Accelerated Reader
Encyclopedia
Accelerated Reader is a daily progress monitoring software assessment in wide use by primary and secondary schools for monitoring the practice of reading. It was created by Renaissance Learning
, Inc. Currently, there are two versions: a desktop version and a web-based version in Renaissance Place, which hosts the company's web software for Accelerated Reader and a number of other software products (e.g. Accelerated Math
).
There are three steps to using Accelerated Reader. First, students choose and read a fiction
or non-fiction
book, textbook, or magazine. Teachers monitor reading including guided, paired, literature-based, and textbook reading. Second, students take a quiz. Teachers can create their own quizzes for those not available in Accelerated Reader. Third, the teacher receives information that is intended to assist, motivate reading, monitor progress, and target instruction. Reports regarding reading level and comprehension skills are available through the software.
is a readability formula that results in a readability level for books. Unlike Lexile, ATOS is an open and free to use readability level. The purpose of ATOS is to assist with guiding students to books suited to their reading abilities. Renaissance Learning reports that "ATOS is the first formula to include statistics from actual student book-reading (more than 30,000 students, reading almost 1,000,000 books), not just data based on short test passages." Books with quizzes in Accelerated Reader are analyzed during the quiz creation process and assigned an ATOS readability level.
Specifically, ATOS Readability Formula for Books is the readability formula that provides reading levels based on the entire contents of books. ATOS for Books with Estimated Word Count is a variation of the original formula that does not require the entire text of a book (it requires at least 3 samples of 150 words and an estimate of the entire book's word count). ATOS for Text is a formula for short stories, magazine
and newspaper
articles, test items, and other materials. The ATOS Analyzer is software that "provides an ATOS reading level for text submitted for analysis."
-based with multiple subjects. Magazine quizzes are available for old magazines as well as on a subscription basis for new magazines. The subscription quizzes include three of the Time for Kids
series magazines, Cobblestone, and Kids Discover.
As of Accelerated Reader version 6.x, many of the company's quizzes are available in an optional recorded voice format for primary-level books, in which the quiz questions and answers are read to the student taking the quiz. These quizzes are designed to help emerging English
readers take the quizzes without additional assistance.
In addition to regular reading quizzes, the Renaissance Place version of Accelerated Reader includes quizzes designed to practice vocabulary. The quizzes use words from books, and should be taken after the book has been read. Bookmarks can be printed out that display the vocabulary words so that, as students read, they can refer to the bookmark for help. The quizzes keep track of words learned, and reviews are suggested every so often.
Depending on school policy, an Accelerated Reader test for an individual book can be taken once or up to several times. But it can only be taken once in each category. For instance, the student could take one vocabulary quiz, one reading practice quiz, etc.
, amount of reading, diagnostic information, and other variables. Customizable reports are available in the Renaissance
Place edition and can report district
-level information.
The TOPS Report (The Opportunity to Praise Students) reports quiz results after each quiz is taken. This allows students to immediately review specific concepts with which they had difficulty, and to alert teachers to anyone having difficulty. Diagnostic Reports identify students in need of intervention based on various factors. The Student Record Report is a complete record of the books the student has read.
Ross, Nunnery, and Goldfeder (2004) studied 1,665 students and 76 teachers (grades K-6) from 11 schools in Memphis
, Tennessee
. Many of the students were eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. Teachers were randomly assigned to use Accelerated Reader or to continue regular curriculum without the software. Students in classrooms with Accelerated Reader demonstrated gains. Additionally, many of the teacher
s responded positively to the software and highly supported the software. Many also indicated that they would continue to use the software.
In another study, Nunnery, Ross, and McDonald (2006) used hierarchical linear modeling
to assess the reading achievement of students in grades 3-6. This model incorporated the effects of individual, classroom, and school variables that impact reading achievement. Regardless, those in Accelerated Reader classrooms still outperformed students in control classrooms. Furthermore, students with learning disabilities in high implementation classrooms did not suffer from their disabilities as much as similar students in low or no implementation classrooms.
are using Accelerated Reader, it was difficult for the authors of this study to find two schools in Georgia
that were not already using Accelerated Reader. The authors noted:
Samuels and Wu have completed a number of studies on Accelerated Reader with positive results. In 2003, they found that, after six months, third- and fifth-grade students that used Accelerated Reader demonstrated twice the gain in reading comprehension as those that did not use Accelerated Reader. The comparison students completed book reports, relaying that delayed feedback through book reports is not as useful as the immediate feedback provided by Accelerated Reader. In another study, Samuels and Wu (2004) found students in Accelerated Reader classrooms, after controlling for the amount of time spent reading each day, outperformed students in control classrooms.
