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Annotation

 

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Annotation



 
 
An annotation is an addition made to information
Pragmatics

Pragmatics or intent is the study of how the arrangement of words and phrases can alter the meaning of a sentence, it deals with the structural ambiguity in a sentence....
 in a book, document
Document

A document is a bounded physical representation of body of information designed with the capacity to communication. A document may manifest symbolic, diagrammatic or sensory-representational information....
, online record, video, or other information. Commonly this is used, for example, in draft document
Draft document

Sorry, no overview for this topic
s, where another reader has written notes about the quality of a document at a certain point, "in the margin
Marginalia

Marginalia is the general term for notes, scribbles, and editorial comments made in the margin of a book. The term is also used to describe drawings and flourishes in medieval illuminated manuscripts....
", or perhaps just underlined or highlighted passages. Annotated bibliographies
Annotated bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that gives a summary of the research that has been done. It is still an alphabetical list of research sources....
, give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. Creating these comments, usually a few sentences long, establishes a summary for and expresses the relevance of each source prior to writing.

Computational biology
Given that molecular biology
Molecular biology

Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecule level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry....
 and bioinformatics have known the need for DNA annotation since the 1980s, where a previously unknown sequence representation
DNA sequence

A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, with the capacity to carry information as described by the central dogma of molecular biology....
 of genetic material is annotated with information relating position to intron
Intron

Introns, derived from the term "intragenic regions" and also called intervening sequence , are DNA regions in a gene that are not translated into proteins....
-exon
Exon

An exon in a gene is a DNA or RNA sequence that is translated into RNA or protein. In contrast, an intron is a DNA sequence in the gene that is not translated....
-boundaries, regulatory sequence
Regulatory sequence

A regulatory sequence is a segment of DNA where DNA binding protein such as transcription factors bind preferentially. These regulatory proteins bind to short stretches of DNA called regulatory regions, which are appropriately positioned in the genome, usually a short distance 'upstream' of the gene being regulated....
s, repeats
Repeated sequence (DNA)

In the study of DNA sequences, one can distinguish two main types of repeated sequence:*Tandem repeats:**Satellite DNA,**Minisatellite,**Microsatellite;...
, gene
Gene

A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cell and pass genetic trait to offspring....
 names and protein products
Protein expression

Protein expression is a subcomponent of gene expression. It consists of the stages after DNA has been translated into amino acid chains, which are ultimately folded into proteins....
,and so on, this annotation is usually stored in Mouse Genome Informatics
Mouse Genome Informatics

The Mouse Genome Informatics website is run by The Jackson Laboratory. According to , the MGI "provides integrated access to data on the genetics, genomics and biology of the laboratory mouse"....
, FlyBase
FlyBase

FlyBase is an online bioinformatics database of the biology and genome of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and related Drosophilid dipterans....
, and WormBase
Wormbase

'WormBase' is an online bioinformatics database of the biology and genome of the model organism C. elegans and related nematodes. It is used by the C....
.






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An annotation is an addition made to information
Pragmatics

Pragmatics or intent is the study of how the arrangement of words and phrases can alter the meaning of a sentence, it deals with the structural ambiguity in a sentence....
 in a book, document
Document

A document is a bounded physical representation of body of information designed with the capacity to communication. A document may manifest symbolic, diagrammatic or sensory-representational information....
, online record, video, or other information. Commonly this is used, for example, in draft document
Draft document

Sorry, no overview for this topic
s, where another reader has written notes about the quality of a document at a certain point, "in the margin
Marginalia

Marginalia is the general term for notes, scribbles, and editorial comments made in the margin of a book. The term is also used to describe drawings and flourishes in medieval illuminated manuscripts....
", or perhaps just underlined or highlighted passages. Annotated bibliographies
Annotated bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that gives a summary of the research that has been done. It is still an alphabetical list of research sources....
, give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. Creating these comments, usually a few sentences long, establishes a summary for and expresses the relevance of each source prior to writing.

Computational biology


Given that molecular biology
Molecular biology

Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecule level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry....
 and bioinformatics have known the need for DNA annotation since the 1980s, where a previously unknown sequence representation
DNA sequence

A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, with the capacity to carry information as described by the central dogma of molecular biology....
 of genetic material is annotated with information relating position to intron
Intron

Introns, derived from the term "intragenic regions" and also called intervening sequence , are DNA regions in a gene that are not translated into proteins....
-exon
Exon

An exon in a gene is a DNA or RNA sequence that is translated into RNA or protein. In contrast, an intron is a DNA sequence in the gene that is not translated....
-boundaries, regulatory sequence
Regulatory sequence

A regulatory sequence is a segment of DNA where DNA binding protein such as transcription factors bind preferentially. These regulatory proteins bind to short stretches of DNA called regulatory regions, which are appropriately positioned in the genome, usually a short distance 'upstream' of the gene being regulated....
s, repeats
Repeated sequence (DNA)

In the study of DNA sequences, one can distinguish two main types of repeated sequence:*Tandem repeats:**Satellite DNA,**Minisatellite,**Microsatellite;...
, gene
Gene

