax, included in the 2007 fiscal package.
- Rules on great distribution.
- Stimulus package. This package was not a campaign pledge. To fight the economic crisis, Nicolas Sarkozy announced exceptional mearures at the end of 2008. It included financial aids for PME.
Budget
- One retired civil servant out of two no replaced
- Taxation direction and Public comptability merged
- French General Review of Public PoliciesFrench General Review of Public PoliciesThe French General Review of Public Policies , in French "Révision générale des politiques publiques", aims at reducing public spending while increasing the efficiency and quality of public action. It was launched by the Fillon Government in July 2007...
- Suppression of the budget deficit. Non kept pledge, because of the economic crisis.
- Legislation on online bets
- Reform of the public function
Education
- Reform of French universitiesReform of French universitiesThe reform of French universities is a vast overhauling of French public higher education system initiated by Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007. The reforms were held by Minister of Higher Education and Research Valérie Pécresse, along with Minister of Education Xavier Darcos, for some reforms only.The...
, including the controversial LRU law. - Complete reform of the secondary education, delayed because of a strong students and teachers' opposition.
- Suppression of the school map.
Justice
- Complete reform of the judiciary map.
- Reinforcement of sentences for multi-recidivists.
- Reinforcement of detention for dangerous criminals.
- Reform of the legislation on minors' delinquency. The former version of the law dated back from 1945.
Health
- Complete reform of the health care system, with the very polemical HPST law
Culture
- Hadopi lawHADOPI lawThe French HADOPI law or Creation and Internet law was introduced during 2009 as a means to control and regulate internet access and encourage compliance with copyright laws...
, on creation and internet. - Suppression of advertising on state-owned TV channels.
Society
- Adoption of the RSARSARSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography that is based on the presumed difficulty of factoring large integers, the factoring problem. RSA stands for Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who first publicly described it in 1978. A user of RSA creates and then publishes the product of...
, following the Grenelle InsertionGrenelle InsertionThe Grenelle de l'insertion or Grenelle Insertion, concluded on 27 May 2008, refers to an open multi-party debate in France that gathered representatives of national and local government and organizations on an equal footing, with goal of unifying a position on a the reform of the national policy of... - ANPE-ASSEDIC merged. The very expected merge between ANPE and ASSEDICASSEDICAssédic is the partial acronym of "Association pour l’emploi dans l’industrie et le commerce" . Created in 1958, it was a French agency which collected and paid unemployment insurance contributions. It was associated to the UNEDIC agency, which set the amount of the contributions...
was at last fulfilled by the French government. The ANPE was a supervisory agency who registered unemployed people, while the Unedic and Assedics (local agencies affiliated to the Unedic) were agencies providing assistance and benefits to unemployed people. There were merged into the new agency Pôle emploiPôle emploiPôle emploi is a French governmental agency which registers unemployed people, helps them find jobs and provides them with financial aid. The agency was created in 2009, resulting from the merger between the ANPE and the UNEDIC . The agency employs 45.000 civil servants...
.
Environment
- Grenelle Environment
- Law on GMOs
Popularity and protests
The popularity of the President and the Prime minister reached a climax at the beginning of their mandates.Nicolas Sarkozy had a maximum popularity between August and October 2007: during this period, the number of people trusting him was higher than 55% according to BVA and CSA, higher than 60% for Ipsos, and reaching almost 65% for TNS Sofres. His popularity began to fall rapidly from October and November 2007. From February and June 2008, it maintained at very low levels, between 30 and 40 according to all opinions studies. In summer 2008, it rose again until the end of the year, when the popularity level was close to 50% (40% only for TNS Sofres). In 2009, it maintained between 40 and 45%.
The popularity of Francois Fillon was also very high at the beginning of his mandate, with more than 55% for CSA, TNS Sofres and Ipsos (45% only for BVA). It began to decrease slightly, but increase to reach a peak in April 2008 (49% for TNS Sofres, 51 for BVA, 55 for CSA, 59 for Ipsos). However, it fell again but stayed between 40 and 50% until the end of the year.