2009–10 Israeli Premier League
Encyclopedia
The 2009–10 Israeli Premier League was the 11th season since its introduction in 1999 and the 68th season of top-tier football in Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...

. It began on 22 August 2009 and ended on 15 May 2010 with the last matches of the playoff round.

On 15 May 2010, Hapoel Tel Aviv won the title in the last play-off round after Maccabi Haifa
Maccabi Haifa F.C.
Maccabi Haifa Football Club is an Israeli football team from the city of Haifa, a section of Maccabi Haifa sports club. The club has won 12 championships, 5 State Cups and 4 Toto Cups...

 failed to win against Bnei Yehuda and they won their game against Beitar Jerusalem in a late goal at the 90+2' minute of extra time.

Structural changes

The league size has been increased from twelve to sixteen teams. Further, the competition has been split into two stages, a conventional season and playoffs.

The participating clubs were first play a conventional round-robin
Round-robin tournament
A round-robin tournament is a competition "in which each contestant meets all other contestants in turn".-Terminology:...

 schedule for a total of 30 matches.

The top six teams were first had to play in the Top playoff. Points earned during the regular season were halved with an odd number of points being rounded up. The round was played on a round-robin schedule. The winner after this round would win the Israeli championship and would participate in the second qualifying round of the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League. The runners-up would play in the third qualifying round round of the UEFA Europa League, and the third-placed team would play in the second qualifying round round of the UEFA Europa League.

If the Israel State Cup
Israel State Cup
The State Cup , is a knockout cup competition in Israeli football, run by the Israeli Football Association.The State Cup was first held in 1927–28 as the Palestine Cup...

 winner finishes in the top three places than the fourth-placed would play in the first qualifying round round of the UEFA Europa League.

In addition, clubs ranked seventh through tenth in the regular season would engage in a placement round, while the bottom six teams played out two relegation spots and one relegation play-off.

Team changes

Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona
Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona F.C.
Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona Football Club is an Israeli football club based in Kiryat Shmona. The club are currently members of the Israeli Premier League and play at the Ironi Stadium...

 were directly relegated to the 2009–10 Liga Leumit
2009–10 Liga Leumit
The 2009–10 Liga Leumit was the 11th season since it became the second-tier in 1999 and the 68th season of second-tier football in Israel. It began on 21 August 2009 and ended on 15 May 2010.-Structure changes:...

 after finishing the 2008–09 season in last place.

Due to the increase in the number of teams, five teams were directly promoted from the 2008–09 Liga Leumit. These were champions Hapoel Haifa, runners-up Hapoel Acre
Hapoel Acre F.C.
Hapoel Acre Football Club is an Israeli football club based in Acre, Israel. The club is currently in the Premier League and plays in dark blue shirts with white sleeves, dark blue shorts and white socks.-History:...

, third-placed Hapoel Be'er Sheva, fourth-placed Hapoel Ramat Gan and fifth-placed Hapoel Ra'anana.

Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan as 11th-placed team of the Premier League and Maccabi Ahi Nazareth as sixth-placed team of Liga Leumit competed in a two-legged playoff for another spot. Maccabi Ahi Nazareth won both matches by an aggregated score of 4–2 and were promoted to the Premier League. In turn, Hakoah Ramat Gan were relegated to Liga Leumit.

Stadia and locations

Club Stadium Capacity
Beitar Jerusalem  Teddy Stadium  21,600
Bnei Sakhnin  Doha Stadium
Doha Stadium
Doha Stadium is the current home of Bnei Sakhnin.Located in the small Arab Galilee town of Sakhnin, it was built with public funds largely from the State of Israel and the Qatar National Olympic Committee, and was named after the Qatari city of Doha...

 
8,500
Bnei Yehuda  Bloomfield Stadium
Bloomfield Stadium
Bloomfield Stadium is a 14,700-seat football stadium in the Tel Aviv District city of Jaffa, Israel. It is the home stadium of Hapoel Tel Aviv, Maccabi Tel Aviv and Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv.-History:...