Researcher Keith Topping has completed a number of scientific studies on Accelerated Reader that have found the software to be an effective assessment to inform curriculum.
Additionally, the Education Commission of the States has reviewed the software. In October 2006, Accelerated Reader was voted as one of the best reading software packages for building students' vocabulary and reading comprehension by readers of eSchool News. Accelerated Reader has appeared on previous eSchool News surveys as well.
In some cases Renaissance Learning provides funding for research studies about the efficacy of the Accelerated Reader software system. This is a common practice in most industries, including the educational technology industry, since there are significant costs and generally no monetary rewards connected with independent academic research.
Renaissance Learning
, the product's developer, has stated that its intended purpose is to assess whether or not a student has read a book, not to assess higher order thinking skills, to teach or otherwise replace curriculum, to supersede the role of the teacher, or to provide extrinsic reward. (The Literacy Skills quizzes do attempt to assess higher-order thinking skills. See above.) Nonetheless, educator and reading advocate Jim Trelease
describes Accelerated Reader, along with Scholastic
's Reading Counts!, as "reading incentive software" in an article exploring the pros and cons of the two software packages. Similarly, Stephen D. Krashen, in a 2003 literature review, asserts that reading incentives is one of the aspects of Accelerated Reader. In this review, Krashen reiterates prior research stating that reading for incentives does not create long-term readers. However, as noted above, Renaissance Learning does not promote the use of incentives, and the software can be used without incentives.
Concerns exist that in classrooms using Accelerated Reader that student reading choices are restricted to the quiz titles available in the software. Teachers may create custom quizzes for reading material not already in the Accelerated Reader system, and there are several teacher-run sites on the Internet on which teachers share quizzes they have written. Close to 150,000 book titles exist in the Accelerated Reader quiz database according to Renaissance Learning, Inc, to date (according to Google Books) over 168,000,000 book titles have been published, over 7,000,000 of which have been fully scanned and cataloged by Google. Thus, the ability for a student to explore books which are neither currently commercially popular nor part of major book lists is severely restricted in reality by the Accelerated Reader program. There are many reasons why a program like Accelerated Reader may choose to exclude certain titles. Books that don't lend themselves to being read all the way through and quizzed on may be excluded. This includes books primarily used as a reference and books of songs, poetry, and jokes. Very old or outdated material, literature of very low quality, and books no longer in print may be excluded. Books published as part of a promotional campaign for a consumer product, television show, or movie may also be excluded.
Use of the program has been criticized as preventing children from reading from a variety of difficulty levels. As an example, research from Scholastic indicates that 39% of children between the ages of five and ten have read a Harry Potter novel, with 68% of students in that age range having an interest in reading or re-reading a Harry Potter book. For example, the ATOS reading level of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone is 5.5 (with ATOS numbers corresponding to grade levels). This would indicate that students below that grade range may not be able to read and comprehend the book. Since teachers, parents and student use readability levels to select books, this may discourage students from reading the book, as the student is under pressure to earn Accelerated Reader points during the school year. Time spent reading books that will not earn the student points may reasonably be considered by that student to be time wasted. This criticism seems to be misplaced since reading level systems in general are designed to assist educators to direct students to books that are appropriate to their reading level. For example, The Flesch-Kincaid readability test was developed in 1975 by the US Navy to assess the reading difficulty level of technical manuals and has been widely used in education since then. The Lexile Framework for Reading system, which is likely the dominant such system in use today (and is used in both the Scholastic's Reading Counts and Scholastic Reading Inventory software systems), assigns a similar readability levels to Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. Ultimately, the actual books read by a student is a decision of the teacher and student and is not dictated by Accelerated Reader.
Renaissance Learning has filed lawsuits against these websites and successfully closed them down after a short time. The domain ar-answers.com is now owned by Renaissance, the status of http://archeat.wikidot.com is that it has been deleted due to violation of terms of service.
Renaissance Learning
Renaissance Learning Inc. is an educational software and hardware company, publicly traded on the NASDAQ exchange under the ticker symbol RLRN. It is headquartered in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, USA, with offices in Canada, and the United Kingdom...
, Inc. Currently, there are two versions: a desktop version and a web-based version in Renaissance Place, which hosts the company's web software for Accelerated Reader and a number of other software products (e.g. Accelerated Math
Accelerated Math
Accelerated Math is a daily, progress-monitoring software tool that monitors and manages mathematics skills practice, from preschool math through calculus. It is primarily used by primary and secondary schools, and it is published by Renaissance Learning, Inc...
