Xu Shichang

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Xu Shichang

Xu Shichang (Styled Ju-ren [??]) or (October 20, 1855-June 5, 1939) was President of the Republic of China

President of the Republic of China

The President of the Republic of China is the head of state of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded in 1911 governing the whole of China....
(Beijing

Beijing

is a metropolis in northern China and the Capital of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the four municipality of China, which are equivalent to province in China's Political divisions of China....
government) from October 10, 1918 to June 2, 1922.

ancestral hometown was Yinxian County (current Yinzhou District

Yinzhou District

Yinzhou is a district of Ningbo in Zhejiang province, China....
), Ningbo

Ningbo

Ningbo is a seaport with sub-provincial city. The city has a population of 2,182,000 and is situated in northeastern Zhejiang province of China, People's Republic of China....
, Zhejiang Province.

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Xu Shichang (Styled Ju-ren [??]) or (October 20, 1855-June 5, 1939) was President of the Republic of China

President of the Republic of China

The President of the Republic of China is the head of state of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded in 1911 governing the whole of China....
(Beijing

Beijing

Biography

Xu's ancestral hometown was Yinxian County (current Yinzhou District

Yinzhou District

Yinzhou is a district of Ningbo in Zhejiang province, China....
), Ningbo

Ningbo

Tianjin

is the third largest city of the People's Republic of China in terms of urban population. Administratively it is one of the four municipality that have Political divisions of China status, reporting directly to the central government....
, he was Yuan Shikai

Yuan Shikai

Yuan Shikai was an important Chinese people general and politician famous for his influence during the Qing Dynasty#Rule of Empress Dowager Cixi, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the Pu Yi of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China of the Republic of China, and his short-lived attem...
's closest friend. He was at one time the Viceroy

Viceroy

A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roi, meaning king....
of Manchuria

Manchuria

Manchuria is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria either falls entirely within People's Republic of China, or is divided between China and Russia....
and at the end of the Qing dynasty

Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
he was made chief of the general staff despite being a civilian. He resigned as secretary of state

List of premiers of China

This article is a list of the Premiers of China since 1911. According to Chinese historical records, the first premier of China was appointed in about 1130 BC, by First King of Shang Dynasty....
(premier) in protest to Yuan's imperial ambition in late 1915. He resumed his post after Yuan abandoned monarchism.

His election as president was largely engineered by Duan Qirui

Duan Qirui

Duan Qirui was a China warlord and politician, commander in the Beiyang Army, and the president of the Republic of China from November 24, 1924 to April 20, 1926....
and his Anhui clique

Anhui clique

The Anhui clique was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Clique in the Republic of China's Warlord era....
. He was chosen because he was a civilian yet had close ties to the Beiyang Army

Beiyang Army

The Beiyang Army was a powerful, Western-style China armed force created by the Qing Dynasty government in the late 19th century. It was the centerpiece of a general reconstruction of China's military system....
and was neutral to both its Zhili

Zhili clique

The Zhili clique was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Army during the Republic of China's warlord era....
and Anhui cliques. Lacking any military power of his own, he had to play Duan, Zhili leader Cao Kun

Cao Kun

Cao Kun was a military leader of the Zhili clique in the Beiyang Army....
, and Fengtian

Fengtian clique

The Fengtian Clique was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Army in the Republic of China's warlord era....
leader Zhang Zuolin

Zhang Zuolin

Zhang Zu?l?n , nicknamed the "Old Marshal" , "Rain Marshal" ....
against each other to stay in power.

He held a massive celebration in Beijing for China's victory in World War I

World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
on 18 November 1918, however he brought troops into the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War

The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched in 1918 during the Russian Civil War and World War I. The intervention involved almost a dozen nations and was conducted over vast expanse of territory....
. A ceasefire with Sun Yatsen's rival Constitutional Protection government was declared and intellectuals were given greater freedom. This lasted until news from France showed how Duan Qirui promised German territory in Shandong

Shandong

For the people of Shandong, see Shandong people is a coastal political divisions of China of eastern People's Republic of China. Its abbreviation is 'Lu', after the state of Lu that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period....
to Japan. Large student protests (May Fourth Movement) led to Xu cracking down with mass arrests. The delegation was ordered home and China refused to sign or ratify the Versailles treaty

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaty at the end of World War I. It ended the declaration of war between German Empire and Allies of World War I....
. Consequently, the shaky alliance between the Zhili and Anhui cliques collapsed with Duan decisively defeated. This led to the era of high warlordism. Conflict with the south flared again in 1920 and he also failed to retake Mongolia

Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and People's Republic of China to the south, east and west....
. Cao Kun, who never liked Xu, pressured him out of office and restored Li Yuanhong

Li Yuanhong

Li Yuanhong was a China general and political figure during the Qing dynasty and the History of the Republic of China. He was twice president of the Republic of China....
.

His presidency lasted the longest during the warlord era. He was also the only non-acting president of the Beiyang government

Beiyang Government

The Beiyang government or warlord government collectively refers to a series of military regimes that ruled from Beijing from 1912 to 1928 at Zhongnanhai....
to be a civilian

Civilian

A civilian under international humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her country's armed forces. The term is also often used colloquially to refer to people who are not members of a particular profession or occupation, especially by law enforcement agency, which often use rank structures similar to those of military units...
.