 
15,700
F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod is an Israeli football club, playing in the port city of Ashdod. The unorthodox name of the team is the result of the union of two city rivals, Hapoel Ashdod and Maccabi Ironi Ashdod...

 
Yud-Alef Stadium  7,420
Hapoel Acre
Hapoel Acre F.C.
Hapoel Acre Football Club is an Israeli football club based in Acre, Israel. The club is currently in the Premier League and plays in dark blue shirts with white sleeves, dark blue shorts and white socks.-History:...

 
Green Stadium
Green Stadium, Nazareth Illit
Green Stadium is a football stadium in Nazareth Illit, Israel.The stadium opened in 1995 and renovated in 2004 with a donations money from the Green family and since then its called the Green Stadium....

 
4,000
Hapoel Be'er Sheva  Vasermil Stadium
Vasermil Stadium
The Arthur Vasermil Municipal Stadium, commonly known as the Vasermil Stadium, is a football stadium in Beersheba, Israel. The stadium is designed as an open bowl , and formerly had a running track, though this has now been bricked over. The stadium is all-seated, and the capacity is 13,000.It is...

 
13,000
Hapoel Haifa  Kiryat Eliezer Stadium
Kiryat Eliezer Stadium
The Haifa Municipal Stadium , more commonly known as Kiryat Eliezer , is a multi-use stadium in the Kiryat Eliezer neighborhood of Haifa, Israel. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Haifa...

 
14,002
Hapoel Petah Tikva  Petah Tikva Municipal Stadium
Petah Tikva Municipal Stadium
The Petah Tikva Municipal Stadium, commonly known as HaUrva Stadium was a multi-use stadium in the central Israeli city of Petah Tikva, and is now a place which is a neighborhood. It is due to be replaced by Petah Tikva Stadium in 2011....

 
6,768
Hapoel Ra'anana  Levita Stadium
Levita Stadium
The Levita Stadium is a football stadium in Kfar Saba, Israel. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Hapoel Kfar Saba and Beitar Kfar Saba....

 
5,500
Hapoel Ramat Gan  Winter Stadium
Winter Stadium
Winter Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Ramat Gan, Israel. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan. The stadium holds 8,000 and was built in 1983....

 
8,000
Hapoel Tel Aviv  Bloomfield Stadium 15,700
Maccabi Ahi Nazareth  Ilut Stadium
Ilut Stadium
The Ilut Stadium is a football stadium in Ilut, located near Nazareth in northern Israel. The stadium is the home ground of Maccabi Ahi Nazareth....

 
4,932
Maccabi Haifa
Maccabi Haifa F.C.
Maccabi Haifa Football Club is an Israeli football team from the city of Haifa, a section of Maccabi Haifa sports club. The club has won 12 championships, 5 State Cups and 4 Toto Cups...

 
Kiryat Eliezer Stadium 14,002
Maccabi Netanya  Sar-Tov Stadium
Sar-Tov Stadium
Sar-Tov Stadium , commonly known as HaKufsa is a football stadium in Netanya, Israel. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Maccabi Netanya. It is set to be demolished to make way for a new housing development and Maccabi will move to the new Netanya Stadium,...

 
7,500
Maccabi Petah Tikva  Petah Tikva Municipal Stadium 6,768
Maccabi Tel Aviv  Bloomfield Stadium 15,700


The club is playing their home games at a neutral venue because their own ground does not meet Premier League requirements.

Managerial changes

Team Outgoing manager Manner of departure Date of vacancy Table Incoming manager Date of appointment Table
Beitar Jerusalem   Reuven Atar
Reuven Atar
Reuven Atar is a former Israeli football player, and currently the manager of Maccabi Netanya.-Early years:A first generation Israeli to Moroccan immigrants who settled in Tirat Carmel. During his adolescence, he played for Maccabi Haifa youth club...

Sacked 21 July 2009 3rd (08–09)   Itzhak Shum
Itzhak Shum
Itzhak Shum is a retired Israeli football player and was lastly the manager of Cypriot First Division side Alki.-Playing career:He played 78 times and scored 10 goals for Israel national football team and was a participant at the 1970 FIFA World Cup and the 1968 and 1976 Olympic Games.-Manager...

