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	Topics 10th century Topic Home The 10th century is the period from 901901 Events... to 1000 in accordance with the Julian calendarJulian calendar The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and took force in 45 BC .... in the Christian/Common EraCommon Era The Common Era , sometimes known as the Current Era or as the Christian Era, is the period of measured time begi... . Overview The tenth century is usually regarded as a low point in European history. In China it was also a period of political upheaval. In the Muslim WorldMuslim world The Muslim world is a term given to the world-wide community of those who adhere to the religion of Islam.... , however, it was a cultural zenith, especially in Spain. Also it was the zenith for the Byzantine and Bulgarian Empires. Medievalist and historian of technology Lynn White said that "to the modern eye, it is very nearly the darkest of the Dark AgesDark Ages In historiography the phrase the Dark Ages is most commonly known in relation to the European Early Middle Ages.... ", but concluded that ". . . if it was dark, it was the darkness of the womb." Similarly, Helen Waddell wrote that the tenth century was that which "in the textbooks disputes with the seventh the bad eminence, the nadir of the human intellect." Even in the fifteenth century, Lorenzo VallaLorenzo Valla Lorenzo Valla was an Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator.... described it as the Century of Lead and Iron. Events The beginning of the Medieval Warm PeriodMedieval Warm Period The Medieval Warm Period or Medieval Climate Optimum was a time of unusually warm climate in Europe, lasting from abo... The Byzantine empireByzantine Empire Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of the... reaches the height of its military and economic strength Africa The FatimidFatimid The Fatimids, Fatimid Caliphate or al-Fatimiyyun is the Shia dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Magh... dynasty arises in eastern AlgeriaFacts About Algeria Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is a country in north Africa, and the second largest ... 980s980s Centuries: 9th century - 10th century - 11th century... - Al-Azhar UniversityAl-Azhar University Al-Azhar University, is a premier Egyptian institution of higher learning, world-renowned for its position as a center of Is... is established in CairoCairo Summary Cairo translated the "land of Ra'" It comes from two Coptic words "Kahi"... by the FatimidFatimid The Fatimids, Fatimid Caliphate or al-Fatimiyyun is the Shia dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Magh... dynasty. The Christian NubiaNubia Today Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan, but in ancient times it was an indepe... n kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power The Nri Kingdom starts in Southeastern NigeriaNigeria Overview Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa and the most populous country on the ... Americas Collapse of the central lowland Maya civilization. End of Classic Maya period, begin Post-Classic Maya. Rise of the ToltecToltec The Toltecs were a Pre-Columbian Native American people who dominated much of central Mexico between the 10th and 12th cent... s in MexicoMexico The United Mexican States, generally known as Mexico is a country located in North America, bordered at the north by t... Golden age of the Ancestral PuebloansAncient Pueblo Peoples Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans are preferred terms for the cultural group of people often known as An... The Mississippian cultureMississippian culture Overview The Mississippian culture was a Chalcolithic mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Easte... begins in present day Southern USA Eurasia Khazar kingdom is attacked and defeated by Kievan Rus Vladimir I, Prince of Kievan Rus, baptised a Christian in 988988 Summary Events* Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II and converts to Christianity.... Asia Buddhist temple construction commences at BaganBagan Bagan, formerly Pagan, formally titled Arimaddanapura and also known as Tambadipa or Tassadessa, was the ancient c... , MyanmarMyanmar Myanmar, officially the Union of Myanmar is the largest country in geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia.... In 932Facts About 932 EventsFoundation of the St. Ursenstift by the Burgundian queen Bertha in Solothurn.... , the first use of gunpowderGunpowder Gunpowder, whether black powder* or smokeless powder, is a substance that burns very rapidly, releasing gases tha... in battle occurred with the Chinese Battle of Lang-shan Jiang (Wolf Mountain River), where the naval fleet of the Wen-Mu King was defeated by Qian Yuan-guan because he had used 'fire oil' (huo yóu, ??) of gunpowder-fuseFuse (explosives) In an explosive or pyrotechnic device, a fuse is the part of the device