Flammen (Schulhoff)
Encyclopedia
Flammen is an opera
is two acts and ten scenes composed by Erwin Schulhoff
. The original libretto
in Czech
was written by Karel Josef Beneš. The German version was translated by Max Brod
. The opera had its world premiere at the old National Theatre (Národní Divadlo na Veveří) in Brno
on January 27, 1932 performed in Czech under the title Plameny. It was not heard again until the mid-1990s, when it was performed in its German version, Flammen. Its story is a surrealist retelling of the Don Juan
legend with elements from the legend of the Wandering Jew
, and heavily influenced by Freudian psychology. Unlike the title character in Mozart's Don Giovanni
(also based on the legend), Don Juan is not punished by being dragged down to Hell, but instead is condemned to live forever.
, and discussed with him the possibility of writing an opera based on the Don Juan
legend. Brod suggested that a new verse play by the Czech writer Karel Josef Beneš (1896–1969) might make a suitable basis for the libretto
and introduced him to Beneš. Schulhoff and Beneš began work on what was to be Schulhoff's first and only opera while Brod translated the text into German.
Schulhoff finished composing the opera in 1929. It premiered three years later at the Veveří National Theatre in Brno
on January 27, 1932, performed in its Czech version as Plameny. Schulhoff's detailed stage directions called for sets with an "all-pervading darkness, punctuated by revealing shafts of light and colour". (The scenography is echoed by a chorus of Shadows whose commentary makes frequent use of verbal images of colour and light.) The premiere was a failure, and the opera never entered the repertory in Czechoslovakia. The rise of the Nazi Party in Germany and its campaign against so-called degenerate music
(Entartete Musik) prevented a planned German premiere to be conducted by Erich Kleiber
in Berlin. Schulhoff's usual publisher, Universal Edition
, did not accept the score for publication, and the opera was not performed again in his lifetime. Schulhoff died in the Wülzburg concentration camp in 1942.
Interest in the work was revived with the 1995 production at Leipzig Opera conducted by Udo Zimmermann
. Performed as Flammen with Brod's German text, the Leipzig production marked its first staged performance since its initial run in Brno, although Zimmermann had cut some of the music. Later that year, Decca
released a full-length recording with the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin
conducted by John Mauceri
as part of its Entartete Musik series. Flammen was performed again in May 2005 in a concert version conducted by Edo de Waart
at Amsterdam's Concertgebouw
. It had another staged revival, and its Austrian premiere, in 2006 when it was performed at the KlangBogen Wien Festival
. The production, directed by Keith Warner and conducted by Bertrand de Billy
, opened on August 7, 2006 at the Theater an der Wien
in Vienna. It was one of three operas based on the Don Juan legend presented by the festival that summer—the other two were Mozart's Don Giovanni and Erik Højsgaard's Don Juan Returns from the War. In 2008, Flammen was revived again in Germany with a new production directed by Urs Häberli at the Pfalztheater in Kaiserslautern
.
, commenting on the action and on Don Juan's past life.
The Shadows sing of Don Juan's sexual exploits and La Morte's passion for him. To the sound of a solo flute, he enters a dark abandoned house to seduce yet another woman. Her moans of ecstasy are heard.
Scene 2 Fire Song
The Shadows sing of a woman whose desire for Don Juan is so great that she imagines his body to be the colour of fire.
Scene 3 Midnight Mass
Determined to reform his libertine ways, Don Juan enters a church for Midnight Mass but is seduced by a nun. La Morte plays a Gloria
on the organ while the sound of foxtrot music is heard outside.
Scene 4 Chimera
Don Juan climbs a mountain of naked female bodies. At the summit he finds La Morte waiting for him.
Scene 5 Gallery
Don Juan enters a sculpture gallery filled with statues of men. The men are his dead ancestors, who unlike him managed to find happiness.
Scene 6 Dialogue
Don Juan talks to a woman, the same one who had previously appeared as a nun. Their dialogue is interrupted when Don Juan has a vision of another woman whose body is the colour of fire.
Scene 7 Tempest and Dialogue with the sea
Marguerite and Don Juan make love during a storm. La Morte appears and kills Marguerite. Don Juan stands before the sea and tells of his longing for death.
