Disk read-and-write head
Disk read/write heads are mechanisms that read data from or write data to disk drives. The heads have gone through a number of changes over the years.
In a hard drive, the heads fly above the disk surface with clearance of as little as 3
nanometres. The "flying height" is constantly decreasing to enable higher areal density. The flying height of the head is controlled by the design of an air-bearing etched onto the disk-facing surface of the
slider. The role of the airbearing is to maintain the flying height constant as the head moves over the surface of the disk.
Encyclopedia
Disk read/write heads are mechanisms that read data from or write data to disk drives. The heads have gone through a number of changes over the years.
In a hard drive, the heads fly above the disk surface with clearance of as little as 3
nanometres. The "flying height" is constantly decreasing to enable higher areal density. The flying height of the head is controlled by the design of an air-bearing etched onto the disk-facing surface of the
slider. The role of the airbearing is to maintain the flying height constant as the head moves over the surface of the disk. If the head hits the disk's surface, a catastrophic
head crash can result.
The heads themselves started out similar to the heads in
tape recorders -- simple devices made out of a tiny C-shaped piece of highly magnetizable material called ferrite wrapped in a fine wire coil. When writing, the coil is energized, a strong
magnetic field forms in the gap of the C, and the recording surface adjacent to the gap is magnetized. When reading, the magnetized material rotates past the heads, the
ferrite core concentrates the field, and a
current is generated in the coil. The gap where the field is very strong is quite narrow. That gap is roughly equal to the thickness of the magnetic media on the recording surface. The gap determines the minimum size of a recorded area on the disk. Ferrite heads are large, and write fairly large features. They must also be flown fairly far from the surface thus requiring stronger fields and larger heads.
Metal in Gap heads are ferrite heads with a small piece of
metal in the head gap that concentrates the field. This allows smaller features to be read and written. MIG heads were replaced with thin film heads. Thin film heads were
electronically similar to ferrite heads and used the same
physics. But they were manufactured using
photolithographic processes and thin films of material that allowed fine features to be created. Thin film heads were much smaller than MIG heads and therefore allowed smaller recorded features to be used. Thin film heads allowed 3.5 in drives to reach 4GB storage capacities in 1995. The
geometry of the head gap was a compromise between what worked best for reading and what worked best for writing.
The next head improvement was to optimize the thin film head for writing and to create a separate head for reading. The separate read head uses the magnetoresistive effect which changes the resistance of a material in the presence of magnetic field. These
MR heads are able to read very small magnetic features reliably, but can not be used to create the strong field used for writing. The term
AMR is used to distinguish it from the later introduced improvement in MR technology called
GMR . The introduction of the GMR head in 1996 by IBM lead to a period of rapid areal density increases of about 100% per year. In 2000 GMR, Giant Magnetoresistive, heads started to replace AMR read heads. In 2005, the first drives to use
TMR heads were introduced by
Seagate allowing 400 GB drives with 3 disk platters.
In 2005,
Seagate introduced TMR heads featuring integrated microscopic heater coils to control the shape the transducer region of the head during operation. The heater can be activated prior to the start of a write operation to ensure proximity of the write pole to the disk/medium. This improves the written magnetic transitions by ensuring that the head's write field fully saturates the magnetic disk medium. Same thermal actuation approach can be used to temporarily decrease the separation between the disk medium and the read sensor during the readback process, thus improving signal strength and resolution. By mid-2006 other manufacturers have begun to use similar approaches in their products.
During the same time frame a transition to
perpendicular magnetic recording is occurring , in which for reasons of improved stability and higher areal density potential, the traditional in-plane orientation of magnetization in the disk is being changed to a perpedicular orientation. This has major implications for the write process and the write head structure, as well as for the design of the magnetic disk media or
hard disk platter, less directly so for the read sensor of the magnetic head.
External links
- The PC Guide:
- IBM Research:
- Hitachi Global Storage Technologies:
