Argument

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• In logic
  Logic
  
  Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and inference. Logic is a branch of philosophy, a part of the classical Trivium . The word derives from Greek language ?????? , fem....
  , an argument is a set of one or more meaningful declarative sentences (or "propositions") known as the premises along with another meaningful declarative sentence (or "proposition") known as the conclusion.
• In maths and other subjects an argument can be a parameter
  Parameter
  
  In mathematics, statistics, and the mathematical sciences, a parameter is a quantity that defines certain characteristics of systems or function s....
  : mathematical functions typically can have one or more variables and zero or more parameters. The two are often distinguished by being grouped separately in the list of arguments that the function
• In general parlance, an argument is a discussion involving conflicting points of view.

General types of argument

• Argument form
  Argument form
  
  In logic, the argument form or test form of an argument results from replacing the different words, or sentences, that make up the argument with letters, along the lines of algebra; the letters represent logical variables....
  , the logical structure of an argument
• Argument map, a method of displaying an informal argument
• Argumentation theory
  Argumentation theory
  
  Argumentation theory, or argumentation, embraces the arts and sciences of civil debate, dialogue, conversation, and persuasion; studying rules of inference, logic, and procedural rules in both Artificial intelligence and real world settings....
  , the science and theory of civil debates
• Argument (logic), the development of logics of (non-demonstrative) argument
• deductive argument, if valid, the conclusion follows by necessity
• inductive argument, if strong, the conclusion is, at best, probably true
• defeasible reasoning
  Defeasible reasoning
  
  Defeasible reasoning ia a kind of reasoning that is based on reasons that are defeasible, as opposed to the indefeasible reasons of deductive logic....
  , if arguable, the conclusion is defeasibly justified
• "Informal argument", in Informal logic
  Informal logic
  
  The precise nature and definition of informal logic are matters of some dispute. Ralph Johnson and J. Anthony Blair define informal logic as "a branch of logic whose task is to develop non-formal standards, criteria, procedures for the analysis, interpretation, evaluation, criticism and construction of argumentation." This definition reflects what...
   is one presented in ordinary language
• oral argument
  Oral argument
  
  Oral arguments are spoken presentations to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer of the law reasons why they should prevail. Oral argument at the appellate level accompanies written brief s, which also advance the argument of each party in the legal dispute....
  , a verbal presentation to a judge by a lawyer
• heuristic argument
  Heuristic argument
  
  A heuristic argument is an argument that reasons from the value of a method or principle that has been shown by experimental investigation to be a useful aid in learning, discovery and problem-solving....
  , a proof or demonstration relying on experimental results, or one which is not fully rigorous
• argument of a Function (mathematics)
  Function (mathematics)
  
  The mathematical concept of a function expresses dependence between two quantities, one of which is known and the other which is produced. A function associates a single output to each input element drawn from a fixed Set , such as the real numbers , although different inputs may have the same output....
  , A specific input in a function is called an argument of the function.
• argument of a predicate, in First-order predicate logic
  First-order logic
  
  First-order logic is a formal deductive system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. It goes by many names, including: first-order predicate calculus , the lower predicate calculus, the language of first-order logic or predicate logic....
   a specific input in a predicate is called an argument of the predicate

Specific arguments

• ontological argument
  Ontological argument
  
  An ontological Existence of God#Arguments for the existence of God attempts the method of a priori , which uses intuition and reason alone. In the context of the Abrahamic religions, ontological arguments were first proposed by the Medieval philosophy, Avicenna and Anselm of Canterbury ....
  , a proof by intuition or reason for the existence of God
• political argument
  Political argument
  
  A political argument is an instance of a logical argument applied to politics. Political arguments are used by academia, media pundit , candidates for political office and government officials....
  , the use of logic rather than propaganda in promoting political ideas
• practical arguments
  Practical arguments
  
  Practical arguments are a logical structure used to determine the validity or dependencies of a claim.See argument for uses and general information....
  , the structure of a persuasive argument
• javelin argument
  Javelin argument
  
  The javelin argument is an ancient logical argument in support of the cosmology idea that space, or the universe, must be infinite:This argument was used to support the Epicurean thesis about the universe....
  , a cosmological reasoning about the infinite size of the universe

Mathematics, science and linguistics

• In mathematics, science (including computer science), linguistics and engineering, an argument is, generally speaking, an independent variable
  Independent variable
  
  The terms "dependent variable" and "independent variable" are used in similar but subtly different ways in mathematics and statistics as part of the standard terminology in those subjects....
   or input to a function.
• the angular component
  Arg (mathematics)
  
  In mathematics, arg is a function operating on complex numbers , and intuitively gives the angle between the line joining the point to the origin and the positive real number Cartesian coordinate system, shown as in figure 1 opposite, known as an argument of the point ....
   f=Arg(z) of a complex number
  Complex number
  
  In mathematics, the complex numbers are an extension of the real numbers obtained by adjoining an imaginary unit, denoted i, which satisfies:...
   represented in polar coordinates
  Complex number
  
  In mathematics, the complex numbers are an extension of the real numbers obtained by adjoining an imaginary unit, denoted i, which satisfies:...
  
