Anton Webern

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Anton Webern

Anton Webern (3 December 1883 – 15 September 1945) was an Austrian composer

Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, usually in the medium of musical notation, for interpretation and performance. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music....
and conductor

Conducting

Conducting is the act of directing a musical performance by way of visible gestures. Orchestras, choirs, concert bands and other musical ensembles often have conductors....
. He was a member of the Second Viennese School

Second Viennese School

The Second Viennese School is the term generally used in English language-speaking countries to denote the group of composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils and close associates in early 20th century Vienna, Austria, where, with breaks, he lived and taught between 1903 and 1925....
. As a student and significant follower of Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg was an Austrian and later American composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School....
, he became one of the best-known proponents of the twelve-tone technique

Twelve-tone technique

Twelve-tone technique is a method of musical musical composition devised by Arnold Schoenberg. The technique is a means of ensuring that all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any through the use of tone rows....
; in addition, his innovations regarding schematic organization of pitch, rhythm and dynamics were formative in the musical technique later known as total serialism

Serialism

In music, serialism is a technique for Musical composition#A musical composition that uses Set to describe Aspect of music, and allows the Permutation of those sets....
.

rn was born in Vienna

Vienna

Vienna is the Capital of Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million...
, Austria

Austria

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Biography

Webern was born in Vienna

Vienna

Vienna is the Capital of Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million...
, Austria

Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
, as Anton Friedrich Wilhelm von Webern. He never used his middle names and dropped the von in 1918 as directed by the Austrian government's reforms after World War I. After spending much of his youth in Graz

Graz

Graz , with a population of around 290,000 as of 2008 , is the List of cities and towns in Austria#List of cities and towns by population size in Austria after Vienna and the capital of the federal state of Styria ....
and Klagenfurt

Klagenfurt

Klagenfurt am W?rthersee is the capital of the federal state of Carinthia in Austria. With a population of over 90,000 it is the sixth-largest city in the country....
, Webern attended Vienna University from 1902. There he studied musicology

Musicology

Musicology is the scholarly study of music. The word is used in narrow, broad and intermediate senses. In the narrow sense, musicology is confined to the music history of Western culture....
with Guido Adler

Guido Adler

Guido Adler was a Bohemian-Austrian musicology and writer.His father Joachim, a physician, died of typhoid fever in 1857. Joachim contracted the illness from a patient, and therefore told his wife Franciska to "never allow any of the children to become a doctor"....
, writing his thesis on the Choralis Constantinus
Choralis Constantinus

The Choralis Constantinus is a collection of over 375 Gregorian chant-based polyphonic motets for the proper of the mass composed by Heinrich Isaac and his pupil Ludwig Senfl....
of Heinrich Isaac

Heinrich Isaac

Heinrich Isaac was a Franco-Flemish School composer of the Renaissance music, of south Netherlandish origin. He is regarded as one of the most significant contemporaries of Josquin des Prez, and had an especially large influence on the subsequent development of music in Germany....
. This interest in early music would greatly influence his compositional technique in later years by employing palindromic form on both the micro- and macro-scale and the economic use of musical materials.

He studied composition under Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg was an Austrian and later American composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School....
, writing his Passacaglia, Op. 1 as his graduation piece in 1908. He met Alban Berg

Alban Berg

Alban Maria Johannes Berg was an Austrian composer. He was a member of the Second Viennese School with Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, and produced compositions that combined Gustav Mahler Romantic music with a personal adaptation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique....
, who was also a pupil of Schoenberg's, and these two relationships would be the most important in his life in shaping his own musical direction. After graduating, he took a series of conducting

Conducting

Gdansk

Gdansk is the city at the centre of the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Poland. It is Poland's principal seaport as well as the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship....
, Stettin, and Prague

Prague

Prague is the Capital and World's largest cities of the Czech Republic. Its official name is Hlavn? mesto Praha, meaning Prague, the Capital City....
before moving back to Vienna. There he helped run Schoenberg's Society for Private Musical Performances

Society for Private Musical Performances

The Society for Private Musical Performances was an organisation founded in Vienna in the Autumn of 1918 by Arnold Schoenberg with the intention of making carefully rehearsed and comprehensible performances of available to genuinely interested members of the musical public....
from 1918 through 1922 and conducted the "Vienna Workers Symphony Orchestra" from 1922 to 1934.

