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Zamindar
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Zamindar (Devanagari: ???????? zamindar, Urdu: ??????? zamindar, Eastern Nagari: ?????? jomidar), also kniown as Zemindar, Zamindari, Jomidar or the Zamindari System were employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. The Zamindar system used the existing structure of the bhuiyan land tenure system of the pre-Mughal era by the Mughals as a key economic and political institution to implement the Shariat based Islamic rule over the "Zimmis" , hence the term "Zimmi-dari".
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Zamindar (Devanagari: ???????? zamindar, Urdu: ??????? zamindar, Eastern Nagari: ?????? jomidar), also kniown as Zemindar, Zamindari, Jomidar or the Zamindari System were employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants. The Zamindar system used the existing structure of the bhuiyan land tenure system of the pre-Mughal era by the Mughals as a key economic and political institution to implement the Shariat based Islamic rule over the "Zimmis" , hence the term "Zimmi-dari". . The practice was continued under British rule. After independence, however, the system was abolished in India and East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh), but is still current in Pakistan. Jamindar is a common irregularity in this name, a popular pronunciation using only the original Indo-Aryan languages.
Other terms were used in various provinces. For example, zamindars were (and still are) known as Wadera in Sindh, Jagirdar in Maharashtra, while in Punjab different terms occur such as Chauhdari, Chowdhury, Lambardar, Sardar and Malik were used (the last being an Arabic word originally meaning "king" but sometimes as here used also for "chieftain" or "leader"). In Andhra Pradesh a particular caste called Reddy were mostly employed by kings to collect taxes as head of village for issues related to revenue, law and order etc. Later there were instances when Reddys ruled as kings in South Indian region of Rayalaseema.
Mughal era
In the Mughal Era, the Zamindari system was begun to ensure proper collection of taxes during a period when the power and influence of the Mughal emperors was in decline. With the Mughal conquest of Bengal, "zamindar" became a generic title embracing people with different kinds of landholdings, rights and responsibilities ranging from the autonomous or semi-independent chieftains to the peasant-proprietors. All categories of zamindars under the Mughals were required to perform certain police, judicial and military duties. Zamindars under the Mughals were, in fact, more the public functionaries than revenue collecting agents. Although zamindaris were allowed to be held hereditarily, the holders were not considered to be the proprietors of their estates.
The territorial zamindars had judicial powers. Naturally, judge-magistracy, as an element of state authority conferred status with attendant power, which really made them the lords of their domains. They held regular courts, called zamindari adalat. The courts fetched them not only power and status but some income as well by way of fines, presents and perquisites. The petty zamindars also had some share in the dispensation of civil and criminal justice. The Chowdhurys, who were zamindars in most cases, had authority to deal with the complaints of debts, thefts and petty quarrels and to impose paltry fines.
British era
Zamindar was the name of landlords in colonial India.
The Zamindari system was a way of collecting taxes from peasants. The zamindar was considered a lord, and would collect all taxes on his lands and then hand over the collected taxes to the British authorities (keeping a portion for himself). The similarities to medieval feudalism are evident.
In the Eighteenth Century, when English and Scots merchants and adventurers began to settle in Mughal India in significant numbers, they noticed a superficial resemblance between the role and status of the zamindari and the landed gentry the Squires or Lairds that were once typical of the British Isles.
Like the zamindari, the English squires and Scots lairds were the leading proprietors in their villages. In addition, they were often entrusted with important judicial and governmental functions, by the Crown in their capacities as Justices of the Peace. It was natural for the British incomers to assume that the zamindari of northern India were a kind of local squirarchy, although there were important differences. Some new Zamindars were old Rajas. Many descended from eighteenth century revenue speculators and military adventurers. Several families are of very ancient lineage, like those claiming Bargujar ancestry and had always been independent rulers at earlier periods of Indian history. They frequently intermarried with the ruling families of the princely states. Their tenants numbered from dozens to many thousands, and under imperial law, had to pay rent to Zamindars to retain rights to their land.
Under the British some of the formerly independent Indian states that were given the status of zamindaris. Some of these zamindars held title to vast tracts of land, which they were required to pay annual rents to the Government of British India. The Zamindar of Burdwan was the single largest tax payer in the British Empire, and was referred to as “Maharaja” but in his case it was a non-ruling title and not a princely one. Burdwan and other zamindaris like Darbhangha and Dumraon were very wealthy and lived like royalty. Other zamindars, i.e. Cossimbazar and Tikari Raj, used part of their revenues to improve the lot of their tenants through schools, hospitals and other public institutions.
Zamindari mansions were generally large, spacious homes built of stone and teak wood, with a wraparound porch and rooms leading off from a large central courtyard, although this varied with the region. The mansion was a part of a vast estate
By the Zamindari system all the public lands were brought under the Zamindar's control.
After independence in India
The Zamindari system was mostly abolished in India soon after its independence with the help of Sealing Act and bhoodan movement . The term is usually associated with the aristocracy as zamindars are still considered to be of the landed gentry. Zamindars tend to marry into families of the same social class; however, there have been cases of impoverished nobles marrying into rich families with no titles (this is sometimes considered marrying into the same social class, even if the other family is not of the nobility).
After independence in East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh)
The abolition of the Zamindari system (which divided the society into lords, owners of property, and commoners, users of property) in East Pakistan (1950) was a major landmark in Bangladesh's movement to a "people's state".
In West Pakistan (present day Pakistan)
In Pakistan the Zamindari System is still present, especially in the provinces of Sindh and Punjab. Zamindars are known by different terms in different provinces. In Sindh, for example, zamindars are known as Wadera, while in Punjab, different terms such as 'Chauhdari', 'Lambardar', 'Sardar' and 'Malik' are used.
See also
External links
- exclusively devoted to Indian princely states and domains
- Landholding families
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