Compulsory figures
Encyclopedia
Compulsory figures or school figures were formerly an aspect of the sport of figure skating
, from which the sport derives its name. Carving specific patterns or figures into the ice was the original focus of the sport
. The patterns of compulsory figures all derive from the basic figure eight. Although figures no longer exist in competition, they have evolved into the contemporary Moves in the field
(MIF) discipline of figure skating.
while retaining their weight at 60%. This competition format continued until 1968.
Pressure to reduce the weight of compulsory figures began when the Olympic Games
and other skating competitions began to be widely shown on television
. Television coverage posed major problems to the compulsory figures for two reasons. The first and more obvious one is that they were not suitable to television coverage themselves. Even the most ardent skating fan found the completion of the figures, followed by seemingly microscopic analysis by the judges, to be tedious at best and unwatchable at worst, and the general public obviously found them to be of no interest. The other problem was that the skaters who excelled at compulsory figures often were not the most talented at free skating, but at times racked up such a large lead from the school figures that they won the competitions anyway. This would often leave viewers stunned and appalled, since they had watched only the free skating and had little or no knowledge of or interest in the compulsory figures.
To address this, and to put more emphasis on the free skating, a reform was undertaken. The first step was taken in 1968, when figures were reduced to only 50% of the total score. Then, in 1973, the number of figures was reduced from six to three, and a new element, the short program, was added to competitions. Seen as something intermediate between the full free skating
program of four or five minutes and the compulsories, this two-minute program incorporated certain required elements of the free program which were judged on their technical merits. The short program combined a sense of mandatory elements and a presentation that could be of interest to a television audience and paying live spectators. The short program added more "watchable" activity to a figure skating competition, and was considered by most to be hugely successful.
From the 1973 to 1975 seasons, the weights of compulsory figures, short program, and free skating were 40%, 20%, and 40%, respectively. From 1976 to 1988, this changed to 30%, 20%, and 50%; and then to 20%, 30%, and 50% in the 1989 and 1990 seasons. Compulsory figures were eliminated entirely from international competition after 1990. Opponents of figures said that this skill was not necessary for freeskating, and held talented skaters back, such as Janet Lynn
and Midori Ito
. Supporters of figures felt that they had instilled discipline and produced higher quality of basic skating technique.
Today, compulsory figures are no longer a major competitive event and few competitive skaters have the interest to learn how to do them. Some adult recreational skaters, however, still find pleasure in the control and mental stamina required to master figures and the ISI (Ice Skating Institute
) still holds competitions and events that require multiple levels of proficiency. Compulsory figures also remain a part of artistic roller skating
.
More complex two-lobed figures include a three turn
or bracket turn
at the halfway point on each circle, or a double three – two three turns placed symmetrically to divide the lobe into thirds.
The most basic three-lobed figure is the serpentine, skated by doing half a circle on the middle lobe and a change of edge on the same foot to complete the full circle at the end; and then repeating on the other foot to complete the figure. Variations on the three-lobed figures include placing a rocker
or counter
turn at the centers instead of a simple change of edge, or combining a change of edge with the turns in the ordinary two-lobed figures.
A paragraph figure is an advanced two-lobed figure skated entirely on one foot, with a change of edge at the center. The entire figure is then repeated on the other foot over the original tracing.
Most figures are skated on circles about three times the skater's height. However, a special class of figures, the loops, are done on much smaller circles, about five feet in diameter – approximately the height of the skater. Here the skater curves sharply inward at the top of the circle to make a teardrop-shaped loop tracing about a blade-length wide (similar to a limaçon
with an inner loop). The basic loop is a two-lobed figure, but like the other two-lobed figures it also has more difficult serpentine and paragraph variants.
Practice of compulsory figures is sometimes referred to as "patch" because each skater is assigned a defined area (or patch of ice) on which to skate.
includes in its highest test level a number of figures from outside the ISU standard rulebook:
The ISI has also offered "creative figure" and "free figure" events, in which the skaters skate figures of their own design (which must be submitted to the judges in advance, on paper). They differ from each other mainly in judging emphasis.
In ISI testing and competitions, figures are treated as completely separate and independent events from free-skating events, with their own separate test levels and awards. There is no requirement for ISI skaters to enter both free-skating events and figure events, and relatively few do so.
Further ISI-Specific figure information, including diagrams of ISI-specific figures, can be found in the ISI Skaters & Coaches Handbook, available at many ice rink shops, and also directly from the ISI.