Webern's music was denounced as "cultural Bolshevism" and "degenerate art" by the Nazi Party in Germany, even before they seized power in Austria in 1938. Although Webern had sharply attacked Nazi cultural policies in private lectures given in 1933, their intended publication did not take place at that time, which proved fortunate since this later "would have exposed Webern to serious consequences." During the war, however, his patriotic fervor led him to endorse the regime in a series of letters to Joseph Hueber, where he described Hitler on 2 May 1940 as "this unique man" who created "the new state" of Germany. As a result of official disapproval, he found it harder (though at no stage impossible) to earn a living, and had to take on work as an editor and proofreader for his publishers, Universal Edition

Universal Edition

Universal Edition is a european classical music publishing firm. Founded in 1901 in music in Vienna, and originally intended to provide the core classical works and educational works to the Austrian market ....
.

It was thanks to the Swiss philanthropist Werner Reinhart

Werner Reinhart

Werner Reinhart was a Swiss industrialist, philanthropist, amateur clarinettist, and patron of composers and writers, particularly Igor Stravinsky and Rainer Maria Rilke....
that Webern was able to attend the festive premiere of his Variations for Orchestra, Op. 30 in Winterthur

Winterthur

Winterthur is a city in the Cantons of Switzerland of Zurich in northern Switzerland. It has the country's List of cities in Switzerland#Major agglomerations by population with an estimate of more than 100,000 people....
, Switzerland

Switzerland

Switzerland is a landlocked Swiss Alps country of roughly 7.7 million people in Western Europe with an area of 41,285 km?. Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 states called Cantons of Switzerland....
in 1943. Reinhart invested all the financial and diplomatic means at his disposal to enable Webern to travel to Switzerland. In return for this support, Webern dedicated the work to him.

He left Vienna near the end of the war, and moved to Mittersill

Mittersill

Mittersill is a city in the federal state of Salzburg , Austria, in the Pinzgau region of the Alps. It is located on the Salzach river, with a population of 5,584 ....
in Salzburg

Salzburg (state)

Salzburg is a Bundesland or Land of Austria with an area of 7,154 km?, located adjacent to the Germany border. With 529,085 inhabitants it is one of the country's smaller states in terms of population....
, believing he would be safer there. On 15 September 1945, during the Allied occupation of Austria, he was shot dead by an American Army soldier following the arrest of his son-in-law for black market activities, when, despite the curfew in effect, he stepped outside the house to enjoy a cigar without disturbing his sleeping grandchildren. The soldier responsible, army cook Pfc. Raymond Norwood Bell, was overcome by remorse and died of alcoholism in 1955.

Webern's music

Doomed to a total failure in a deaf world of ignorance and indifference he inexorably kept on cutting out his diamonds, his dazzling diamonds, the mines of which he had such a perfect knowledge.

Webern was not a prolific composer; just thirty-one of his compositions were published in his lifetime, and when Pierre Boulez

Pierre Boulez

Pierre Boulez is a French composer of contemporary classical music and Conducting....
oversaw a project to record all of his compositions, including those without opus numbers, the results fit on just six CDs. However, his influence on later composers, and particularly on the post-war avant garde, was immense. His mature works, using Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg was an Austrian and later American composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School....
's twelve tone technique, have a textural clarity and emotional coolness which greatly influenced composers such as Pierre Boulez

Pierre Boulez

Pierre Boulez is a French composer of contemporary classical music and Conducting....
, Luigi Nono

Luigi Nono

Luigi Nono was an Italy avant-garde composer of classical music, one of the most important composers of the 20th century....
, and Karlheinz Stockhausen

Karlheinz Stockhausen

Karlheinz Stockhausen was a German composer, widely acknowledged by critics as one of the most important but also controversial composers of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries....
.