21 July 2009 Pre-Season
Maccabi Netanya   Nati Azaria
Nati Azaria
Nati Azaria is a former Israeli footballer and now manager, last managing Maccabi Netanya.Azaria was a gifted striker who scored over 100 goals in a career that lasted 15 years.-Statistics:-External links:* Israel Football Association...

Stepped down to
assistant position
29 September 2009 16th   Reuven Atar
Reuven Atar
Reuven Atar is a former Israeli football player, and currently the manager of Maccabi Netanya.-Early years:A first generation Israeli to Moroccan immigrants who settled in Tirat Carmel. During his adolescence, he played for Maccabi Haifa youth club...

29 September 2009 16th
Bnei Sakhnin   Eran Kulik
Eran Kulik
Eran Kulik is a former Israeli footballer and currently works as a manager.-References:...

Sacked 19 October 2009 14th   Marco Balbul
Marco Balbul
Marco Balbul, , is a former Israeli football defender and manager.-Early life:Marco is the last child of Jewish immigrants from Egypt who arrived in Israel in 1950 and settled in Tirat Carmel. By age 5, Marco was excited to wake up every morning in order to play football against the big kids in his...

21 October 2009 14th
Maccabi Tel Aviv   Marco Balbul
Marco Balbul
Marco Balbul, , is a former Israeli football defender and manager.-Early life:Marco is the last child of Jewish immigrants from Egypt who arrived in Israel in 1950 and settled in Tirat Carmel. By age 5, Marco was excited to wake up every morning in order to play football against the big kids in his...

Resigned 21 October 2009 3rd   Nir Levine
Nir Levine
Nir Levine is an Israeli former football player and manager.He is currently the director of football of Maccabi Tel Aviv youth team.-Honours:As player*Toto Cup :**1985–86*Israel State Cup :**1992As coach...

21 October 2009 3rd
Maccabi Petah Tikva   Ronny Levy
Ronny Levy
Ronny Levy is a former Israeli international football player and now works as a manager. Levy was one of the best defensive midfielders in Israeli football while playing, and won championships with both Bnei Yehuda and Maccabi Haifa....

Resigned 21 November 2009 9th   Freddy David
Freddy David
Freddy David is a former footballer, and since 12 May 2011 as the manager of Hapoel Ramat Gan.He previously managed Hapoel Petah Tikva, Maccabi Herzliya, Bnei Sakhnin and Maccabi Petah Tikva.-References:...

22 November 2009 9th
Hapoel Petah Tikva   Danny Nir'on
Danny Nir'on
Danny Nir'on is a Danish-Israeli former footballer.On November 23, 2009 he resigned after his team Hapoel Petah Tikva had loss7-1 to Hapoel Tel Aviv.-External links:* at HPT.co.il...

Resigned 21 November 2009 14th   Shavit Elimelech
Shavit Elimelech
Shavit Elimelech is a retired Israeli football goalkeeper.He started playing in the Maccabi Tel Aviv Youth League. His first game took place in 1988-89 in a game between Maccabi Tel-Aviv FC and Hapoel Jerusalem. From 1988 to 1992 he played for Maccabi Tel Aviv's first team...

22 November 2009 15th
Maccabi Ahi Nazareth   Eli Mahpud
Eli Mahpud
Eli Mahpud is an Israeli former association football player and manager and is currently manager of Israeli side Hapoel Ashkelon.-Career:...

Sacked 8 December 2009 16th   John Gregory 8 December 2009 16th
Hapoel Petah Tikva   Shavit Elimelech
Shavit Elimelech
Shavit Elimelech is a retired Israeli football goalkeeper.He started playing in the Maccabi Tel Aviv Youth League. His first game took place in 1988-89 in a game between Maccabi Tel-Aviv FC and Hapoel Jerusalem. From 1988 to 1992 he played for Maccabi Tel Aviv's first team...

Stepped down to
assistant position
16 December 2009 15th   Eli Mahpud
Eli Mahpud
Eli Mahpud is an Israeli former association football player and manager and is currently manager of Israeli side Hapoel Ashkelon.-Career:...