A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cell and pass genetic trait to offspring....
 names and protein products
Protein expression

Protein expression is a subcomponent of gene expression. It consists of the stages after DNA has been translated into amino acid chains, which are ultimately folded into proteins....
,and so on, this annotation is usually stored in Mouse Genome Informatics
Mouse Genome Informatics

The Mouse Genome Informatics website is run by The Jackson Laboratory. According to , the MGI "provides integrated access to data on the genetics, genomics and biology of the laboratory mouse"....
, FlyBase
FlyBase

FlyBase is an online bioinformatics database of the biology and genome of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and related Drosophilid dipterans....
, and WormBase
Wormbase

'WormBase' is an online bioinformatics database of the biology and genome of the model organism C. elegans and related nematodes. It is used by the C....
. Educational materials on some aspects of biological annotation from this year's Gene Ontology
Gene Ontology

The Gene Ontology project, or GO, provides a controlled vocabulary to describe gene and gene product attributes in any organism. It can be broadly split into two parts....
 annotation camp and similar events are available at the .

Imaging

In the digital imaging
Digital imaging

Digital imaging or digital image acquisition is the creation of digital images, typically from a physical object. The term is often assumed to imply or include the digital image processing, , , digital printing, and display of such images....
 community the term annotation is commonly used for visible metadata
Metadata

Metadata is "data about other data", of any sort in any media. An item of metadata may describe an individual datum, or content item, or a collection of data including multiple content items and hierarchical levels, for example a database schema....
 superimposed on an image
Digital image

A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional using ones and zeros . Depending on whether or not the is fixed, it may be of vector graphics or raster graphics type....
 without changing the underlying raster image, such as sticky notes, virtual laser pointers, circles, arrows, and black-outs (cf. redaction
Redaction

In the study of literature, redaction is a form of editing in which multiple source texts are combined together and subjected to minor alteration to make them into a single work....
).

Law


In the United States, legal publishers such as Thomson West
Thomson West

West publishes legal, business, and regulatory information in print, and on electronic services such as Westlaw. Its headquarters is in Eagan, Minnesota and has offices in Cleveland, Ohio and Rochester, New York....
 and Lexis Nexis publish annotated versions of statutes, providing information about court cases that have interpreted the statutes. Both the federal United States Code
United States Code

The United States Code is a compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal law of the United States. ...
 and state statutes are subject to interpretation by the courts, and the annotated statutes are valuable tools in legal research
Legal research

Legal research, according to one source, is "the process of identifying and retrieving information necessary to support legal decision-making. In its broadest sense, legal research includes each step of a course of action that begins with an analysis of the facts of a problem and concludes with the application and communication of the result...
.

Linguistics

In linguistics
Linguistics

Linguistics is the science study of natural language. Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure and the study of Meaning ....
, morphological
Morphology (linguistics)

Morphology is the identification, analysis and description of structure of words . While words are generally accepted as being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most languages, words can be related to other words by rules....
, syntactic, semantic, discourse
Discourse

Discourse means either "written or spoken communication or debate" or "a formal discussion or debate." The term is often used in semantics and discourse analysis....
 and pragmatic annotations add information about the linguistic form. Other forms of annotation include comments and metadata
Metadata

Metadata is "data about other data", of any sort in any media. An item of metadata may describe an individual datum, or content item, or a collection of data including multiple content items and hierarchical levels, for example a database schema....
; these non-transcriptional annotations are also non-linguistic. A collection of texts with linguistic annotations is known as a corpus
Corpus linguistics

Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in samples or "real world" text. This method represents a digestive approach to deriving a set of abstract rules by which a natural language is governed or else relates to another language....
 (plural corpora). The describes tools and formats for creating and managing linguistic annotations.

See also

  • Automatic image annotation
    Automatic image annotation

    Automatic image annotation is the process by which a computer system automatically assigns metadata in the form of captioning or keywords to a digital image....
  • Coding (social sciences)
    Coding (social sciences)

    Coding, the process of Statistical classification of information, is an important step in preparation of data for computer processing.Data which are coded usually come from questionnaires used in qualitative research in social sciences....
  • Marginalia
    Marginalia

    Marginalia is the general term for notes, scribbles, and editorial comments made in the margin of a book. The term is also used to describe drawings and flourishes in medieval illuminated manuscripts....
  • Web annotation
    Web annotation

    A Web annotation is an online annotation associated with a web resource, typically a web page. With a Web annotation system, a user can add, modify or remove information from a Web resource without modifying the resource itself....
  • Footnote
    Footnote

    A footnote is a note of text placed at the bottom of a page in a book or document. The note comments on and/or may citation a reference for part of the main body of text....
  • Abstract (summary)
    Abstract (summary)

    An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, academic conference proceedings or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose....
  • Nota Bene
    Nota Bene

    Nota bene is a Latin phrase meaning "note well," coming from notare?to note. It is in the singular imperative Grammatical mood, instructing one individual to note well the matter at hand....
  • Comment
    Comment

    A comment is generally a verbal or written remark often related to an added piece of information, or an observation or statement. These are usually marked with an abbreviation, such as "obs." or "Nota Bene"....