that initiates function.... ignited flamethrowerFlamethrower A flamethrower is a mechanical device designed to project a long, controllable stream of fire, hence the metaphor "to throw ... s to burn his fleet. Laguna Copperplate InscriptionLaguna Copperplate Inscription The Laguna Copperplate inscription, found 1989 in Laguna de Bay, in the metroplex of Manila, Philippines, has inscribed on i... , KaviKavi In Avesta and Sanskrit, Kavi means sage, intelligent, and eloquent.... script, inscribed in LuzonLuzon Luzon refers to the largest and most politically important island in the Philippines and to one of the three island groups i... , PhilippinesPhilippines The Philippines , officially the Republic of the Philippines , is an island nation located in the Malay archipelago in... , dated Saka year 822 (AD 900900 Sorry, no overview for this topic ) In 910910 Events... Parantaka IParantaka I Parantaka Chola I ruled the Chola kingdom in southern India for forty-eight years.... of the Chola DynastyChola dynasty The Chola dynasty was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century CE.... drove out the Pandayas from southern India into Sri LankaSri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka , is a tropical island nation off the southeast c... , which he also eventually conquered. Coastal cities on the Malay PeninsulaMalay Peninsula Overview The Malay Peninsula is a major peninsula located in Southeast Asia.... are the seed for the first recorded Malay kingdomsMonarchy A monarchy, from the Greek ????, "one," and a??e??, "to rule", is a form of government that has a Monarch as Head of... 993993 Events... — the Arab maritime captain Abu Himyarite from YemenYemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a Middle Eastern country located on the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asi... toured GuangzhouGuangzhou Guangzhou is the capital of Guangdong Province in southern China.... port, and was an avid visitor to China Europe VikingViking The term Viking commonly denotes the ship-borne explorers, traders, and warriors of the Norsemen who originated in Scandinav... groups settle in northern FranceFrance France, officially the French Republic, is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in Western Europe and whi... — Norse become NormansNormans The Normans were a people who colonized Normandy, conquered England, and played a major political, military and cultural ro... Foundation of ClunyCluny The town and commune of Cluny or Clugny lies in the modern-day dpartement of Sane-et-Loire in the rgion of Bou... , first federated monasticMonasticism Monasticism is the religious practice of renouncing all worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's life to spiritual w... order In 917917 Events... the BulgariansBulgarians The Bulgarians are a South Slavic people generally associated with Bulgaria and the Bulgarian language.... destroyed the Byzantine army in the battle of AnchialusBattle of Anchialus The Battle of Anchialus took place on August 20, 917, on the Black Sea coast near the Bulgarian fortress Tuthom, now town of... , one of the bloodiest battles in the Middle Ages 927927 Events... , official recognition of the first independent national Church in Europe, the Bulgarian Patriarchate Incursions of Magyar (Hungarian) cavalry throughout Western Europe (47 expeditions in GermanyGermany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in central Europe.... , ItalyItaly Italy, officially the Italian Republic , is a Southern European country.... and FranceFrance France, officially the French Republic, is a country whose metropolitan territory is located in Western Europe and whi... , 899899 EventsEdward the Elder becomes King of England.... –970970 Overview EventsMajor volcano eruption in Mashu, Japan... ) Mieszko I, first duke of PolandPoland Summary Poland , officially the Republic of Poland** , is a country located in Central Europe.... , baptised a Christian in 966966 Events* April 14 or April 30 - Mieszko I, first duke of Poland, baptised a Christian... Collapse of Great MoraviaGreat Moravia Great Moravia was a Slavic empire existing in Central Europe between 833 and the early 10th century.... The medieval Croatian stateMedieval Croatian state The Croatian people trace their origins to Slavic peoples which moved into the territory of the former Roman provinces Pannonia an... becomes a unified kingdom under TomislavTomislav Tomislav, was one of the greatest rulers of Croatia in Middle Ages.... Twentieth century Belgian astronomerAstronomer An astronomer or astrophysicist is a person whose area of interest is astronomy or astrophysics.... Jean MeeusJean Meeus Jean Meeus is a Belgian astronomer specializing in celestial mechanics.... asserts that the positions of the eight planets and PlutoPluto Pluto is the second-largest known dwarf planet in the solar system.... were within the same 90° arc of the