Bad character evidence
Encyclopedia
The Criminal Justice Act 2003
of the United Kingdom made fundamental changes to the admissibility of evidence relating to character in respect to defendants and others. The Act is far reaching, particularly section 103 which provides for the admissibility of previous convictions in support of propensity to commit like offences and untruthfulness. Common law rules in relation to the admissibility of bad character evidence are abolished save for one exception (section 99(2)).
The legislation, draw heavily on Law Commission Paper No 273 which needs to be read in detail to understand fully the rationale behind the new rules. A copy of the paper is available online Here
Bad character in relation to the alleged facts offence itself has always been admissible for obvious reasons. The Act provides for different rules in relation to the bad character of defendants, and that of non-defendants. In assessing the probative value of evidence it is assumed to be true, unless there is material to suggest the contrary (section 109).
Apart from evidence of previous convictions, other evidence, amounting to ‘reprehensible behaviour’ is admissible. The Government stated the following during debate:
is not affected by the Criminal Justice Act 2003
provisions (House of Lords, Hansard, 19 November 2003, Col. 1988). Bad Character evidence may be excluded on the grounds of unfairness
Criminal Justice Act 2003
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is a wide ranging measure introduced to modernise many areas of the criminal justice system in England and Wales and, to a lesser extent, in Scotland and Northern Ireland....
of the United Kingdom made fundamental changes to the admissibility of evidence relating to character in respect to defendants and others. The Act is far reaching, particularly section 103 which provides for the admissibility of previous convictions in support of propensity to commit like offences and untruthfulness. Common law rules in relation to the admissibility of bad character evidence are abolished save for one exception (section 99(2)).
The legislation, draw heavily on Law Commission Paper No 273 which needs to be read in detail to understand fully the rationale behind the new rules. A copy of the paper is available online Here
Definition
Bad character evidence is evidence of, or a disposition towards misconduct; other than evidence which has to do with the alleged facts of the offence with which the defendant is charged or is evidence of misconduct in connection with the investigation or prosecution of that offence(section 98). Misconduct is defined as ‘the commission of an offence or other reprehensible behaviour’ (section 112(1)).Bad character in relation to the alleged facts offence itself has always been admissible for obvious reasons. The Act provides for different rules in relation to the bad character of defendants, and that of non-defendants. In assessing the probative value of evidence it is assumed to be true, unless there is material to suggest the contrary (section 109).
Apart from evidence of previous convictions, other evidence, amounting to ‘reprehensible behaviour’ is admissible. The Government stated the following during debate:
- “Examples of where it might be appropriate to admit such evidence include circumstances where evidence on a number of charges being tried concurrently is cross-admissible in respect of the other charges.
- It might also be appropriate to admit evidence relating to charges on which the defendant was acquitted, as I have already cited in the example of R v Z It would be unfortunate if an argument were to be accepted that, because a person has not actually been convicted of the offence, it cannot be said that the evidence shows that he has indeed committed such an offence and it is therefore excluded.”
Exclusion of bad character evidence
In addition to the statutory tests for exclusion of bad character evidence the power to exclude evidence under section 78 PACE 1984 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 is an Act of Parliament which instituted a legislative framework for the powers of police officers in England and Wales to combat crime, as well as providing codes of practice for the exercise of those powers. Part VI of PACE required the Home Secretary...
is not affected by the Criminal Justice Act 2003
Criminal Justice Act 2003
The Criminal Justice Act 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is a wide ranging measure introduced to modernise many areas of the criminal justice system in England and Wales and, to a lesser extent, in Scotland and Northern Ireland....
provisions (House of Lords, Hansard, 19 November 2003, Col. 1988). Bad Character evidence may be excluded on the grounds of unfairness
External links
- Hansard 15 Sept 2003: Column 716
- put character in issue 15 Aug 2009 : Putting the bad character of a co-defendant in issue