It is Carnival Night
. Amidst a troupe of commedia dell'arte
mimes, Don Juan and Donna Anna dance a foxtrot. Arlecchino foretells scenes of horror which will occur at midnight. Donna Anna rejects Don Juan's advances telling him "You are the very image of death." He then murders Donna Anna's husband, the Commendatore, and she commits suicide.
Scene 9 Banquet
Don Juan tries in vain to revive Donna Anna as a group of naked women begin dancing around him. Unable to stop them, he cries out to La Morte expressing his desire for her. She tells him that he will be closer to her as a living man rather than a dead one. The Commendatore then pronounces a curse on Don Juan, condemning him to live forever. On hearing the curse, Don Juan shoots himself, but instead of dying is turned into an even younger man.
Scene 10 Nocturne
Doomed to desperately repeating the cycle of his life over and over again, Don Juan enters the same darkened house where the opera began, accompanied by the same solo flute, to seduce yet another victim. La Morte and the Shadows lurk in the darkness singing, with the final words of the opera given to La Morte: "Salvation is so distant—again."
in 1995 as part of its Entartete Musik series. Iris Vermillion who sings La Morte on the recording later reprised the role for the opera's staged performance at the 2006 KlangBogen Wien Festival
.
Erwin Schulhoff Flammen, Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin and Berlin RIAS Chamber Chorus
Opera
Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance...
is two acts and ten scenes composed by Erwin Schulhoff
Erwin Schulhoff
Erwin Schulhoff was a Czech composer and pianist.-Life:Born in Prague of Jewish-German origin, Schulhoff was one of the brightest figures in a generation of European musicians whose successful careers were prematurely terminated by the rise of the Nazi regime in Germany...
. The original libretto
Libretto
A libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata, or musical. The term "libretto" is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as mass, requiem, and sacred cantata, or even the story line of a...
in Czech
Czech language
Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czechs worldwide. The language was known as Bohemian in English until the late 19th century...
was written by Karel Josef Beneš. The German version was translated by Max Brod
Max Brod
Max Brod was a German-speaking Czech Jewish, later Israeli, author, composer, and journalist. Although he was a prolific writer in his own right, he is most famous as the friend and biographer of Franz Kafka...
. The opera had its world premiere at the old National Theatre (Národní Divadlo na Veveří) in Brno
Brno
Brno by population and area is the second largest city in the Czech Republic, the largest Moravian city, and the historical capital city of the Margraviate of Moravia. Brno is the administrative centre of the South Moravian Region where it forms a separate district Brno-City District...
on January 27, 1932 performed in Czech under the title Plameny. It was not heard again until the mid-1990s, when it was performed in its German version, Flammen. Its story is a surrealist retelling of the Don Juan
Don Juan
Don Juan is a legendary, fictional libertine whose story has been told many times by many authors. El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra by Tirso de Molina is a play set in the fourteenth century that was published in Spain around 1630...
legend with elements from the legend of the Wandering Jew
Wandering Jew
The Wandering Jew is a figure from medieval Christian folklore whose legend began to spread in Europe in the 13th century. The original legend concerns a Jew who taunted Jesus on the way to the Crucifixion and was then cursed to walk the earth until the Second Coming...
, and heavily influenced by Freudian psychology. Unlike the title character in Mozart's Don Giovanni
Don Giovanni
Don Giovanni is an opera in two acts with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and with an Italian libretto by Lorenzo Da Ponte. It was premiered by the Prague Italian opera at the Teatro di Praga on October 29, 1787...
(also based on the legend), Don Juan is not punished by being dragged down to Hell, but instead is condemned to live forever.
Background and performance history
Not long after Schulhoff's return to Prague in 1923, he met Janáček's friend and biographer Max BrodMax Brod
Max Brod was a German-speaking Czech Jewish, later Israeli, author, composer, and journalist. Although he was a prolific writer in his own right, he is most famous as the friend and biographer of Franz Kafka...
