Encyclopedia
Robert Upshur "Bob" Woodward is one of the best-known
journalists in the
United States, thanks largely to his work in helping uncover the
Watergate scandal that led to
President Richard Nixon's resignation, in a historical partnership with
Carl Bernstein, while working as a reporter for
The Washington Post is the largest newspaper [i] in Washington, D.C. [i], the capital of the United States [i] ...
. He has written twelve best-selling nonfiction
books and has twice contributed reporting to efforts that collectively earned the Post and its National Reporting staff a
Pulitzer Prize.
Career
Early career
Woodward was discharged from the Navy in August 1970. He had applied to several
law schools, but had also applied for a job as a reporter for the
Washington Post.
Harry Rosenfeld, the paper's metropolitan editor, hired him on a two-week trial basis, a tryout that failed because of his complete lack of experience as a journalist. Still interested in becoming a reporter, he got a job with the
Montgomery Sentinel. A year after his on-the-job training at the
Sentinel, he left that paper and joined
The Washington Post in August 1971.
Watergate
He and
Carl Bernstein were assigned to investigate the June 17, 1972 burglary of the headquarters of the
Democratic National Committee in a
Washington, D.C. hotel called Watergate. Their work, under editor Ben Bradlee, led to the uncovering of a large number of political "dirty tricks" used by the Nixon re-election committee during his campaign for reelection. Their book about the scandal,
All the President's Men is a 1974 [i] non-fiction book by Carl Bernstein [i] and Bob Woodward [i], t ...
, became a #1 best-seller and was later turned into a movie. The 1976 film, starring
Robert Redford as Woodward and
Dustin Hoffman as Bernstein, transformed the reporters into celebrities and inspired a wave of interest in investigative journalism.
The book and movie also led to one of Washington D.C.'s most famous mysteries: the identity of Woodward's secret Watergate informant known as
Deep Throat, a reference to the title of a
popular pornographic movie at the time. Woodward said he would protect Deep Throat's identity until the man died or allowed his name to be revealed. For over 30 years, only Woodward, Bernstein, and a handful of others knew the informant's identity until he revealed himself to
Vanity Fair is a novel [i] by William Makepeace Thackeray [i] that satirizes [i] ...
magazine as former
FBI Associate Director
W. Mark Felt in May 2005. Woodward has confirmed his identity and published a book, titled
The Secret Man, which detailed his relationship with Felt.
George W. Bush Administration
Woodward has spent the most time of any journalist with President
George W. Bush, interviewing him four times for more than seven hours total. Woodward's most recent two books,
Bush at War is a 2002 book by Washington Post [i] reporter Bob Woodward [i] recounting President George W. Bush [i] ...
and
Plan of Attack is a 2004 [i] book by the well known author [i] and investigative reporter [i] Bob Woodward [i] ...
, are detailed accounts of the Bush presidency, including the response to the September 11 terrorist attacks and the wars in
Afghanistan and
Iraq. Woodward is at work on another book about Bush's second administration.
In a series of articles published in January 2002, he and Dan Balz described the events at
Camp David in the aftermath of September 11. In these articles, they mention the Worldwide Attack Matrix.
Woodward has been accused by some critics of being too close to the Bush administration, and some say his relationship with the current administration is in stark contrast to his investigative role in Watergate. Others disagree, however. In 2004 both the Bush campaign and the Kerry-Edwards campaign recommended his book
Plan of Attack is a 2004 [i] book by the well known author [i] and investigative reporter [i] Bob Woodward [i] ...
, and
The New York Times said the book contained “convincing accounts of White House failures... presented alongside genial encounters with the president.”
Involvement in the Plame scandal
On November 14, 2005, Woodward gave a two-hour deposition to Special Counsel Patrick Fitzgerald. He testified that a senior administration official told him in June 2003 that
Iraq war critic,
Joe Wilson’s wife , worked for the CIA. Woodward therefore appears to have been the first reporter to learn about her employment from a government source. The deposition was reported in
The Washington Post is the largest newspaper [i] in Washington, D.C. [i], the capital of the United States [i] ...
on November 16, 2005, and was the first time Woodward revealed publicly that he had any special knowledge about the case. Woodward testified the information was given to him in a “casual” and “offhand” manner, and said that he does not believe it was part of any coordinated effort to “out” Plame as a CIA employee.
Woodward said the revelation came at the end of a long, confidential background interview for his 2004 book
Plan of Attack is a 2004 [i] book by the well known author [i] and investigative reporter [i] Bob Woodward [i] ...
. He did not reveal the official’s disclosure at the time because it did not strike him as important. Later, he kept it to himself because it came as part of a confidential conversation with a source. He said he did not want to be subpoenaed by Fitzgerald, who by then was threatening journalists who did not reveal confidential sources with civil contempt.