• argument principle
  Argument principle
  
  In complex analysis, the Argument principle states that if f is ameromorphic function inside and on some closed contour C, with f having no Zero or Pole on C, then the following formula holdswhere N and P denote respectively the number of zeros and poles of f inside the contour C, with each zero and pole...
  , a theorem in complex analysis about meromorphic functions inside and on a closed contour
• verb argument
  Verb argument
  
  In linguistics, a verb argument is a phrase that appears in a syntax relationship with the verb in a clause. In English language, for example, the two most important arguments are the subject and the direct object ....
  , a phrase in a sentence that qualifies a verb
• Specific types of proofs:
• Cantor's diagonal argument
  Cantor's diagonal argument
  
  Cantor's diagonal argument, also called the diagonalisation argument, the diagonal slash argument or the diagonal method, was published in 1891 by Georg Cantor as a mathematical proof that there are infinity Set which cannot be put into bijection with the infinite set of natural numbers....
  , a type of proof over an infinite domain, used to demonstrate that two sets have different cardinalities
  Cardinality
  
  In mathematics, the cardinality of a set is a measure of the "number of Element of the set". For example, the set A = contains 3 elements, and therefore A has a cardinality of 3....
  
• probabilistic argument
  Probabilistic method
  
  The probabilistic method is a nonconstructive proof method, primarily used in combinatorics and pioneered by Paul Erdős, for proving the existence of a prescribed kind of mathematical object....
  , a type of proof using probability theory
  Probability theory
  
  Probability theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with analysis of Statistical randomness phenomena. The central objects of probability theory are random variables, stochastic processes, and event s: mathematical abstractions of determinism events or measured quantities that may either be single occurrences or evolve over time in an a...
  
• argument (computer science), an input to a subprogram or subroutine
• command-line argument, an input from a command line interface to a program
• default argument
  Default argument
  
  In computer programming, a default argument is an argument to a function that a programmer is not required to specify.In most programming languages, functions may take one or more arguments....
  , an actual parameter to a program that is used when no other actual parameter is provided

Other

• The Argument
  The Argument
  
  The Argument is the sixth studio album from the punk band Fugazi , and their last before going on indefinite hiatus in 2002. It was released by Dischord Records, which Fugazi singer and guitarist Ian MacKaye co-owns, on October 16 2001....
  , a 2001 album by Fugazi
• argument (literature)
  Argument (literature)
  
  An argument in literature is a brief summary, often in prose, of a poem or section of a poem or other work. It is often appended to the beginning of each chapter, book, or canto....
  , the brief summary at the beginning of a section of a poem
• Closing argument
  Closing Argument
  
  Closing Argument is a retired Thoroughbred horse racing. After winning the 2005 Holy Bull Stakes and finishing third in the Blue Grass Stakes, he competed in the Kentucky Derby....
   -- (also called summation) is the final presentation by an attorney in court.
• grand argument story
  Grand argument story
  
  The grand argument story is a central concept posited in the Dramatica theory of Melanie Anne Phillips and Chris Huntley, and embedded in the writing software product, Dramatica Pro....
  , a type of story that is intended to be conceptually complete
• Distinction without a difference
  Distinction without a difference
  
  A distinction without a difference is a type of philosophical argument where one word or phrase is preferred to another, but results in no difference to the final outcome....
  
• The Argument Sketch, from Monty Python's Flying Circus
• Toulmin Model, the model of an argument
• Argumentative
  Argumentative
  
  Argumentative is an evidence objection raised in response to a question which prompts a witness to draw inferences from facts of the case. An argumentative objection is raised as "badgering the witness."...
  , a type of evidentiary objection to a question for a witness during a trial...
• Argument (ship)
  Argument (ship)
  
  The Argument was an Australian sloop wrecked in 1809.In March 1809, three ships, the Argument, the Experiment and the Hazard left Pittwater, New South Wales, bound for Sydney with a cargo of wheat....
  , an Australian ship sunk in 1809.