).
Purpose
Accelerated Reader is an assessment that primarily determines whether or not a child has read a book. The software provides additional information to students regarding reading rates, amount of reading, and other variables related to reading. Renaissance Learning does not require or advocate the use of incentives with the assessment, although it is a common misperception.There are three steps to using Accelerated Reader. First, students choose and read a fiction
Fiction
Fiction is the form of any narrative or informative work that deals, in part or in whole, with information or events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary—that is, invented by the author. Although fiction describes a major branch of literary work, it may also refer to theatrical,...
or non-fiction
Non-fiction
Non-fiction is the form of any narrative, account, or other communicative work whose assertions and descriptions are understood to be fact...
book, textbook, or magazine. Teachers monitor reading including guided, paired, literature-based, and textbook reading. Second, students take a quiz. Teachers can create their own quizzes for those not available in Accelerated Reader. Third, the teacher receives information that is intended to assist, motivate reading, monitor progress, and target instruction. Reports regarding reading level and comprehension skills are available through the software.
ATOS
ATOS, similar to LexileLexile
The Lexile Framework for Reading is an educational tool that uses a measure called a Lexile to match readers of all ages with books, articles and other leveled reading resources....
is a readability formula that results in a readability level for books. Unlike Lexile, ATOS is an open and free to use readability level. The purpose of ATOS is to assist with guiding students to books suited to their reading abilities. Renaissance Learning reports that "ATOS is the first formula to include statistics from actual student book-reading (more than 30,000 students, reading almost 1,000,000 books), not just data based on short test passages." Books with quizzes in Accelerated Reader are analyzed during the quiz creation process and assigned an ATOS readability level.
Specifically, ATOS Readability Formula for Books is the readability formula that provides reading levels based on the entire contents of books. ATOS for Books with Estimated Word Count is a variation of the original formula that does not require the entire text of a book (it requires at least 3 samples of 150 words and an estimate of the entire book's word count). ATOS for Text is a formula for short stories, magazine
Magazine
Magazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications, generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three...
and newspaper
Newspaper
A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a...
articles, test items, and other materials. The ATOS Analyzer is software that "provides an ATOS reading level for text submitted for analysis."
Quizzes
Quizzes are also available on textbooks, supplemental materials, and magazines. Most are in the form of reading practice quizzes, although some are curriculumCurriculum
See also Syllabus.In formal education, a curriculum is the set of courses, and their content, offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latin word for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults...
-based with multiple subjects. Magazine quizzes are available for old magazines as well as on a subscription basis for new magazines. The subscription quizzes include three of the Time for Kids
Time For Kids
Time for Kids is a division magazine of Time magazine that is produced especially for children. It contains some national news, a "Cartoon of the Week", and other features in its weekly eight pages....
series magazines, Cobblestone, and Kids Discover.
As of Accelerated Reader version 6.x, many of the company's quizzes are available in an optional recorded voice format for primary-level books, in which the quiz questions and answers are read to the student taking the quiz. These quizzes are designed to help emerging English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
readers take the quizzes without additional assistance.
In addition to regular reading quizzes, the Renaissance Place version of Accelerated Reader includes quizzes designed to practice vocabulary. The quizzes use words from books, and should be taken after the book has been read. Bookmarks can be printed out that display the vocabulary words so that, as students read, they can refer to the bookmark for help. The quizzes keep track of words learned, and reviews are suggested every so often.
Depending on school policy, an Accelerated Reader test for an individual book can be taken once or up to several times. But it can only be taken once in each category. For instance, the student could take one vocabulary quiz, one reading practice quiz, etc.
Reports
Accelerated Reader reports are generated on demand and help students, teachers, and parents monitor student progress. More than 30 reports are available regarding student reading, comprehensionReading comprehension
Reading comprehension is defined as the level of understanding of a text. This understanding comes from the interaction between the words that are written and how they trigger knowledge outside the text. ....
, amount of reading, diagnostic information, and other variables. Customizable reports are available in the Renaissance
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not...
Place edition and can report district
District
Districts are a type of administrative division, in some countries managed by a local government. They vary greatly in size, spanning entire regions or counties, several municipalities, or subdivisions of municipalities.-Austria:...
-level information.
The TOPS Report (The Opportunity to Praise Students) reports quiz results after each quiz is taken. This allows students to immediately review specific concepts with which they had difficulty, and to alert teachers to anyone having difficulty. Diagnostic Reports identify students in need of intervention based on various factors. The Student Record Report is a complete record of the books the student has read.