solar systemSolar System The Solar System or solar system is the stellar system comprising the Sun and the retinue of celestial objects gravita... on 1 February, 949Facts About 949 Events* 1 February - Belgian astronomer Jean Meeus asserts that the orbits of all the planets of the Solar system were with... . It is predicted this would next occur on 6 May, 1492. SwedishSweden The Kingdom of Sweden is a Nordic country in Scandinavia.... influence extends to the Black SeaBlack Sea The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and Anatolia that is actually a distant arm of the Atlantic Ocean... Baile Átha Cliath was founded ReindeerReindeer The reindeer, known as caribou when wild in North America, is an Arctic and Subarctic-dwelling deer. ... become extinct in ScotlandScotland Scotland is a nation in northwest Europe and one of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom.... LionLion Overview The lion is a mammal of the family Felidae and one of four "big cats" in the genus Panthera.... s become extinct in Europe by this date, with the last dying in CaucasusCaucasus The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region in Eurasia bordered on the south by Turkey and Iran in Asia, on the west by the B... . Oceania Formation of the Tu'i Tonga EmpireTu'i Tonga Empire The Tui Tonga Empire or Tongan Empire was a powerful Oceanian empire.... and of the Tu?i Tonga dynasty in TongaTonga Overview Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga, , is an independent archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean.... Significant people Africa Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi BillahUbayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah a.k.a Said ibn Husayn is considered the founder of the Fatimid dynasty, the only major Shi... , founder of the Fatamid dynasty of Egypt in 909909 Events... Americas Topiltzin Ce Acatl QuetzalcoatlTopiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl was a 10th century Toltec leader.... , semi-legendaric ToltecToltec The Toltecs were a Pre-Columbian Native American people who dominated much of central Mexico between the 10th and 12th cent... ruler, (exact years of his life are unknown) Eurasia & Eastern Roman Empire Vladimir I (real name Valdemar), Prince of Kievan Rus (lived 958958 Events... –1015) Nicephorus II, Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire (lived 912912 : For the automobile, see Porsche 912. ... –969969 969 was a year in the 10th century. ... , reigned 963963 Events... –969969 969 was a year in the 10th century. ... ) John I Tzimisces, Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire (lived 925925 Sorry, no overview for this topic –976976 EventsJanuary 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors.... , reigned 969969 969* was a year in the 10th century. ... –976976 EventsJanuary 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors.... ) Basil IIBasil II Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer* was Byzantine emperor from January 10, 976 to December 15, 1025.... , Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, (lived 958958 Events... –1025, reigned 976976 EventsJanuary 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors.... –1025) Asia Adikavi PampaAdikavi Pampa Pampa* born in 902 C.E., also known as Adikavi Pampa, is one of the greatest Kannada poets of all time.... an early Kannada languageKannada language Kannada is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India.... poet (born in 902902 Events* The island of Mallorca is conquered by the Caliph of Crdoba.... ) RannaRanna Ranna was one of the earliest poets of Kannada language.... , an early Kannada languageKannada language Kannada is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India and one of the oldest languages in India.... poet from IndiaIndia India , officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia.... , (born in 949949 Events* 1 February - Belgian astronomer Jean Meeus asserts that the orbits of all the planets of the Solar system were with... ) Huyan ZanHuyan Zan Overview Huyan Zan, born in Taiyuan, Bingzhou, was a Chinese general of the Northern Song Dynasty.... , Chinese general (died in 1000) Li ChengLi Cheng Overview Li Cheng , style name ??, was a Chinese painter from Qingzhou during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and early Song Dyn... , Chinese landscape painter Tailapa IITailapa II Tailapa II had titles Nurmadi Taliapa and Satyashraya Kulatilaka.... , re-established the Western Chalukya Empire of India (reigned 973973 Events... -997997 Events... ) Zhang SixunZhang Sixun Zhang Sixun was a Chinese astronomer during the Song Dynasty.... , Chinese astronomerAstronomer An astronomer or astrophysicist is a person whose area of interest is astronomy or astrophysics.... and mechanical engineer FerdowsiFerdowsi Persian literatureSassanid dynastyIranology... Persian poet Li FangLi