, and discussed with him the possibility of writing an opera based on the Don Juan
Don Juan
Don Juan is a legendary, fictional libertine whose story has been told many times by many authors. El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra by Tirso de Molina is a play set in the fourteenth century that was published in Spain around 1630...
legend. Brod suggested that a new verse play by the Czech writer Karel Josef Beneš (1896–1969) might make a suitable basis for the libretto
Libretto
A libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata, or musical. The term "libretto" is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as mass, requiem, and sacred cantata, or even the story line of a...
and introduced him to Beneš. Schulhoff and Beneš began work on what was to be Schulhoff's first and only opera while Brod translated the text into German.
Schulhoff finished composing the opera in 1929. It premiered three years later at the Veveří National Theatre in Brno
Brno
Brno by population and area is the second largest city in the Czech Republic, the largest Moravian city, and the historical capital city of the Margraviate of Moravia. Brno is the administrative centre of the South Moravian Region where it forms a separate district Brno-City District...
on January 27, 1932, performed in its Czech version as Plameny. Schulhoff's detailed stage directions called for sets with an "all-pervading darkness, punctuated by revealing shafts of light and colour". (The scenography is echoed by a chorus of Shadows whose commentary makes frequent use of verbal images of colour and light.) The premiere was a failure, and the opera never entered the repertory in Czechoslovakia. The rise of the Nazi Party in Germany and its campaign against so-called degenerate music
Degenerate music
Degenerate music was a label applied in the 1930s by the Nazi government in Germany to certain forms of music that it considered to be harmful or decadent. The Nazi government's concern for degenerate music was a part of its larger and more well-known campaign against degenerate art...
(Entartete Musik) prevented a planned German premiere to be conducted by Erich Kleiber
Erich Kleiber
Erich Kleiber was an Austrian conductor.- Biography :Born in Vienna, Kleiber studied in Prague...
in Berlin. Schulhoff's usual publisher, Universal Edition
Universal Edition
Universal Edition is a classical music publishing firm. Founded in 1901 in Vienna, and originally intended to provide the core classical works and educational works to the Austrian market...
, did not accept the score for publication, and the opera was not performed again in his lifetime. Schulhoff died in the Wülzburg concentration camp in 1942.
Interest in the work was revived with the 1995 production at Leipzig Opera conducted by Udo Zimmermann
Udo Zimmermann
Udo Zimmermann was born in Dresden on October 6, 1943. He is a German composer, music director, and conductor.- Biography :Zimmermann was a member of the Dresdner Kreuzchor from 1954 to 1962. He then continued his music education at the Dresden Music School. He studied composition with Johannes...
. Performed as Flammen with Brod's German text, the Leipzig production marked its first staged performance since its initial run in Brno, although Zimmermann had cut some of the music. Later that year, Decca
Decca Records
Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U.S. label was established in late 1934; however, owing to World War II, the link with the British company was broken for several decades....
released a full-length recording with the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin
Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin
The Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin is an orchestra based in Berlin, Germany. It was founded in 1946 by American occupation forces as the RIAS-Symphonie-Orchester . It was also known as the American Sector Symphony Orchestra...
conducted by John Mauceri
John Mauceri
John Francis Mauceri is an American conductor, producer and arranger for theatre, opera and television. For fifteen years, he served on the faculty of Yale University. He was a protege of Leonard Bernstein...
as part of its Entartete Musik series. Flammen was performed again in May 2005 in a concert version conducted by Edo de Waart
Edo de Waart
Edo de Waart is a Dutch conductor, and the Music Director of both the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra....
at Amsterdam's Concertgebouw
Concertgebouw
The Concertgebouw is a concert hall in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The Dutch term "concertgebouw" literally translates into English as "concert building"...
. It had another staged revival, and its Austrian premiere, in 2006 when it was performed at the KlangBogen Wien Festival
KlangBogen Wien
KlangBogen Wien is an annual festival offering a month of opera productions and classical concerts at different venues in the city of Vienna. There is a range from early to contemporary operas, and from medieval chamber music to experimental 21st century compositions...
. The production, directed by Keith Warner and conducted by Bertrand de Billy
Bertrand de Billy
Bertrand de Billy is a French conductor.He was born in Paris.After his career as an instrumental musician, de Billy began his conducting career in Paris. He later moved to Germany and built up his career as an opera conductor. He was the general music director at the Anhaltisches Theater in...