Judges normally stand on the ice, off to one side, to watch the execution of the figure. When the skater has finished, the judges typically check the alignment of the figure from different angles, peer closely at the tracings of the turns, and pace off the diameters of the circles to check their sizes.
A device called a scribe – essentially, a large compass
– is commonly used as an aid for learning and practicing figures. It is used to lay out the initial shape of a figure and to check the shape and size of circles already skated, and as a straightedge to check the alignment and placement of the turns. However, scribes are not permitted in competition, nor may skaters rely on painted markings on the ice (such as hockey circles, the red line, or the blue lines) to align their figures.
Figure skating
Figure skating is an Olympic sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform spins, jumps, footwork and other intricate and challenging moves on ice skates. Figure skaters compete at various levels from beginner up to the Olympic level , and at local, national, and international competitions...
, from which the sport derives its name. Carving specific patterns or figures into the ice was the original focus of the sport
Sport
A Sport is all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical fitness and provide entertainment to participants. Sport may be competitive, where a winner or winners can be identified by objective means, and may require a degree...
. The patterns of compulsory figures all derive from the basic figure eight. Although figures no longer exist in competition, they have evolved into the contemporary Moves in the field
Moves in the field
Moves in the Field is a name given to elements of figure skating that emphasize basic skating skills and edge control. In the context of a competitive program, moves in the field include spirals, spread eagles, Ina Bauers, hydroblading, and similar extended edge moves.In the United States, moves...
(MIF) discipline of figure skating.
Compulsory figures in competition
Up until 1947, competitors at figure skating events were required to skate a total of 12 figures (6 different figures skated on both feet) which were worth 60% of the total score. With the increasing number of entrants, figures competitions (which were then skated outdoors) began to take a very long time, so in 1948 the number of figures was reduced to six (alternating left and right foot starts)while retaining their weight at 60%. This competition format continued until 1968.
Olympic Games
The Olympic Games is a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition where more than 200 nations participate...
and other skating competitions began to be widely shown on television
Television
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
. Television coverage posed major problems to the compulsory figures for two reasons. The first and more obvious one is that they were not suitable to television coverage themselves. Even the most ardent skating fan found the completion of the figures, followed by seemingly microscopic analysis by the judges, to be tedious at best and unwatchable at worst, and the general public obviously found them to be of no interest. The other problem was that the skaters who excelled at compulsory figures often were not the most talented at free skating, but at times racked up such a large lead from the school figures that they won the competitions anyway. This would often leave viewers stunned and appalled, since they had watched only the free skating and had little or no knowledge of or interest in the compulsory figures.
To address this, and to put more emphasis on the free skating, a reform was undertaken. The first step was taken in 1968, when figures were reduced to only 50% of the total score. Then, in 1973, the number of figures was reduced from six to three, and a new element, the short program, was added to competitions. Seen as something intermediate between the full free skating
Free skating
The free skating competition of figure skating, sometimes called the "free skate" or "long program", is usually the second of two phases in major figure skating competitions in single skating and pair skating. It is the longer of the two programs, the other one being the Short Program...
program of four or five minutes and the compulsories, this two-minute program incorporated certain required elements of the free program which were judged on their technical merits. The short program combined a sense of mandatory elements and a presentation that could be of interest to a television audience and paying live spectators. The short program added more "watchable" activity to a figure skating competition, and was considered by most to be hugely successful.
| "In my opinion, the quality of skating itself (not jumping) has gone down. Figures taught how to use edges, like Robin Cousins Robin Cousins Robert "Robin" Cousins is a British retired competitive figure skater. He is the 1980 Olympic Champion, the 1980 European champion, a three-time World medalist and four-time British national champion. He later starred in ice shows and also produced his own... and Brian Boitano Brian Boitano Brian Anthony Boitano is an American figure skater from Sunnyvale, California. He is the 1988 Olympic champion, the 1986 and 1988 World Champion, and the 1985-1988 U.S. National Champion. He turned professional following the 1988 season... still do, that with a couple of pushes they can get across the whole rink, you don't see that with the new skaters." |
| —1984 Olympic bronze medalist Jozef Sabovčík Jozef Sabovcík Jozef Sabovčík is a Slovak figure skater who competed representing Czechoslovakia. He is the 1984 Olympic bronze medalist and two-time European Champion .- Career :... on the effect of the elimination of figures. |
From the 1973 to 1975 seasons, the weights of compulsory figures, short program, and free skating were 40%, 20%, and 40%, respectively. From 1976 to 1988, this changed to 30%, 20%, and 50%; and then to 20%, 30%, and 50% in the 1989 and 1990 seasons. Compulsory figures were eliminated entirely from international competition after 1990. Opponents of figures said that this skill was not necessary for freeskating, and held talented skaters back, such as Janet Lynn
Janet Lynn
Janet Lynn Nowicki is an American figure skater and Olympic bronze medalist.-Amateur career:Lynn began to skate almost as soon as she could walk and took part in her first exhibition performance at the age of four in a group number at Chicago Stadium...