16 December 2009 15th
Beitar Jerusalem   Itzhak Shum
Itzhak Shum
Itzhak Shum is a retired Israeli football player and was lastly the manager of Cypriot First Division side Alki.-Playing career:He played 78 times and scored 10 goals for Israel national football team and was a participant at the 1970 FIFA World Cup and the 1968 and 1976 Olympic Games.-Manager...

Sacked 20 February 2010 7th   David Amsalem
David Amsalem
-Career:He started his career with Bnei Yehuda and then joined Hapoel Tel Aviv whom he played for during the 1994-1995 season. He became the second Israeli to join Crystal Palace following Itzik Zohar who left just as Amsalem was signing....

20 February 2010 7th
Hapoel Ra'anana   Eli Cohen
Eli Cohen (footballer born 1961)
Eli Cohen is a former Israeli footballer and now works as a manager in Hapoel Acre.-Honours:*Israeli Premier League :**1983-84, 1984–85*Israel State Cup :**2003-References:...

Sacked 28 February 2010 16th   Ami Vazana 28 February 2010 16th
Hapoel Be'er Sheva   Guy Azouri
Guy Azouri
Guy Azouri is an Israeli football manager who work as the mananger of Hapoel Kfar Saba.-Career:On June 1999, at the time he was a fitness coach at Maccabi Tel Aviv, gave Azouri to a Maccabi player at the time, Kfir Edri supplement that contains the ephedrine drug, which forbidden to use in football...

Resigned 28 February 2010 8th   Viko Hadad
Viko Hadad
-References:...

3 March 2010 8th
Beitar Jerusalem   David Amsalem
David Amsalem
-Career:He started his career with Bnei Yehuda and then joined Hapoel Tel Aviv whom he played for during the 1994-1995 season. He became the second Israeli to join Crystal Palace following Itzik Zohar who left just as Amsalem was signing....

Stepped down to
assistant position
18 March 2010 5th   Shimon Hadari 18 March 2010 5th
Hapoel Ra'anana   Ami Vazana End of contract 28 March 2010 16th   Tzvika Tzemah
Tzvika Tzemah
-References:...

31 March 2010 16th
Maccabi Ahi Nazareth   John Gregory End of contract 20 May 2010 16th   Shimon Edri 30 June 2010 Post-Season
F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod is an Israeli football club, playing in the port city of Ashdod. The unorthodox name of the team is the result of the union of two city rivals, Hapoel Ashdod and Maccabi Ironi Ashdod...

  Yossi Mizrahi
Yossi Mizrahi
Yossi Mizrahi is a retired Israeli goalkeeper, and now hes a football coach and current manager of F.C. Ashdod.-Biography:Yosef Mizrahi was born in Jerusalem, Israel on April 4, 1953. He grew up in Katamon and studied at Ma'aleh state religious school. As a teenager, he played on the youth team...

Resigned 20 May 2010 6th   John Gregory 20 May 2010 Post-Season

Regular season results

































































































































































































































































Playoffs

Key numbers for pairing determination (number marks position after 30 games):
Rounds
31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th
1 – 6
2 – 5
3 – 4
7 – 10
8 – 9
11 – 16
12 – 15
13 – 14
1 – 2
5 – 3
6 – 4
7 – 8
10 – 9
11 – 12
15 – 13
16 – 14
2 – 6
3 – 1
4 – 5
8 – 10
9 – 7
12 – 16
13 – 11
14 – 15
1 – 4
2 – 3
6 – 5


11 – 14
12 – 13
16 – 15
3 – 6
4 – 2
5 – 1


13 – 16
14 – 12
15 – 11

Top Playoff

The points obtained during the regular season were halved (and rounded up) before the start of the playoff. Thus, Maccabi Haifa started with 39 points, Hapoel Tel Aviv with 36, Maccabi Tel Aviv with 26, Beitar Jerusalem with 23, Bnei Yehuda with 23 and F.C. Ashdod started with 22.

