Acoustic streaming

Acoustic streaming is a steady current in a fluid driven by the absorption of high amplitude acoustic

Acoustics

Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of sound, ultrasound and infrasound . A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician. The application of acoustics in technology is called acoustical engineering...

 oscillations. This phenomenon can be observed near sound emitters, or in the standing waves within a Kundt's tube

Kundt's tube

Kundt's tube is an experimental acoustical apparatus invented in 1866 by German physicist August Kundt for the measurement of the speed of sound in a gas or a solid rod...

.
It is the less-known opposite of sound generation by a flow.

There two situations where sound is absorbed in its medium of propagation:

• during propagation. The attenuation coefficient is , following Stokes' law (sound attenuation)
  Stokes' law (sound attenuation)
  Stokes derived a law for the attenuation of sound in a Newtonian fluid.According to this law attenuation of sound α is proportional to the dynamic viscosity η, square of the sound frequency ω, and reciprocally proportional to the fluid density ρ and cubic power of sound speed VAttenuation is...
  
  .

Acoustic streaming is a steady current in a fluid driven by the absorption of high amplitude acoustic

Acoustics

Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of sound, ultrasound and infrasound . A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician. The application of acoustics in technology is called acoustical engineering...

 oscillations. This phenomenon can be observed near sound emitters, or in the standing waves within a Kundt's tube

Kundt's tube

Kundt's tube is an experimental acoustical apparatus invented in 1866 by German physicist August Kundt for the measurement of the speed of sound in a gas or a solid rod...

.
It is the less-known opposite of sound generation by a flow.

There two situations where sound is absorbed in its medium of propagation:

• during propagation. The attenuation coefficient is , following Stokes' law (sound attenuation)
  Stokes' law (sound attenuation)
  Stokes derived a law for the attenuation of sound in a Newtonian fluid.According to this law attenuation of sound α is proportional to the dynamic viscosity η, square of the sound frequency ω, and reciprocally proportional to the fluid density ρ and cubic power of sound speed VAttenuation is...
  
  . This effect is more intense at elevated frequencies and is much greater in air (where attenuation occurs on a characteristic distance ~10 cm at 1 MHz) than in water (~100 m at 1 MHz). In air it is know as the Quartz wind.
• near a boundary. Either when sound reaches a boundary, or when a boundary is vibrating in a still medium. A wall vibrating parallel to itself generates a shear wave, of attenuated amplitude within the Stokes oscillating boundary layer
  Stokes boundary layer
  In fluid dynamics, the Stokes boundary layer, or oscillatory boundary layer, refers to the boundary layer close to a solid wall in oscillatory flow of a viscous fluid...
  
  . This effect is localised on an attenuation length of characteristic size whose order of magnitude is a few micrometres in both air and water at 1 MHz.

Origin: a body force due to acoustic absorption in the fluid

Acoustic streaming is a non-linear effect.

We can decompose the velocity field in a vibration part and a steady part .
The vibration part is due to sound, while the steady part is the acoustic streaming velocity (average velocity).
The Navier–Stokes equations implies for the acoustic streaming velocity:
The steady streaming originates from a steady body force that appears on the right hand side. This force is a function of what is known as the Reynolds stresses

Reynolds stresses

In fluid dynamics, the Reynolds stresses is the stress tensor in a fluid due to the random turbulent fluctuations in fluid momentum. The stress is obtained from an average over these fluctuations.-Averaging and the Reynolds stress:To illustrate, here we use Cartesian vector index notation...

 in turbulence . The Reynolds stress depends on the amplitude of sound vibrations, and the body force reflects diminutions in this sound amplitude.

We see that this stress is non-linear (quadratic

Quadratic

In mathematics, the term quadratic describes something that pertains to squares, to the operation of squaring, to terms of the second degree, or equations or formulas that involve such terms...

) in the velocity amplitude. It is non vanishing only where the velocity amplitude varies.
If the velocity of the fluid oscillates because of sound as , the quadratic non-linearity generates a steady force proportional to
.

Order of magnitude of acoustic streaming velocities

Even if viscosity is responsible for acoustic streaming, the value of viscosity disappears from the resulting streaming velocities.

The order of magnitude of streaming velocities are

• near a boundary (outside of the boundary layer):

with the sound vibration velocity and along the wall boundary. The flow is directed towards decreasing sound vibrations (vibration nodes).

• near a vibrating bubble of rest radius a, whose radius pulsates with relative amplitude (or ), and whose center of mass also periodically translates with relative amplitude (or ). with a phase shift