Research
A number of studies have been conducted regarding the effectiveness of using Accelerated Reader in the classroom. The company's webpage includes a searchable list of research articles. The ERIC educational database also includes numerous research articles on Accelerated Reader. Links to both are at the end of this article. Below is a sample of some of the current research (within the last four years) available on Accelerated Reader. The following two studies were reviewed by the What Works Clearinghousehttp://www.whatworks.ed.gov/ and were found to meet their high standards for research.Ross, Nunnery, and Goldfeder (2004) studied 1,665 students and 76 teachers (grades K-6) from 11 schools in Memphis
Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the 4th Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf and Mississippi rivers....
, Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,346,105, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area...
. Many of the students were eligible for free or reduced-price lunch. Teachers were randomly assigned to use Accelerated Reader or to continue regular curriculum without the software. Students in classrooms with Accelerated Reader demonstrated gains. Additionally, many of the teacher
Teacher
A teacher or schoolteacher is a person who provides education for pupils and students . The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional...
s responded positively to the software and highly supported the software. Many also indicated that they would continue to use the software.
In another study, Nunnery, Ross, and McDonald (2006) used hierarchical linear modeling
Hierarchical linear modeling
In statistics, hierarchical linear modeling , a form of multi-level analysis, is a more advanced form of simple linear regression and multiple linear regression. Multilevel analysis allows variance in outcome variables to be analysed at multiple hierarchical levels, whereas in simple linear and...
to assess the reading achievement of students in grades 3-6. This model incorporated the effects of individual, classroom, and school variables that impact reading achievement. Regardless, those in Accelerated Reader classrooms still outperformed students in control classrooms. Furthermore, students with learning disabilities in high implementation classrooms did not suffer from their disabilities as much as similar students in low or no implementation classrooms.
Other evaluation studies
In a controlled evaluation, Holmes and Brown (2003) found that two schools using the School Renaissance program achieved significantly higher standardized test scores when compared with two contrast schools that were using the Renaissance program in a very limited way. Because so many schools in the United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
are using Accelerated Reader, it was difficult for the authors of this study to find two schools in Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. The state is named after King George II of Great Britain. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788...
that were not already using Accelerated Reader. The authors noted:
- "In all nine comparisons involving standardized test scores in reading, language artsLanguage artsTraditionally, the primary divisions in the language arts are Literature and Language, where language in this case refers to both linguistics, and specific languages....
, and mathematicsMathematicsMathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity...
, the Renaissance schools' children outperformed the contrast school's children. It can only be concluded that the Renaissance program was highly effective in raising the performance of these elementaryElementary schoolAn elementary school or primary school is an institution where children receive the first stage of compulsory education known as elementary or primary education. Elementary school is the preferred term in some countries, particularly those in North America, where the terms grade school and grammar...
students." (Holmes & Brown, 2003)
Samuels and Wu have completed a number of studies on Accelerated Reader with positive results. In 2003, they found that, after six months, third- and fifth-grade students that used Accelerated Reader demonstrated twice the gain in reading comprehension as those that did not use Accelerated Reader. The comparison students completed book reports, relaying that delayed feedback through book reports is not as useful as the immediate feedback provided by Accelerated Reader. In another study, Samuels and Wu (2004) found students in Accelerated Reader classrooms, after controlling for the amount of time spent reading each day, outperformed students in control classrooms.
Researcher Keith Topping has completed a number of scientific studies on Accelerated Reader that have found the software to be an effective assessment to inform curriculum.
Reviews
The National Center on Student Progress Monitoringhttp://www.studentprogress.org/ has reviewed Accelerated Reader, and found that it meets 6 out of 7 of its progress monitoring criteria. Accelerated Reader has also been reviewed by the What Works Clearinghouse and the Florida Center for Reading Research.Additionally, the Education Commission of the States has reviewed the software. In October 2006, Accelerated Reader was voted as one of the best reading software packages for building students' vocabulary and reading comprehension by readers of eSchool News. Accelerated Reader has appeared on previous eSchool News surveys as well.
In some cases Renaissance Learning provides funding for research studies about the efficacy of the Accelerated Reader software system. This is a common practice in most industries, including the educational technology industry, since there are significant costs and generally no monetary rewards connected with independent academic research.
Criticism
Educators have argued that the use of Accelerated Reader does not teach reading for comprehension, it only teaches reading for recall. (Literacy Skills quizzes in Accelerated Reader do attempt to assess higher order thinking skills.) The Florida Center for Reading Research, citing two studies that support the product (provided it has been implemented correctly), noted both the lack of available books in a school's library and the lack of assessment of "inferential or critical thinking skills" as weaknesses of the software. Nonetheless, their guide also noted a number of strengths of the software, including its ability to motivate students and provide immediate results on students' reading habits and progress.Renaissance Learning
Renaissance Learning
Renaissance Learning Inc. is an educational software and hardware company, publicly traded on the NASDAQ exchange under the ticker symbol RLRN. It is headquartered in Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, USA, with offices in Canada, and the United Kingdom...
