Zlatoust
Encyclopedia
Zlatoust is a city in Chelyabinsk Oblast
, Russia
, located on the Ay River
(the Kama
basin
), 160 kilometres (99.4 mi) west of Chelyabinsk
. Population: 181,000 (1971); 161,000 (1959); 99,000 (1939); 48,000 (1926); 21,000 (1910).
The city's name is derived from the Russian translation of Chrysostom
, because it was founded near a church dedicated to that saint.
. In 1774–1776, the workers of the plant took part in the insurrection led by Yemelyan Pugachev
. In the early 19th century, Pavel Anosov made the first Russian bulat steel
blades in Zlatoust. It was granted town status in 1865. The town is also known for the first cannon
s made of Russian steel
. In 1903, the tsarist authorities brutally suppressed a strike
, organized by the workers of Zlatoust.
In the beginning of the 19th century, an arms factory was constructed there which began to produce sabre
s and sword
s. Famous artists Ivan Bushuyev and Ivan Boyarshinov left us unique patterns of cold-steel decorated with engraving
s. Flying winged horse was a favorite element of many of Bushuyev's engravings, so he was given a nickname Ivan the Wingy (Ivanko Krylatko). Since then, a pegasus was an emblem of the town.
The Soviets
gained control over Zlatoust in March 1918. The town was occupied by the Whites
between June 1918 and July 1919. On July 13, 1919, Zlatoust was seized by the Red Army
.
During the Soviet period, Zlatoust became an industrial city, which specialized in metallurgy
, mechanical engineering
, tool-making, food production, and other industries. Zlatoust is one of the centers of artistic engraving
on metal in Russia. Traditionally, such engravings were done on weapons, such as knives
and swords; however, during Soviet period the engraving was shifted onto decorative metal plates. Nowadays the weapon engraving is popular again.
Traditionally, Zlatoust, like the rest of the Urals region, has also been famous for its pelmeni
.
, and former world chess champion
Anatoly Karpov
began their sporting careers in Zlatoust.
2006 Olympic Gold Medallist Svetlana Ishmouratova
was born here.
Chelyabinsk Oblast
-External links:*...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, located on the Ay River
Ay River
Ay River is a river in Bashkortostan and Chelyabinsk Oblast in Russia, a left tributary of the Ufa River. The length of the river is 549 km, the area of its drainage basin is 15,000 km². The Ay freezes up in late October - early November and remains icebound until mid-April. A city of Zlatoust is...
(the Kama
Kama River
Kama is a major river in Russia, the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge; in fact, it is larger than the Volga before junction....
basin
Drainage basin
A drainage basin is an extent or an area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean...
), 160 kilometres (99.4 mi) west of Chelyabinsk
Chelyabinsk
Chelyabinsk is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located in the northwestern side of the oblast, south of Yekaterinburg, just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River. Population: -History:...
. Population: 181,000 (1971); 161,000 (1959); 99,000 (1939); 48,000 (1926); 21,000 (1910).
The city's name is derived from the Russian translation of Chrysostom
John Chrysostom
John Chrysostom , Archbishop of Constantinople, was an important Early Church Father. He is known for his eloquence in preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, and his ascetic...
, because it was founded near a church dedicated to that saint.
History
Zlatoust was founded in 1754 due to construction of the ironworksIronworks
An ironworks or iron works is a building or site where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and/or steel products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i.e...
. In 1774–1776, the workers of the plant took part in the insurrection led by Yemelyan Pugachev
Yemelyan Pugachev
Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachov , was a pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II...
. In the early 19th century, Pavel Anosov made the first Russian bulat steel
Bulat steel
Bulat is a type of steel alloy known in Russia from medieval times and regularly mentioned in Russian legends as material of choice for cold steel. The name булат is a Russian transliteration of the Persian word پولاد , meaning steel...
blades in Zlatoust. It was granted town status in 1865. The town is also known for the first cannon
Cannon
A cannon is any piece of artillery that uses gunpowder or other usually explosive-based propellents to launch a projectile. Cannon vary in caliber, range, mobility, rate of fire, angle of fire, and firepower; different forms of cannon combine and balance these attributes in varying degrees,...
s made of Russian steel
Steel
Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten...