, opened on August 7, 2006 at the Theater an der Wien
Theater an der Wien
The Theater an der Wien is a historic theatre on the Left Wienzeile in the Mariahilf district of Vienna. Completed in 1801, it has seen the premieres of many celebrated works of theatre, opera, and symphonic music...
in Vienna. It was one of three operas based on the Don Juan legend presented by the festival that summer—the other two were Mozart's Don Giovanni and Erik Højsgaard's Don Juan Returns from the War. In 2008, Flammen was revived again in Germany with a new production directed by Urs Häberli at the Pfalztheater in Kaiserslautern
Kaiserslautern
Kaiserslautern is a city in southwest Germany, located in the Bundesland of Rhineland-Palatinate at the edge of the Palatinate forest . The historic centre dates to the 9th century. It is from Paris, from Frankfurt am Main, and from Luxembourg.Kaiserslautern is home to 99,469 people...
.
Roles
Although the roles of Donna Anna and Nun/Marguerite/Woman were sung by two separate sopranos in the 1932 premiere, a single soprano sang all these roles in the 1995 Decca recording and in the 2006 staged production in Vienna.| Role | Voice type Voice type A voice type is a particular kind of human singing voice perceived as having certain identifying qualities or characteristics. Voice classification is the process by which human voices are evaluated and are thereby designated into voice types... |
Premiere cast, January 27, 1932 (Conductor Conducting Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance by way of visible gestures. The primary duties of the conductor are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble... : Zdeněk Chalabala Zdenek Chalabala Zdeněk Chalabala was a Czech conductor. He conducted orchestras in Prague, Ostrava, Moscow.In 1924 he founded Slovácká filharmonie. He was chief opera conductor of the Slovak National Theatre, where he produced many Yugoslav and Russian operas. He was also conductor in the National Theatre of Brno... ) |
|---|---|---|
| Don Juan Don Juan Don Juan is a legendary, fictional libertine whose story has been told many times by many authors. El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra by Tirso de Molina is a play set in the fourteenth century that was published in Spain around 1630... |
tenor Tenor The tenor is a type of male singing voice and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between C3, the C one octave below middle C, to the A above middle C in choral music, and up to high C in solo work. The low extreme for tenors is roughly B2... |
Zdeněk Knittl |
| Donna Anna | soprano Soprano A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately middle C to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four-part chorale style harmony, the soprano takes the highest part, which usually encompasses the melody... |
Marie Zaludová |
| Commendatore | bass Bass (voice type) A bass is a type of male singing voice and possesses the lowest vocal range of all voice types. According to The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, a bass is typically classified as having a range extending from around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C... |
Vladimir Jedenáctík |
| Nun/Marguerite/Woman | soprano | Bozena Zlábková |
| La Morte (Death) | mezzo-soprano Mezzo-soprano A mezzo-soprano is a type of classical female singing voice whose range lies between the soprano and the contralto singing voices, usually extending from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above... |
Marie Hloušková |
| Arlecchino | baritone Baritone Baritone is a type of male singing voice that lies between the bass and tenor voices. It is the most common male voice. Originally from the Greek , meaning deep sounding, music for this voice is typically written in the range from the second F below middle C to the F above middle C Baritone (or... |
Géza Fischer |
| Shadows | 3 sopranos, 3 contralto Contralto Contralto is the deepest female classical singing voice, with the lowest tessitura, falling between tenor and mezzo-soprano. It typically ranges between the F below middle C to the second G above middle C , although at the extremes some voices can reach the E below middle C or the second B above... s |
|
| Pierrot Pierrot Pierrot is a stock character of pantomime and Commedia dell'Arte whose origins are in the late 17th-century Italian troupe of players performing in Paris and known as the Comédie-Italienne; the name is a hypocorism of Pierre , via the suffix -ot. His character in postmodern popular culture—in... , Pierrette, Pulcinella Pulcinella Pulcinella, ; often called Punch or Punchinello in English, Polichinelle in French, is a classical character that originated in the commedia dell'arte of the 17th century and became a stock character in Neapolitan puppetry.... , Pantalone Pantalone Pantalone, or Pantalone del bisognosi, Italian for 'Pantalone of the needy', is one of the most important principal characters found in commedia del arte... , Colombina, and Gigolo (mime Mime The word mime is used to refer to a mime artist who uses a theatrical medium or performance art involving the acting out of a story through body motions without use of speech.Mime may also refer to:* Mime, an alternative word for lip sync... s) |
||
Synopsis
The opera is not a straight narrative, but rather a loosely connected set of ten scenes, each with its own name. Don Juan is in love with Death personified by La Morte, the only woman he has not been able to seduce. The Shadows (six women) function as a Greek chorusGreek chorus
A Greek chorus is a homogenous, non-individualised group of performers in the plays of classical Greece, who comment with a collective voice on the dramatic action....