Top Playoff table

Top Playoff results





































Middle Playoff

The points obtained during the regular season were halved (and rounded up) before the start of the playoff. Thus, Bnei Sakhnin started with 21 points, Hapoel Be'er Sheva with 20, Maccabi Netanya with 18 and Maccabi Petah Tikva started with 18.

Middle Playoff table

Middle Playoff results

















Bottom Playoff

The points obtained during the regular season were halved (and rounded up) before the start of the playoff. Thus, Hapoel Ramat Gan started with 17 points, Hapoel Haifa with 16, Hapoel Petah Tikva with 16, Hapoel Acre with 13, Maccabi Ahi Nazareth with 12 and Hapoel Ra'anana started with 10.

Bottom Playoff table

Bottom Playoff results





































Relegation playoff

The 14th-placed team Hapoel Ramat Gan faced the 3rd-placed Liga Leumit
2009–10 Liga Leumit
The 2009–10 Liga Leumit was the 11th season since it became the second-tier in 1999 and the 68th season of second-tier football in Israel. It began on 21 August 2009 and ended on 15 May 2010.-Structure changes:...

 team Hapoel Kfar Saba. The winner Hapoel Ramat Gan earned a spot in the 2010–11 Israeli Premier League
2010–11 Israeli Premier League
The 2010–11 Israeli Premier League was the twelfth season since its introduction in 1999 and the 69th season of top-tier football in Israel. It began on 21 August 2010 and ended on 21 May 2011. Hapoel Tel Aviv were the defending champions....

. The match took place on 22 May 2010.

Scoring

  • First goal of the season: Shahar Balilti for Hapoel Petah Tikva against Maccabi Ahi Nazareth, 61st minute (22 August 2009)
  • Fastest goal in a match: 17 secondsMaor Buzaglo
    Maor Buzaglo
    Maor Bar Buzaglo is an Israeli football player who currently plays for Belgian Standard Liège and Israel national football team.-Club career:...

     for Maccabi Tel Aviv against Beitar Jerusalem (17 April 2010)
  • Widest winning margin: 7 goals – Maccabi Ahi Nazareth 0–7 Hapoel Ramat Gan (15 May 2010)
  • Most goals in a match: 8 goals
    • Hapoel Tel Aviv 7–1 Hapoel Petah Tikva (21 November 2009)
    • Hapoel Tel Aviv 5–3 Hapoel Acre
      Hapoel Acre F.C.
      Hapoel Acre Football Club is an Israeli football club based in Acre, Israel. The club is currently in the Premier League and plays in dark blue shirts with white sleeves, dark blue shorts and white socks.-History:...

       (27 March 2010)

Discipline

  • First yellow card of the season: Gal Cohen for Hapoel Petah Tikva against Maccabi Ahi Nazareth, 40th minute (22 August 2009)
  • First red card of the season: Ismail Abdul Razak
    Ismail Abdul Razak
    Ismail Abdul Razak , is a Ghanaian footballer who plays for Real Valladolid as a centre midfielder.-Hapoel Acre:...

     for Hapoel Acre
    Hapoel Acre F.C.
    Hapoel Acre Football Club is an Israeli football club based in Acre, Israel. The club is currently in the Premier League and plays in dark blue shirts with white sleeves, dark blue shorts and white socks.-History:...

     against Maccabi Haifa
    Maccabi Haifa F.C.
    Maccabi Haifa Football Club is an Israeli football team from the city of Haifa, a section of Maccabi Haifa sports club. The club has won 12 championships, 5 State Cups and 4 Toto Cups...

    , 72nd minute (22 August 2009)

Top scorers

Rank Scorer Club Goals
1   Shlomi Arbeitman
Shlomi Arbeitman
Shlomi Arbeitman is an Israeli footballer. Currently, he plays for Westerlo on loan from K.A.A Gent.-Club career:A young striker, Arbeitman joined Maccabi Haifa for the 2005–06 season...

Maccabi Haifa
Maccabi Haifa F.C.
Maccabi Haifa Football Club is an Israeli football team from the city of Haifa, a section of Maccabi Haifa sports club. The club has won 12 championships, 5 State Cups and 4 Toto Cups...