and Midori Ito
Midori Ito
is a former Japanese figure skater. She is the 1989 World Champion and the 1992 Olympic silver medalist. She is the first woman to land a triple/triple jump combination and a triple axel in competition. She is also the first woman to land seven triple jumps in a free program, which she did at the...
. Supporters of figures felt that they had instilled discipline and produced higher quality of basic skating technique.
Today, compulsory figures are no longer a major competitive event and few competitive skaters have the interest to learn how to do them. Some adult recreational skaters, however, still find pleasure in the control and mental stamina required to master figures and the ISI (Ice Skating Institute
Ice Skating Institute
The Ice Skating Institute is a trade association for ice rinks, and also an international governing body for recreational figure skating. It was founded in 1959 in order to promote skating as a recreational activity...
) still holds competitions and events that require multiple levels of proficiency. Compulsory figures also remain a part of artistic roller skating
Artistic roller skating
Artistic roller skating is a sport similar to figure skating but where constestants run on roller skates instead of ice skates. Within artistic roller skating there are several disciplines:* figures...
.
Compulsory figure terminology
Figures are composed of either two or three circular lobes. The simplest figure, the circle eight, consists of a circle skated on an edge on one foot tangent to another circle skated on the corresponding edge on the other foot. The place where the circles meet is called the center, and a line through the center of the circles is called the axis or long axis. The change of foot at the center is accomplished by a thrust from the former skating foot onto a strike by the new skating foot at the point of intersection of the two circles (the short axis).More complex two-lobed figures include a three turn
3 turn
A 3 turn is a figure skating element which involves both a change in direction and a change in edge. For example, when a skater executes a forward outside 3 turn, the skater begins on a forward outside edge and finishes on a backwards inside edge...
or bracket turn
Bracket turn
A bracket turn is a kind of one-foot turn in figure skating. The transition between edges during the turn is the same as for a three turn - for example, forward inside edge to back outside edge - but unlike a three turn, in which the cusp of the turn points into the curve of the arc on which it is...
at the halfway point on each circle, or a double three – two three turns placed symmetrically to divide the lobe into thirds.
The most basic three-lobed figure is the serpentine, skated by doing half a circle on the middle lobe and a change of edge on the same foot to complete the full circle at the end; and then repeating on the other foot to complete the figure. Variations on the three-lobed figures include placing a rocker
Rocker turn
A rocker turn is a kind of one-foot turn in figure skating. Unlike three turns and brackets, where the entry and exit edges follow the same curve, in a rocker the entry and exit are on opposite curves. When executing a rocker, the skater turns inward on the curve of the entry edge, but exits on a...
or counter
Counter turn
A counter turn is a kind of one-foot turn in figure skating. Unlike three turns and brackets, where the entry and exit edges follow the same curve, in a counter the entry and exit are on opposite curves. When executing a counter, the skater turns outward to the curve of the entry edge, and exits...
turn at the centers instead of a simple change of edge, or combining a change of edge with the turns in the ordinary two-lobed figures.
A paragraph figure is an advanced two-lobed figure skated entirely on one foot, with a change of edge at the center. The entire figure is then repeated on the other foot over the original tracing.
Most figures are skated on circles about three times the skater's height. However, a special class of figures, the loops, are done on much smaller circles, about five feet in diameter – approximately the height of the skater. Here the skater curves sharply inward at the top of the circle to make a teardrop-shaped loop tracing about a blade-length wide (similar to a limaçon
Limaçon
In geometry, a limaçon or limacon , also known as a limaçon of Pascal, is defined as a roulette formed when a circle rolls around the outside of a circle of equal radius. It can also be defined as the roulette formed when a circle rolls around a circle with half its radius so that the smaller...
with an inner loop). The basic loop is a two-lobed figure, but like the other two-lobed figures it also has more difficult serpentine and paragraph variants.