Woodward said he testified after his source contacted Fitzgerald and requested Woodward to cooperate. However, the source did not agree to modify the confidentiality agreement to allow Woodward to identify the source publicly.
In his deposition, Woodward also said that he had conversations with
Scooter Libby after the June 2003 conversation with his confidential administration source, and testified that it is possible that he might have asked Libby further questions about Joe Wilson’s wife before her employment at the CIA and her identity were publicly known.
Woodward’s revelation was controversial because he had not told his editor at the
Post about the conversation for more than two years, and also because he had publicly criticized the investigation. He had referred to Fitzgerald as a “junkyard dog prosecutor” on
Larry King’s television show, , and said he believed that when “all of the facts come out in this case, it's going to be laughable because the consequences are not that great.". On another occasion, he said of the investigation that he thought there was “nothing to it,” and that Fitzgerald’s behavior had been “disgraceful.” In later interviews after his deposition, Woodward said he had meant by his “junkyard dog” comment to suggest colorfully that Fitzgerald was a tenacious prosecutor, and that the “disgraceful” comment concerned the tactic of putting journalists in prison to coerce them to reveal their confidential sources.
Woodward apologized to Leonard Downie, the editor of
The Washington Post is the largest newspaper [i] in Washington, D.C. [i], the capital of the United States [i] ...
for not informing him earlier of the June 2003 conversation. News of his deposition sparked the latest round of debate about his status at the
Post. One reporter described Woodward on an internal
Post message board as the “800-pound elephant among us,” adding: “I admire the hell out of Bob, but this looks awful.”
Other professional activities
Woodward has continued to write books and report stories for
The Washington Post, and serves as an assistant managing editor at the paper. He focuses on the presidency, intelligence, and Washington institutions such as the
U.S. Supreme Court,
The Pentagon, and the
Federal Reserve. He has also written
Wired, about the
Hollywood drug culture and the death of comic
John Belushi.
Awards and recognitions
Woodward has twice contributed to collective journalistic efforts that were awarded the Pulitzer Prize. In 1973,
The Washington Post won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. Though the Prize was awarded to the entire Post staff, the citation specifically named his and Bernstein's reporting on Watergate as exemplary work. In addition, Woodward was the lead reporter for the Posts articles on the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks that won the National Reporting Pulitzer in 2002. He also was awarded the
Gerald R. Ford Prize for Distinguished Reporting on the Presidency in 2003.
Woodward is widely regarded as one of the top reporters of the last half-century, and has earned trust and accolades from government officials and journalists of all political persuasions. In 2003, Al Hunt of
The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper [i] published in New York City [i] ...
called Woodward "the most celebrated journalist of our age."
The Weekly Standard is an American neoconservative [i] political magazine [i] published 48 times per ...
called him "the best pure reporter of his generation, perhaps ever." In 2004,
Bob Schieffer of
CBS News said "Woodward has established himself as the best reporter of our time. He may be the best reporter of all time."
Style and commentary
In writing his books, Woodward collects detailed records, including interviews, documents, transcripts, and recordings. He then uses them to describe events as a story with an omniscient narrator, present tense and dialogue. His books read somewhat like
fiction, and are often very visually descriptive.
While this style may have earned Woodward commercial success, many literary critics consider his prose awkward and his approach inappropriate for his subject matter. Nicholas von Hoffman complained that "the arrestingly irrelevant detail is [often] used" while Michael Massing thinks the books are "filled with long, at times tedious passages with no evident direction."
Joan Didion said Woodward finds "[nothing] too insignificant for inclusion," including such details as shirts worn and food eaten in unimportant situations.
The narrative, reporting-driven style of Woodward's books also draws criticism for rarely making conclusions or passing judgment on the characters and actions that he recounts in such detail. Didion concluded that Woodward writes "books in which measurable cerebral activity is virtually absent," and finds the books marked by "a scrupulous passivity, an agreement to cover the story not as it is occurring but as it is presented, which is to say as it is manufactured."
Some of Woodward's critics accuse him of abandoning critical inquiry to maintain his access to high-profile political actors. Anthony Lewis called the style "a trade in which the great grant access in return for glory." and
Christopher Hitchens has accused both Woodward and
George F. Will of acting as "stenographer[s] to the rich and powerful."
Woodward has said that his books "really are self portraits, because I go to people and I say — I check them and I double check them but — but who are you? What are you doing? Where do you fit in? What did you say? What did you feel?" Critics complain that this style allows the biases and beliefs of his sources to steer the narrative and that those who talk to Woodward are painted more favorably than those who don't.
The Brethren, for example, painted a picture of the Supreme Court based on the comments of its clerks; some believe that, as a result, the book suggests that the Supreme Court Justices do little of the actual work. Brad DeLong says that accounts of the evolution of Clinton's economic policy in Woodward's books
The Agenda and
Maestro are so inconsistent that the reader will "collapse to the floor in helpless laughter".