, the product's developer, has stated that its intended purpose is to assess whether or not a student has read a book, not to assess higher order thinking skills, to teach or otherwise replace curriculum, to supersede the role of the teacher, or to provide extrinsic reward. (The Literacy Skills quizzes do attempt to assess higher-order thinking skills. See above.) Nonetheless, educator and reading advocate Jim Trelease
Jim Trelease
Jim Trelease , also known as James Joseph Trelease, is an educator and author who stresses reading aloud to children as a way to instill in them the love of literature.-Life:...
describes Accelerated Reader, along with Scholastic
Scholastic Press
Scholastic is a global book publishing company known for publishing educational materials for schools, teachers, and parents, and selling and distributing them by mail order and via book clubs and book fairs. It also has the exclusive United States' publishing rights to the Harry Potter book...
's Reading Counts!, as "reading incentive software" in an article exploring the pros and cons of the two software packages. Similarly, Stephen D. Krashen, in a 2003 literature review, asserts that reading incentives is one of the aspects of Accelerated Reader. In this review, Krashen reiterates prior research stating that reading for incentives does not create long-term readers. However, as noted above, Renaissance Learning does not promote the use of incentives, and the software can be used without incentives.
Concerns exist that in classrooms using Accelerated Reader that student reading choices are restricted to the quiz titles available in the software. Teachers may create custom quizzes for reading material not already in the Accelerated Reader system, and there are several teacher-run sites on the Internet on which teachers share quizzes they have written. Close to 150,000 book titles exist in the Accelerated Reader quiz database according to Renaissance Learning, Inc, to date (according to Google Books) over 168,000,000 book titles have been published, over 7,000,000 of which have been fully scanned and cataloged by Google. Thus, the ability for a student to explore books which are neither currently commercially popular nor part of major book lists is severely restricted in reality by the Accelerated Reader program. There are many reasons why a program like Accelerated Reader may choose to exclude certain titles. Books that don't lend themselves to being read all the way through and quizzed on may be excluded. This includes books primarily used as a reference and books of songs, poetry, and jokes. Very old or outdated material, literature of very low quality, and books no longer in print may be excluded. Books published as part of a promotional campaign for a consumer product, television show, or movie may also be excluded.
Use of the program has been criticized as preventing children from reading from a variety of difficulty levels. As an example, research from Scholastic indicates that 39% of children between the ages of five and ten have read a Harry Potter novel, with 68% of students in that age range having an interest in reading or re-reading a Harry Potter book. For example, the ATOS reading level of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone is 5.5 (with ATOS numbers corresponding to grade levels). This would indicate that students below that grade range may not be able to read and comprehend the book. Since teachers, parents and student use readability levels to select books, this may discourage students from reading the book, as the student is under pressure to earn Accelerated Reader points during the school year. Time spent reading books that will not earn the student points may reasonably be considered by that student to be time wasted. This criticism seems to be misplaced since reading level systems in general are designed to assist educators to direct students to books that are appropriate to their reading level. For example, The Flesch-Kincaid readability test was developed in 1975 by the US Navy to assess the reading difficulty level of technical manuals and has been widely used in education since then. The Lexile Framework for Reading system, which is likely the dominant such system in use today (and is used in both the Scholastic's Reading Counts and Scholastic Reading Inventory software systems), assigns a similar readability levels to Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. Ultimately, the actual books read by a student is a decision of the teacher and student and is not dictated by Accelerated Reader.
Cheating
Some schools include the TOPS report as a portion of student's grade. In order to take Accelerated Reader tests without reading a book, some students may use sites such as Sparknotes. Occasionally websites have also been created to offer the answers to Accelerated Reader tests.Renaissance Learning has filed lawsuits against these websites and successfully closed them down after a short time. The domain ar-answers.com is now owned by Renaissance, the status of http://archeat.wikidot.com is that it has been deleted due to violation of terms of service.
External links
- Accelerated Reader webpage
- Renaissance Learning, Inc., publisher of Accelerated Reader
- Accelerated Reader website for Australian and Asian distribution
- Renaissance Learning Research
- ERIC - Education Resources Information Center
- Guided Independent Reading--a large-scale study on Accelerated Reader (the link is broken)