Practice of compulsory figures is sometimes referred to as "patch" because each skater is assigned a defined area (or patch of ice) on which to skate.
Classification of compulsory figures
Figures were formerly identified by these numbers in the rulebook. Note that each figure has several variants depending on which foot, edge, and direction is used to start the figure.- [1-4] Circle Eight
- [5-6] Serpentine
- [7-9] Three
- [10-13] Double Three
- [14-17] Loop
- [18-19] Bracket
- [20-21] Rocker
- [22-23] Counter
- [24-25] One Foot Eight
- [26-27] Change Three
- [28-29] Change Double Three
- [30-31] Change Loop
- [32-33] Change Bracket
- [34-35] Paragraph Three
- [36-37] Paragraph Double Three
- [38-39] Paragraph Loop
- [40-41] Paragraph Bracket
ISI-specific figures
In an apparent attempt to make figures more interesting, the Ice Skating InstituteIce Skating Institute
The Ice Skating Institute is a trade association for ice rinks, and also an international governing body for recreational figure skating. It was founded in 1959 in order to promote skating as a recreational activity...
includes in its highest test level a number of figures from outside the ISU standard rulebook:
- "Rocker Double Three" is essentially a "rocker" (ISU 20-21) with "double-three" (ISU 10-13, 28-29, 36-37) outer lobes
- "Paragraph Bracket Loop," is a figure with a one full-size lobe, with a bracket turn, and one loop-size lobe, with a loop
- "Loops to the Outside" has two loop-sized lobes (with the loops skated outside the lobes instead of inside) on either end of a full-sized central lobe
- "The Flower," which has four loop-sized lobes (again, with the loops on the outside of the lobes) enclosed (at the 0, 90, 180, and 270 degree points) within a large outer lobe, with alternating three and bracket turns (at the 45, 135, 225, and 315 degree points).
The ISI has also offered "creative figure" and "free figure" events, in which the skaters skate figures of their own design (which must be submitted to the judges in advance, on paper). They differ from each other mainly in judging emphasis.
In ISI testing and competitions, figures are treated as completely separate and independent events from free-skating events, with their own separate test levels and awards. There is no requirement for ISI skaters to enter both free-skating events and figure events, and relatively few do so.
Further ISI-Specific figure information, including diagrams of ISI-specific figures, can be found in the ISI Skaters & Coaches Handbook, available at many ice rink shops, and also directly from the ISI.
Judging of compulsory figures
The criteria that are used to judge figures include:- The circles must be perfectly round, without wobbles, flats, bulges, or curling inward.
- All the circles in the figure must be the same size.
- The turns on a figure must be lined up with the central axis, and the circles themselves must also all line up.
- The turns must be symmetrical in shape and executed on true edges without scraping or "flats".
- Loops should be shaped like loops, and not be circular or pointed.
Judges normally stand on the ice, off to one side, to watch the execution of the figure. When the skater has finished, the judges typically check the alignment of the figure from different angles, peer closely at the tracings of the turns, and pace off the diameters of the circles to check their sizes.
Equipment for compulsory figures
Somewhat paradoxically, compulsory figures require a blade that is less sharp than that used for free skating in order to achieve finer control over the edges and turns. A figure sharpening has a shallower hollow, which prevents accidental "flats" caused by touchdown of the other edge. Blades for compulsory figures don't need the large toe picks necessary for jumping, so blades made specifically for skating compulsory figures have toe picks that are smaller and sometimes placed higher on the front of the blade than free skating blades; this helps the skater avoid accidentally dragging the toe picks on the ice. Compulsory figures also do not require the extremely stiff boots used in free skating to support the foot and ankle on jumps. When compulsory figures were a regular part of competition, many skaters simply recycled their old worn-out "freestyle" boots and blades for figures by grinding down the bottom toe pick and having the blades sharpened for figures.A device called a scribe – essentially, a large compass
Compass (drafting)
A compass or pair of compasses is a technical drawing instrument that can be used for inscribing circles or arcs. As dividers, they can also be used as a tool to measure distances, in particular on maps...
– is commonly used as an aid for learning and practicing figures. It is used to lay out the initial shape of a figure and to check the shape and size of circles already skated, and as a straightedge to check the alignment and placement of the turns. However, scribes are not permitted in competition, nor may skaters rely on painted markings on the ice (such as hockey circles, the red line, or the blue lines) to align their figures.