Like almost every composer who had a career of any length, Webern's music changed over time. However, it is typified by very spartan textures, in which every note can be clearly heard; carefully chosen timbre

Timbre

In music, timbre is the quality of a musical note or sound or tone that distinguishes different types of sound production, such as voices or musical instruments....
s, often resulting in very detailed instructions to the performers and use of extended instrumental techniques (flutter tonguing, col legno

Col legno

In music for bowed string instrument, col legno, or more precisely col legno battuto , is an instruction to strike the string with the stick of the bow, rather than by drawing the hair of the bow across the strings....
, and so on); wide-ranging melodic lines, often with leaps greater than an octave; and brevity: the Six Bagatelles for string quartet (1913), for instance, last about three minutes in total.

Webern's earliest works are in a late Romantic

Romantic music

In music, romanticism is a term, often considered misleading, and concept derived from literature traditionally defined by attributes including, "interest in nature, medieval chivalry, mysticism, [and] remoteness [ Social alienation and Solitude]"....
style. They were neither published nor performed in his lifetime, though they are sometimes performed today. They include the orchestra

Orchestra

An orchestra is an Musical ensemble, usually fairly large with string, brass, woodwind sections, and possibly a percussion section as well. The term orchestra derives from the name for the area in front of an theatre of ancient Greece reserved for the Greek chorus....
l tone poem Im Sommerwind (1904) and the Langsamer Satz (1905) for string quartet

String quartet

A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string instruments — usually two violins, a viola and cello — or a piece written to be performed by such a group....
.

Webern's first piece after completing his studies with Schoenberg was the Passacaglia for orchestra (1908). Harmonically

Harmony

In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously, and chord s, actual or implied, in music. The word is related to the word "harmonic" which implies related wavelengths of waves....
speaking, it is a step forward into a more advanced language, and the orchestration

Orchestration

Orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for an orchestra or of adapting for orchestra music composed for another medium. It only gradually over the course of music history came to be regarded as a compositional art in itself....
is somewhat more distinctive than his earlier orchestral work. However, it bears little relation to the fully mature works he is best known for today. One element that is typical is the form itself: the passacaglia is a form which dates back to the 17th century, and a distinguishing feature of Webern's later work was to be the use of traditional compositional techniques (especially canon

Canon (music)

In music, a canon is a counterpoint composition that employs a melody with one or more imitations of the melody played after a given duration . The initial melody is called the leader , while the imitative melody is called the follower which is played in a different voice....
s) and forms (the Symphony, the Concerto, the String Trio and String Quartet, and the piano and orchestral Variations) in a modern harmonic and melodic language.

For a number of years, Webern wrote pieces which were freely atonal

Atonality

Atonality in its broadest sense describes music that lacks a Tonality, or Key . Atonality in this sense usually describes compositions written from about 1908 to the present day where a hierarchy of pitches focusing on a single, central tone is not used and the notes of the chromatic scale function independently of one another ....
, much in the style of Schoenberg's early atonal works. With the Drei Geistliche Volkslieder (1925) he used Schoenberg's twelve tone technique for the first time, and all his subsequent works used this technique. The String Trio (1927) was both the first purely instrumental work using the twelve tone technique (the other pieces were song

Song

A song is a musical musical composition which contains vocal parts that are performed, 'sung,' and feature words , commonly accompanied by musical instruments ....
s) and the first cast in a traditional musical form.

Webern's tone row

Tone row

In music, a tone row or note row , also series and set, refers to a non-repetitive ordering of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale....
s are often arranged to take advantage of internal symmetries; for example, a twelve-tone row may be divisible into four groups of three pitches which are variations, such as inversions and retrogrades, of each other, thus creating invariance. This gives Webern's work considerable motivic unity, although this is often obscured by the fragmentation of the melodic lines. This fragmentation occurs through octave displacement (using intervals greater than an octave) and by moving the line rapidly from instrument to instrument (sometimes, and somewhat erroneously, called Klangfarbenmelodie

Klangfarbenmelodie

Klangfarbenmelodie is a musical technique that involves breaking up a musical line or melody out from one musical instrument to between several instruments....
).

Webern's last pieces seem to indicate another development in style. The two late Cantatas, for example, use larger ensembles

Musical ensemble

A musical ensemble is a group of two or more musicians who perform instrumental or vocal music. In each musical style different norms have developed for the sizes and composition of different ensembles, and for the repertoire of songs or musical works that these ensembles perform....
than earlier pieces, last longer (No. 1 around nine minutes; No. 2 around sixteen), and are texturally somewhat denser.