28
2   Itay Shechter
Itay Shechter
Itay Menachem Shechter is an Israeli footballer currently playing for 1. FC Kaiserslautern.-Career:Shechter started his career in Hapoel Haifa youth team where in 1999-00 he won the Israeli Youth Cup being 13 years old....

Hapoel Tel Aviv 22
3   Vladimir Dvalishvili
Vladimir Dvalishvili
Vladimer "Lado" Dvalishvili is a Georgian footballer, currently playing in the Israeli Premier League for the Maccabi Haifa Football Club.-Career:Dvalishvili was signed by Olimpi Rustavi in June 2006....

Maccabi Haifa
Maccabi Haifa F.C.
Maccabi Haifa Football Club is an Israeli football team from the city of Haifa, a section of Maccabi Haifa sports club. The club has won 12 championships, 5 State Cups and 4 Toto Cups...

16
  Barak Yitzhaki
Barak Yitzhaki
Barak Yitzhaki is an Israeli footballer who plays for Maccabi Tel Aviv.He mostly plays a Second striker, but can also play an Attacking midfielder....

 
Beitar Jerusalem 16
5   Dimitar Makriev  F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod is an Israeli football club, playing in the port city of Ashdod. The unorthodox name of the team is the result of the union of two city rivals, Hapoel Ashdod and Maccabi Ironi Ashdod...

 
13
6   Pedro Galván
Pedro Joaquín Galván
Pedro Joaquín Galván is an Argentine football player, currently playing with the Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv.Galván started his career in 2003 with Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata. In 2005 he joined San Martín de San Juan...

Bnei Yehuda 12
  Toto Tamuz
Toto Tamuz
Toto Adaruns Tamuz Temile , known simply as Toto Tamuz is a Nigerian-born Israeli footballer who plays for Hapoel Tel Aviv.-Early life:...

Beitar Jerusalem 12
8   Idan Shriki
Idan Shriki
Idan Shriki is an Israeli footballer who plays for Israeli team F.C. Ashdod on loan from Polish team Górnik Zabrze.-Club:He made his Ashdod debut in the 2003/04 season against Maccabi Netanya after returning from a one season loan to Maccabi Yavne where he scored a league leading 25 goals...

F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod is an Israeli football club, playing in the port city of Ashdod. The unorthodox name of the team is the result of the union of two city rivals, Hapoel Ashdod and Maccabi Ironi Ashdod...

11
  Dedi Ben Dayan
David Ben Dayan
David "Dedi" Ben Dayan is an Israeli football defender, who last played for Hapoel Tel Aviv in Israel. He is known for his good tackling, and also speed and his ability to join the attack.- Playing career :...

 
Hapoel Tel Aviv 11
  Eran Levy
Eran Levy
-External links: at Hapoel Haifa at Maccabi Haifa at IFA...

Hapoel Haifa 11
  Eran Zahavi
Eran Zahavi
Eran Zahavi is an Israeli football midfielder. He currently plays for Serie A club Palermo and Israel national football team.- Hapoel Tel Aviv :...

 
Hapoel Tel Aviv 11
Total 718
Average per game 2.6

The IFA
Israel Football Association
The Israel Football Association , also known as IFA, is the governing body of football in Israel. It organizes the football leagues, Israeli Premier League, Israeli State Cup, Toto Cup and the Israeli national football team. The association is based in Ramat Gan...

 also recognize Dimitar Makrievs goal in favour of F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod is an Israeli football club, playing in the port city of Ashdod. The unorthodox name of the team is the result of the union of two city rivals, Hapoel Ashdod and Maccabi Ironi Ashdod...

 against Bnei Yehuda game which was later annulled because F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod is an Israeli football club, playing in the port city of Ashdod. The unorthodox name of the team is the result of the union of two city rivals, Hapoel Ashdod and Maccabi Ironi Ashdod...

 fielded an ineligible player, for that F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod
F.C. Ashdod is an Israeli football club, playing in the port city of Ashdod. The unorthodox name of the team is the result of the union of two city rivals, Hapoel Ashdod and Maccabi Ironi Ashdod...

 received a technical lose of 3–0, The original game was finished in a 1–1 draw.

See also

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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