Fang Li Fang* was a scholar, compiler and prime minister from the Song Dynasty known for his leading in the compilation for the th... , Chinese scholar and encyclopedist Emperor Taizu of SongEmperor Taizu of Song Emperor Taizu, born Zhao Kuangyin, was the founder of the Song Dynasty of China, reigning from 960 to 976.... , founder of the Chinese Song DynastySong Dynasty The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279.... (lived March 21, 927927 Events... –November 14, 976976 Overview EventsJanuary 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors.... , reigned 960960 Events... -976976 EventsJanuary 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors.... ) Parantaka IParantaka I Parantaka Chola I ruled the Chola kingdom in southern India for forty-eight years.... , ruler of the Chola DynastyChola dynasty The Chola dynasty** was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century CE.... of India (reigned 907907 Sorry, no overview for this topic -950950 EventsWorld Population: 250 Million.Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia makes peace with Otto I... ) Europe Harald Fairhair, king of NorwayNorway Insert non-formatted text hereNorway is a Nordic country on the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering S... , united Norway in 872872 Overview EventsBy PlaceEurope* Battle of Hafrsfjord: Harald Fairhair becomes the first king of Norway.... and remained it's ruler until 933933 Events... . One of the most powerful lords of EuropeEurope Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth.... at the time. TomislavTomislav Tomislav, was one of the greatest rulers of Croatia in Middle Ages.... , king of CroatiaCroatia Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a country in Europe, at the crossroads of the Mediterranean, Central... ,united the medieval Croatian stateMedieval Croatian state The Croatian people trace their origins to Slavic peoples which moved into the territory of the former Roman provinces Pannonia an... into the Kingdom of CroatiaKingdom of Croatia Kingdom of Croatia can refer to:* Kingdom of Croatia ... , crowned in 925925 Sorry, no overview for this topic Abd-ar-rahman IIIAbd-ar-Rahman III Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba was the greatest and most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty... of CordobaCórdoba, Spain Crdoba, also called Crdova, is a city in Andaluca, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Crdoba.... Simeon the GreatSimeon I of Bulgaria Tsar Simeon the Great was the ruler of Bulgaria, who reigned 893 May 27, 927.... , Emperor of BulgariaBulgaria Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a country in Southeastern Europe.... (reigned 893893 This article refers to the year 893. The number 893 can also refer to Japanese traditional organized crime groups, Yakuza.... –927927 Summary Events... ) Otto I the Great, Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a predecessor of numerous countries mainly in central Europe.... (lived 912912 : For the automobile, see Porsche 912. ... –973973 Events... , reigned 936936 Events... –973973 Events... ) King Edmund I of EnglandEdmund I of England Edmund I , called the Elder, the Deed-Doer, or the Magnificent, was King of England from 939 until his dea... (lived 921921 Summary Events... –946946 EventsEadred I succeeds his brother as king of England... , reigned 939939 Events Vietnam, under the name Dai Co Viet, became independent from China.... –946946 Events*Eadred I succeeds his brother as king of England... ) Hugh Capet (lived 938938 Events... –996996 Overview Events... ), first Capetian King of France Géza of HungaryGéza of Hungary Gza** of Hungary , was the fejedelem of the Magyars from c.... , ruler of the Magyars (lived 940940 Events... –997997 Events... , reigned 970970 EventsMajor volcano eruption in Mashu, Japan... –997997 Events... ) Otto II, Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor* was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a predecessor of numerous countries mainly in central Europe.... (lived 955955 Events... –983983 Events* Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing.... , reigned 973973 Events... –983983 Events* Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing.... ) TheophanuTheophanu Theophanu , also spelled Theophania, was born in Constantinople, and was the wife of Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor.... , wife of Otto II, mother and RegentRegent Overview A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is anyone who acts as head of state, especially if not the monarch.... of Otto IIIOtto III, Holy Roman Emperor Otto III was the fourth ruler of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty.... , (lived 956Facts About 956 DeathsApril 8 - Gilbert of Chalon, Duke of Burgundy... –991991 This article documents the year AD 991. ... , reigned 983983 Overview