List of works

Works with opus numbers

The works with opus numbers are the ones that Webern saw fit to have published in his own lifetime, plus a few late works published after his death. They constitute the main body of his work, although several pieces of juvenilia and a few mature pieces that do not have opus numbers are occasionally performed today.

Passacaglia
Passacaglia

A passacaglia is a musical form that originated in early seventeenth-century Spain and is still used by contemporary composers. Its character is usually grave and it is often, but not always, based on a bass-ostinato and written in triple-meter....
, for orchestra
Orchestra

An orchestra is an Musical ensemble, usually fairly large with string, brass, woodwind sections, and possibly a percussion section as well. The term orchestra derives from the name for the area in front of an theatre of ancient Greece reserved for the Greek chorus....
, opus 1 (1908)
Entflieht auf Leichten Kähnen, for a cappella
A cappella

Acappella music is vocal music or singing without musical instrument accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. A cappella was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance music polyphony and Baroque concertato style....
choir
Choir

A choir, chorale, or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral Music, in turn, is the music written specifically for a choir to perform....
on a text by Stefan George
Stefan George

Stefan Anton George was a Germany poet, editing, and translator....
, opus 2 (1908)
Five Lied
Lied

, is a German language word, meaning literally "song"; among English speakers, however, the word is used primarily as a term for European European classical music songs, also known as art songs....
er on Der Siebente Ring, for voice and piano
Piano

The piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard instrument. Widely used in Western music for solo performance, ensemble use, chamber music, and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to musical composition and rehearsal....
, opus 3 (1907-08)
Five Lieder after Stefan George, for voice and piano, opus 4 (1908-09)
Five Movements for string quartet
String quartet

A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string instruments — usually two violins, a viola and cello — or a piece written to be performed by such a group....
, opus 5 (1909)
Six Pieces for large orchestra, opus 6 (1909-10, revised 1928)
Four Pieces for violin
Violin

The violin is a Bow string instrument with four strings usually tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest and highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which also includes the viola and cello....
and piano, opus 7 (1910)
Two Lieder, on texts by Rainer Maria Rilke
Rainer Maria Rilke

Rainer Maria Rilke is considered one of the German language's greatest 20th century poets. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety ? themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets....
, for voice and piano, opus 8 (1910)
Six Bagatelle
Bagatelle (music)

A bagatelle is a short piece of music, typically for the piano, and usually of a light, mellow character. The name bagatelle literally means a "trifle", as a reference to the innocent character of the piece....
s for string quartet, opus 9 (1913)
Five Pieces for orchestra, opus 10 (1911-13)
Three Little Pieces for cello
Cello

The violoncello is a bowed string instrument. A person who plays a cello is called a cellist. The cello is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music, and as a member of the string section of an orchestra....
and piano, opus 11, (1914)
Four Lieder, for voice and piano, opus 12 (1915-17)
Four Lieder, for voice and orchestra, opus 13 (1914-18)
Six Lieder for voice, clarinet
Clarinet

The clarinet is a musical instrument in the woodwind family. The name derives from adding the suffix -et meaning little to the Italian word clarino meaning a particular type of trumpet, as the first clarinets had a strident tone similar to that of a trumpet....
, bass clarinet
Bass clarinet

The bass clarinet is a musical instrument of the clarinet family. Like the more common Soprano clarinet, it is usually pitched in B , but it plays notes an octave below the soprano B clarinet....
, violin and cello, opus 14 (1917-21)
Five Sacred Songs, for voice and small ensemble, opus 15 (1917-22)
Five Canon
Canon (music)

In music, a canon is a counterpoint composition that employs a melody with one or more imitations of the melody played after a given duration . The initial melody is called the leader , while the imitative melody is called the follower which is played in a different voice....
s on Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
texts, for high soprano
Soprano

A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four part chorale style harmony the soprano takes the highest part which usually encompasses the melody....
, clarinet and bass clarinet, opus 16 (1923-24)
Three Traditional Rhymes, for voice, violin (doubling viola
Viola