Woodward's dual role as journalist and author has opened him up to occasional criticism for sitting on information for publication in a book, rather than presenting it sooner when it might affect the events at hand. In
The Commanders , for instance, he indicated that
Colin Powell had opposed
Operation Desert Storm, yet Woodward did not publish this information before Congress voted on a war resolution, when it may have made a difference. And in
Veil, he indicates that former CIA Director William Casey personally knew of arms sales to the Contras, but he did not reveal this until after the Congressional investigation.
Woodward has also been accused of exaggeration and fabrication by other journalists, most notably regarding "
Deep Throat", his famous Watergate informant. Before he was revealed to be W. Mark Felt, some contended that Deep Throat was a composite character based on more than one Watergate source. Martin Dardis, the chief investigator for the Dade County State Attorney, who in 1972 discovered that the money found on the Watergate burglars came from the Committee to Re-elect the President, has complained that
All the President's Men misrepresented him. Woodward was also accused of fabricating his deathbed interview with Casey, as described in
Veil; critics say the interview simply could not have taken place as written in the book. Finally, an investigation by the
New York Review of Books found that Woodward fabricated a sensational story about Justice William J. Brennan in
The Brethren, among other issues.
Despite these criticisms and challenges, Woodward has been praised as an authoritative and balanced journalist.
The New York Times Book Review said in 2004 that "No reporter has more talent for getting Washington’s inside story and telling it cogently." The publication of a Woodward book, perhaps more than any other contemporary author's, is treated as a major political event that dominates national news for days.
Personal
Woodward was born in
Geneva, Illinois to Alfred Woodward, a judge. He was brought up in nearby
Wheaton. He now lives in the
Georgetown section of Washington. He is married to Elsa Walsh, a writer for
The New Yorker is an American [i] magazine [i] that publishes reportage, criticism, es ...
, and has two daughters, one with Elsa and one with his first wife.
References
Books
Woodward has co-authored or authored ten #1 national best-selling non-fiction books, more than any other contemporary American writer. They are:
- All the President's Men is a 1974 [i] non-fiction book by Carl Bernstein [i] and Bob Woodward [i], t ...
about the Watergate scandal; - The Final Days about Nixon's resignation;
- The Brethren about the Supreme Court in the Warren Burger years;
- Wired on the death of John Belushi and the Hollywood drug culture;
- Veil about the CIA's "secret wars" during the reign of William J. Casey;
- The Commanders on The Pentagon, the first Bush administration
...
and the
Gulf War;
- The Agenda about Bill Clinton's first term
- Shadow on the legacy of Watergate and the scandals that faced later Presidential administrations;
- Bush at War is a 2002 book by Washington Post [i] reporter Bob Woodward [i] recounting President George W. Bush [i] ...
about the path to war with Afghanistan following September 11; - Plan of Attack is a 2004 [i] book by the well known author [i] and investigative reporter [i] Bob Woodward [i] ...
about how and why President George W. Bush decided to go to war with Iraq.
Other books, which have also been best-sellers but not #1, are:
- The Choice about Clinton's re-election bid
- Maestro about Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan
- The Secret Man about Mark Felt's disclosure, after more than thirty years, that he was Deep Throat. The book was written before Felt admitted his title, as he was sickly and Bob expected that someway or another, it would come out. Since he still had some finishing to do, the book was done 10 days after.
Newsweek is a weekly newsmagazine [i] published in New York City [i] and distributed throughout the ...
has excerpted five of Woodward's books in cover stories;
60 Minutes is an investigative television newsmagazine [i] on United States [i] television, which ha ...
has done segments on five; and three have been made into movies.
Criticism of Bob Woodward
Rich, Frank. "All the President's Flacks,"
New York Times is a newspaper [i] published in New York City [i] by Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. [i] ...
.
Pease, Lisa. Probe Magazine, January-February 1996
Pop Culture References
On
The Simpsons episode
Whacking Day, Bart reads a book called "The Truth About Whacking Day", written by Bob Woodward.
In the movie
The Skulls, the character Will Beckford tries to compare himself to Woodward while reading his column in the school newspaper.
In the movie
Dick, which is about
Watergate, Woodward is played by actor/comedian
Will Ferrell. Woodward and Bernstein are depicted as two bickering, childish near-incompetents, small-mindedly competitive with each other.
Quotes
- "I called my father and said I'm not going to law school, but have this job at a newspaper he had never heard of. And my father said probably the severest thing he has ever said to me. He said, 'You're crazy.' So he didn't think it was a good idea."
- "You won't achieve understanding of a person or an issue in a day. Take your time, dig, go back."
External links
- Academy of Achievement Profile http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/woo1pro-1
- Academy of Achievement Biography http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/woo1bio-1
- Academy of Achievement Interview http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/woo1int-1
- Academy of Achievement Photo Gallery http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/woo1gal-1
