Counter-hegemonic globalization is a form of globalization

Globalization

Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people and economic activity. Most often, it refers to economics: the global distribution of the production of goods and services, through reduction of barriers to international trade such as tariffs, export fees, and import...

 that operates from a bottom-up process that stresses the empowerment of the local. The project of counter-hegemonic globalization is a reaction to alternative forms of globalization, specifically the neoliberal form. It emerged mainly as a result of neoliberal policies and Structural Adjustment Programs in Latin America

Latin America

Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages  – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...

 in the 1980s. There are three primary pillars that constitute counter-hegemonic globalization: transnational advocacy

Advocacy

Advocacy is a political process by an individual or a large group which normally aims to influence public-policy and resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions; it may be motivated from moral, ethical or faith principles or simply to protect an...

 networks, transnational labour/ consumer networks and the labour movement

Labour movement

The term labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better treatment from their employers and governments, in particular through the implementation of specific laws governing labour...

. Peter Evans and Boaventura de Sousa Santos

Boaventura de Sousa Santos

Boaventura de Sousa Santos is a Professor of Sociology at the School of Economics, University of Coimbra. De Sousa Santos has taught in various universities including Yale, Wisconsin-Madison Law School and University of Warwick...

 remain two prominent theorists who have contributed to the theory.

Countries that instil Counter-hegemonic globalization

Venezuela

Venezuela

Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...

: Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution

Bolivarian Revolution

The “Bolivarian Revolution” refers to a leftist social movement and political process in Venezuela led by Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, the founder of the Fifth Republic Movement...

 has stressed anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist and anti-American policies. In response to the strong rhetoric and the policies that align with the aforementioned revolution, counter-hegemonic globalization was a natural transition toward an alternative form of globalization. In addition to the three pillars of counter-hegemonic globalization, communal councils have also played a role in restructuring the process of globalization in the country. They have done this by empowering local governments to function democratically, and at the same time strongly collectively. The labour movement in Venezuela since Chavez's

Hugo Chávez

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías is the 56th and current President of Venezuela, having held that position since 1999. He was formerly the leader of the Fifth Republic Movement political party from its foundation in 1997 until 2007, when he became the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela...

 election has largely stressed the role of Cooperatives. Co-operatives function on egalitarianism

Egalitarianism

Egalitarianism is a trend of thought that favors equality of some sort among moral agents, whether persons or animals. Emphasis is placed upon the fact that equality contains the idea of equity of quality...

 and democracy

Democracy

Democracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...

 to operate. They are attempting to act counter-hegemonically by restructuring the division between intellectual and manual labour, which historically have created situations of exploitation

Exploitation

This article discusses the term exploitation in the meaning of using something in an unjust or cruel manner.- As unjust benefit :In political economy, economics, and sociology, exploitation involves a persistent social relationship in which certain persons are being mistreated or unfairly used for...

.