The viola is a bowed string instrument. It is the middle voice of the violin family, between the violin and the cello.The casual observer may mistake the viola for the violin because of their similarity in size, closeness in pitch range , and nearly identical playing position....
), clarinet and bass clarinet, opus 17 (1924)
Three Lieder, for voice, E flat clarinet and guitar
Guitar

The guitar is a musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles. It typically has six Strings , but Tenor guitar, Seven-string guitar, Eight-string guitar, Ten-string guitar, Eleven-string guitar, Twelve-string guitar, Thirteen-string guitar and doubleneck guitar string guitars also exist....
, opus 18 (1925)
Two Lieder, for mixed choir, celesta
Celesta

The celesta or celeste is a struck idiophone operated by a keyboard instrument. Its appearance is similar to that of an upright piano or of a large wooden music box ....
, guitar, violin, clarinet and bass clarinet, opus 19 (1926)
String Trio
String trio

A string trio is a group of three string instruments or a piece written for such a group. The earliest string trio form consisted of two violins and cello, a grouping which had grown out of the baroque music trio sonata....
, opus 20 (1927)
Symphony
Symphony

A symphony is a musical composition, often extended and usually for orchestra. "Symphony" does not imply a specific form. Many symphonies are tonality works in four movement with the first in sonata form, and this is often described by music theorists as the structure of a "Classical period " symphony, although even some symphonies by the ac...
, opus 21 (1928)
Quartet
Quartet

In music, a quartet is a method of instrumentation , used to perform a musical composition, and consisting of four parts....
for violin, clarinet, tenor saxophone
Saxophone

The saxophone is a conical-Bore transposing instrument musical instrument considered a member of the woodwind family. Saxophones are usually made of brass and are played with a Single-reed instrument mouthpiece similar to the clarinet....
and piano, opus 22 (1930)
Three Songs on Hildegard Jone's Viae inviae, for voice and piano, opus 23 (1934)
Concerto
Concerto

The term Concerto usually refers to a three-part musical work in which one solo instrument is accompanied by an orchestra. The concerto, as understood in this modern way, arose in the Baroque period side by side with the concerto grosso, which contrasted a small group of instruments with the rest of the orchestra....
for flute
Flute

The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. Unlike other woodwind instruments, a flute is a reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air against an edge....
, oboe
Oboe

The oboe is a double reed musical instrument of the woodwind family. In English prior to 1770, the instrument was called "hautbois", "hoboy", or "French hoboy"....
, clarinet, horn
Horn (instrument)

The horn is a brass instrument consisting of about of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell. It is descended from the natural horn and is informally known as the French horn....
, trumpet
Trumpet

The trumpet is a musical instrument with the highest Register in the brass instrument family. Trumpets are among the oldest musical instruments, dating back to at least 1500 BC....
, trombone, violin, viola, and piano, opus 24 (1934)
Three Lieder on texts by Hildegard Jone, for voice and piano, opus 25 (1934-35)
Das Augenlicht, for mixed choir and orchestra, on a text by Hildegard Jone, opus 26 (1935)
Variations, for solo piano, opus 27 (1936)
String Quartet
String Quartet (Webern)

The String Quartet, Opus 28 by Anton Webern is written for the standard string quartet group of two violins, viola and cello. It was the last piece of chamber music that Webern wrote ....
, opus 28 (1937-38) - the tone row
Tone row

In music, a tone row or note row , also series and set, refers to a non-repetitive ordering of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale....
of this piece is based around the BACH motif
BACH motif

In music, the BACH motif is the sequence of note B flat, A, C, B natural. Bach's use of this Cruciform#Cruciform melody in reference to himself extended to its Inversion #Inverted melodies, retrograde, retrograde-inversion, and all transpositions thereof....
Cantata
Cantata

A cantata is a vocal music music composition with an musical instrument accompaniment and often containing more than one movement ....
No. 1, for soprano
Soprano

A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four part chorale style harmony the soprano takes the highest part which usually encompasses the melody....
, mixed choir and orchestra, opus 29 (1938-39)
Variations, for orchestra, opus 30 (1940)
Cantata No. 2, for soprano
Soprano