, commenting on the action and on Don Juan's past life.
Act 1
Scene 1 NocturneThe Shadows sing of Don Juan's sexual exploits and La Morte's passion for him. To the sound of a solo flute, he enters a dark abandoned house to seduce yet another woman. Her moans of ecstasy are heard.
Scene 2 Fire Song
The Shadows sing of a woman whose desire for Don Juan is so great that she imagines his body to be the colour of fire.
Scene 3 Midnight Mass
Determined to reform his libertine ways, Don Juan enters a church for Midnight Mass but is seduced by a nun. La Morte plays a Gloria
Gloria in Excelsis Deo
"Gloria in excelsis Deo" is the title and beginning of a hymn known also as the Greater Doxology and the Angelic Hymn. The name is often abbreviated to Gloria in Excelsis or simply Gloria.It is an example of the psalmi idiotici "Gloria in excelsis Deo" (Latin for "Glory to God in the highest")...
on the organ while the sound of foxtrot music is heard outside.
Don Juan climbs a mountain of naked female bodies. At the summit he finds La Morte waiting for him.
Scene 5 Gallery
Don Juan enters a sculpture gallery filled with statues of men. The men are his dead ancestors, who unlike him managed to find happiness.
Scene 6 Dialogue
Don Juan talks to a woman, the same one who had previously appeared as a nun. Their dialogue is interrupted when Don Juan has a vision of another woman whose body is the colour of fire.
Scene 7 Tempest and Dialogue with the sea
Marguerite and Don Juan make love during a storm. La Morte appears and kills Marguerite. Don Juan stands before the sea and tells of his longing for death.
Act 2
Scene 8 Carnival NightIt is Carnival Night
Mardi Gras
The terms "Mardi Gras" , "Mardi Gras season", and "Carnival season", in English, refer to events of the Carnival celebrations, beginning on or after Epiphany and culminating on the day before Ash Wednesday...
. Amidst a troupe of commedia dell'arte
Commedia dell'arte
Commedia dell'arte is a form of theatre characterized by masked "types" which began in Italy in the 16th century, and was responsible for the advent of the actress and improvised performances based on sketches or scenarios. The closest translation of the name is "comedy of craft"; it is shortened...
mimes, Don Juan and Donna Anna dance a foxtrot. Arlecchino foretells scenes of horror which will occur at midnight. Donna Anna rejects Don Juan's advances telling him "You are the very image of death." He then murders Donna Anna's husband, the Commendatore, and she commits suicide.
Scene 9 Banquet
Don Juan tries in vain to revive Donna Anna as a group of naked women begin dancing around him. Unable to stop them, he cries out to La Morte expressing his desire for her. She tells him that he will be closer to her as a living man rather than a dead one. The Commendatore then pronounces a curse on Don Juan, condemning him to live forever. On hearing the curse, Don Juan shoots himself, but instead of dying is turned into an even younger man.
Scene 10 Nocturne
Doomed to desperately repeating the cycle of his life over and over again, Don Juan enters the same darkened house where the opera began, accompanied by the same solo flute, to seduce yet another victim. La Morte and the Shadows lurk in the darkness singing, with the final words of the opera given to La Morte: "Salvation is so distant—again."