Events Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing.... –991991 This article documents the year AD 991. ... ) TsarTsar Tsar , occasionally spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term des... Samuil of BulgariaSamuil of Bulgaria Samuil , also sometimes referred as Samuel or Samoil, was Tsar of Bulgaria between 997 and 1014 .... (lived 958958 Events... –1014, reigned 976976 Events*January 10 - Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor, see Byzantine Emperors.... –1014) Otto III, Holy Roman EmperorHoly Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a predecessor of numerous countries mainly in central Europe.... (lived 980980 Events... –1002, reigned 983983 Overview Events* Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing.... –1002) Erik the RedErik the Red Erik the Red, so-called because of his red hair and beard, founded the first Nordic settlement in Greenland.... , Norwegian explorer, founded Greenland Leif Eiriksson, Norwegian explorer, son of Eirik the Red, made the first European attempt to settle in America. Olav Tryggvason becomes the first king to try to Christianize Norway, dies at the Battle of SvolderBattle of Svolder The Battle of Svolder or Svold was a naval battle fought in the western Baltic in September 999 or 1000.... in 1000 AD. Oceania 'Aho'eitu'Aho'eitu In Tongan mythology Ahoeitu is a son of the god Tangaloa Eitumatupua and a mortal woman, Ilaheva Vaepopua.... (early 10th century), first king of the Tu?i Tonga Inventions, discoveries, introductions Hop (plant)Hop (plant) Summary The hop is a small genus of flowering plants, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere.... first mentioned in connection with beerBeer Beer is one of the world's oldest alcoholic beverages, possibly brewed for the first time over 10,000 years ago, according t... brewing Zhang SixunZhang Sixun Zhang Sixun was a Chinese astronomer during the Song Dynasty.... of ChinaChina Summary China is a cultural region and ancient civilization in East Asia.... uses for the first time liquid mercury (element)Mercury (element) Mercury, also called quicksilver, is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Hg and atomic... instead of water to power the escapementEscapement The escapement drives the pendulum in a pendulum clock, usually from a gear train.... mechanism rotating an armillary sphereArmillary sphere An armillary sphere is a model of the celestial sphere, invented by Eratosthenes in 255 BC.... , since liquid mercury does not freeze easily like water during winter, and doesn't rust metal parts Fire Arrows are invented by the Chinese, along with the use of the first blackpowder impregnated fuses for igniting the blast of double-piston flamethrowerFlamethrower A flamethrower is a mechanical device designed to project a long, controllable stream of fire, hence the metaphor "to throw ... s which employed Greek FireGreek fire Greek fire was a burning-liquid weapon used by the Byzantine Empire, typically in naval battles to great effect as it could ... , an imported good from Arabia in the early part of the century. Construction begins on the Brihadeeswarar TempleBrihadeeswarar temple The Brihadishwara Temple, also known as Rajarajeswaram, at Thanjavur is a brilliant example of the major heights achie... of IndiaIndia India , officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia.... , during the reign of Rajaraja Chola IRajaraja Chola I Rajaraja Chola I was the king of the Chola dynasty, who ruled between 985 and 1014 CE.... The first pound lockPound lock A pound lock is type of lock that is used almost exclusively nowadays on canals and rivers.... is invented by the Chinese engineer Qiao WeiyoTechnology of the Song Dynasty The Song Dynasty provided some of the most significant technological advances in Chinese history, many of which came from talented... , improving the canal lockLock (water transport) On navigable waterways, a lock is a particular type of device for raising or lowering boats between stretches of water at di... system. Three of the Four Great Books of SongFour Great Books of Song The Four Great Books of Song was compiled by Li Fang and others during the Song Dynasty.... are published (the last one in 1013), which were enormous Chinese encyclopediaFacts About Encyclopedia An encyclopedia, encyclopaedia or encyclopdia, is a comprehensive written compendium that contains information ... s having millions of written Chinese characterChinese character A Chinese character is a logogram used in writing Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and formerly Vietnamese.... s each. Decades and years Further reading Heinrich FichtenauHeinrich Fichtenau Heinrich von Fichtenau** was an Austrian medievalist best known for his studies of medieval diplomatics, social and intellect... : Living in the Tenth Century: Mentalities and Social Orders (transl. Patrick J. Geary; Chicago cool London: 1991).