A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four part chorale style harmony the soprano takes the highest part which usually encompasses the melody....
, bass, choir and orchestra, opus 31 (1941-43)

Works without opus numbers

Two Pieces for cello and piano (1899)
Three Poems, for voice and piano (1899–1902)
Eight Early Songs, for voice and piano (1901–1903)
Three Songs, after Ferdinand Avenarius (1903–1904)
Im Sommerwind, idyl for large orchestra after a poem by Bruno Wille (1904)
Langsamer Satz (Slow Movement) for string quartet (1905)
String Quartet (1905)
Piece for piano (1906)
Rondo for piano (1906)
Rondo for string quartet (1906)
Five Songs, after Richar Dehmel (1906–1908)
Piano Quintet (1907)
Four Songs, after Stefan George (1908-1909)
Five Pieces for orchestra (1913) [related to op. 10, first pub. 1971, edited by Friedrich Cerha.]
Three Songs, for voice and orchestra (1913–1914)
Cello Sonata (1914)
Piece for children, for piano (1924)
Piece for piano, in the tempo of a minuet (1925)
Piece for string trio (1925)
Deutsche Tänze (German Dances) by Schubert (1824), orchestrated by Webern (1932)

Bibliography

Bailey, Kathryn. 1991. The Twelve-Note Music of Anton Webern: Old Forms in a New Language. Music in the Twentieth Century 2. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521390885 (cloth) ISBN 0521547962 (pbk. ed., 2006)
Bailey, Kathryn (ed.). 1996. Webern Studies. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521475260
Bailey, Kathryn. 1998. The Life of Webern Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052157336X (cloth) ISBN 0521575664 (pbk)
Ewen, David. 1971. "Anton Webern (1883-1945)," in Composers of Tomorrow's Music, 66-77. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. ISBN 0-396-06286-5
Forte, Allen. 1998. The Atonal Music of Anton Webern New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300073526
Hayes, Malcolm. 1995. Anton von Webern. London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 0714831573
Mead, Andrew. 1993. "Webern, Tradition, and 'Composing with Twelve Tones'", Music Theory Spectrum 15:173–204.
Moldenhauer, Hans. 1961. The Death of Anton Webern: A Drama in Documents New York: Philosophical Library.
Moldenhauer, Hans. 1966. Anton von Webern Perspectives. Edited by Demar Irvine, with an introductory interview with Igor Stravinsky. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Moldenhauer, Hans, and Rosaleen Moldenhauer. 1978. Anton von Webern: A Chronicle of His Life and Work. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-47237-3 London: Gollancz. ISBN 0575024364
Noller, Joachim. 1990. "Bedeutungsstrukturen: zu Anton Weberns 'alpinen' Programmen." Neue Zeitschrift für Musik151, no. 9 (September): 12–18.
Perle, George. 1991. Serial Composition and Atonality: an Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg and Webern. Sixth ed. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Stravinsky, Igor. 1959. "[Foreword]". Die Reihe 2 (2nd revised English edition): vii.
Webern, Anton. 1963. The Path to the New Music. Edited by Willi Reich. [Translated by Leo Black.] Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania: Theodore Presser Co., in Association with Universal Edition. Reprinted London: Universal Edition, 1975. (Translation of Wege zur neuen Musik. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1960.)
Wildgans, Friedrich. 1966. Anton Webern. Translated by Edith Temple Roberts and Humphrey Searle. Introduction and notes by Humphrey Searle. New York: October House.
The Complete Works of Anton v. Webern:

Software

- generative music generator by Karlheinz Essl
Karlheinz Essl

Karlheinz Essl is an Austrian composer, performer, sound artist, Improvisation and composition teacher....
, based on Anton Webern's last twelve-tone row, commemorating his sudden death on 15 September 1945. - Free download for Mac OS X and Windows XP.

External links

- Dissertation by Karlheinz Essl with English abstract (1988)
- opus list, short biography, music and photo download
- Leonid Hoffman. Dr. Anton Webern. In Woertersee Classics Festival (in English)

Anton Webern

Biography

Webern's music

List of works

Works with opus numbers

Works without opus numbers

See also

Bibliography

Further reading

Software

External links