. In 1903, the tsarist authorities brutally suppressed a strike
Strike action
Strike action, also called labour strike, on strike, greve , or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became important during the industrial revolution, when mass labour became...
, organized by the workers of Zlatoust.
Sabre
The sabre or saber is a kind of backsword that usually has a curved, single-edged blade and a rather large hand guard, covering the knuckles of the hand as well as the thumb and forefinger...
s and sword
Sword
A sword is a bladed weapon used primarily for cutting or thrusting. The precise definition of the term varies with the historical epoch or the geographical region under consideration...
s. Famous artists Ivan Bushuyev and Ivan Boyarshinov left us unique patterns of cold-steel decorated with engraving
Engraving
Engraving is the practice of incising a design on to a hard, usually flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an intaglio printing plate, of copper or another metal, for printing...
s. Flying winged horse was a favorite element of many of Bushuyev's engravings, so he was given a nickname Ivan the Wingy (Ivanko Krylatko). Since then, a pegasus was an emblem of the town.
The Soviets
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
gained control over Zlatoust in March 1918. The town was occupied by the Whites
White movement
The White movement and its military arm the White Army - known as the White Guard or the Whites - was a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces.The movement comprised one of the politico-military Russian forces who fought...
between June 1918 and July 1919. On July 13, 1919, Zlatoust was seized by the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
.
During the Soviet period, Zlatoust became an industrial city, which specialized in metallurgy
Metallurgy
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. It is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use...
, mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the...
, tool-making, food production, and other industries. Zlatoust is one of the centers of artistic engraving
Engraving
Engraving is the practice of incising a design on to a hard, usually flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an intaglio printing plate, of copper or another metal, for printing...
on metal in Russia. Traditionally, such engravings were done on weapons, such as knives
Knife
A knife is a cutting tool with an exposed cutting edge or blade, hand-held or otherwise, with or without a handle. Knives were used at least two-and-a-half million years ago, as evidenced by the Oldowan tools...
and swords; however, during Soviet period the engraving was shifted onto decorative metal plates. Nowadays the weapon engraving is popular again.
Traditionally, Zlatoust, like the rest of the Urals region, has also been famous for its pelmeni
Pelmeni
Pelmeni are dumplings consisting of a filling wrapped in thin, unleavened dough that originated in Siberia and is a dish of Russian cuisine. Pelmeni are common in Russia and have similar names in other languages: , pyal’meni; pilmän; , pel’meni; ; .- Ingredients :The dough is made from flour and...
.
Notable people
The Olympic winner in speed-skating Lidia SkoblikovaLidia Skoblikova
Lidiya Pavlovna Skoblikova is a Russia former speed skater. Representing the USSR Olympic team during the Olympic Winter Games in 1960 and 1964, she won a total of six gold medals, still a record number for a speed skater. She also won 25 gold medals at the World Championships and 15 gold medals...
, and former world chess champion
World Chess Championship
The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the board game chess. Men and women of any age are eligible to contest this title....
Anatoly Karpov
Anatoly Karpov
Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov is a Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion. He was the official world champion from 1975 to 1985 when he was defeated by Garry Kasparov. He played three matches against Kasparov for the title from 1986 to 1990, before becoming FIDE World Champion once...
began their sporting careers in Zlatoust.
2006 Olympic Gold Medallist Svetlana Ishmouratova
Svetlana Ishmouratova
Svetlana Irekovna Ishmouratova is a Russian biathlete. She lives in Chelyabinsk and is a soldier by profession.Ishmouratova won the gold in the women's 15 km individual contest at the 2006 Winter Olympics.- Biography :...
was born here.