Recordings
The world premiere recording of Flammen was recorded at the Jesus Christus Kirche in Berlin and released by Decca RecordsDecca Records
Decca Records began as a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U.S. label was established in late 1934; however, owing to World War II, the link with the British company was broken for several decades....
in 1995 as part of its Entartete Musik series. Iris Vermillion who sings La Morte on the recording later reprised the role for the opera's staged performance at the 2006 KlangBogen Wien Festival
KlangBogen Wien
KlangBogen Wien is an annual festival offering a month of opera productions and classical concerts at different venues in the city of Vienna. There is a range from early to contemporary operas, and from medieval chamber music to experimental 21st century compositions...
.
Erwin Schulhoff Flammen, Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin and Berlin RIAS Chamber Chorus
- Conductor: John MauceriJohn MauceriJohn Francis Mauceri is an American conductor, producer and arranger for theatre, opera and television. For fifteen years, he served on the faculty of Yale University. He was a protege of Leonard Bernstein...
- Principal singers: Kurt Westi (Don Juan), Jane EaglenJane EaglenJane Eaglen is an English dramatic soprano particularly known for her interpretations of the works of Richard Wagner and the title roles in Bellini's Norma and Puccini's Turandot.-Background:...
(Donna Anna/Nun/Marguerite/Woman), Iris Vermillion (La Morte), Johann Werner Prein (Commendatore), Gerd Wolf (Arlecchino) - Recording date: 1994
- Label: Decca 444630
Sources
- Ambrosius, Claus (2008). "Lohnende Prüfung – Kaiserslautern, Schulhoff: Flammen". Opernwelt, June 2008, p. 44. Accessed 29 January 2011.
- Bek, Josef (2001). "Schulhoff, Erwin [Ervín]", Grove Music Online. Accessed 29 January 2011. . (Online version of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition. ISBN 9780195170672)
- Black, Leo (1995). "The Return of the Repressed", The Musical TimesThe Musical TimesThe Musical Times is an academic journal of classical music edited and produced in the United Kingdom. It is currently the oldest such journal that is still publishing in the UK, having been published continuously since 1844. It was published as The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular until...
, Vol. 136, No. 1827, May 1995, pp. 230-232. Accessed 29 January 2011. - Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Schulhoff". Almanacco Amadeus. Accessed 29 January 2011.
- Davis, Peter G. (1997). "Hear No Evil". New York Magazine (June 9, 1997) pp. 82-83.
- Eagleton, Michael (2007). "Review: Erwin Schulhoff: Flammen, KlangBogen, Wien 7 August 2006", Journal of the International Centre for Suppressed Music, Jewish Music Institute, SOAS, February 14, 2007. Accessed 29 January 2011.
- Gelli, Piero and Poletti, Filippo eds. (2007). "Flammen", Dizionario dell'opera. Baldini Castoldi Dalai. ISBN 8860731844
- Oliver, Michael (1996). http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/January%201996/108/845966/111Schulhoff+Flammen.+Kurt+Westi+(ten)+Don+Juan+Jane+Eaglen+(sop)+Donna+Anna,+Nun,+Woman,+Marguerite+Iris+Vermillion+(mez)+La+Morte+Johann+Werner+Prein+(bass)+Com.mendatore+Gerd+Wolf+(bass)+Harlequin+Celina+Lindsley,+Carola+Hiihn,+Regina+Schudel+(sops),+Elvira+Dressen,+Christiane+Berggold,+Kaja+Borris+(mezzos)+Shadows+Berlin+RIAS+Chamber+Choir+Berlin+Deutsches+Symphony+Orchestra++John+Mauceri."Review: Schulhoff: Flammen (Decca 444630)]. Gramophone, January 1996, p. 108. Accessed 29 January 2011.
- Seckerson, Edward and Johnson, Stephen (1995). "Review: Schulhoff: Flammen (Decca 444630). The IndependentThe IndependentThe Independent is a British national morning newspaper published in London by Independent Print Limited, owned by Alexander Lebedev since 2010. It is nicknamed the Indy, while the Sunday edition, The Independent on Sunday, is the Sindy. Launched in 1986, it is one of the youngest UK national daily...
, October 27, 1995. Accessed 29 January 2011.