XDR (audio)

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XDR (audio)

XDR (eXtended Dynamic Range) is a quality-control and duplication process for the mass-production of pre-recorded audio cassettes. It is a process designed to provide higher quality audio on pre-recorded cassettes by checking the sound quality at all stages of the tape duplication process. In this way, the dynamic range of audio recorded on an XDR-duplicated cassette can be up to 13 decibel

Decibel

The decibel is a logarithmic units of measurement that expresses the magnitude of a physical quantity relative to a specified or implied reference level....
s greater.

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Decibel

The decibel is a logarithmic units of measurement that expresses the magnitude of a physical quantity relative to a specified or implied reference level....
s greater.

This is achieved by many steps, the most prominent being:

Duplication of the cassettes from a 1" wide master loop tape mounted in a loop bin duplicator
Loop bin duplicator

A loop bin duplicator is a specialized audio tape machine utilized in the duplication of pre-recorded compact audio cassette....
(as opposed to standard cassette duplication using a 1/2" master loop tape), resulting in clearer high frequencies, greater bass response, and less noise

Recording a short test toneburst at the beginning and end of the program material on the cassette, to detect for any loss of audio frequencies in the audio spectrum
Sound

Sound is vibration transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of frequencies within the range of hearing and of a threshold of hearing to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of hearing by such vibrations....
. The toneburst consists of 11 tones about .175 seconds in length, each an octave
Octave

In music, an octave The octave is occasionally referred to as a diapason.The octave above an indicated note is sometimes abbreviated 8va, and the octave below 8vb....
apart. These tones are recorded on the cassette, and are read during the duplication process to detect if there is any loss of any audio information.

Several labels such as EMI

EMI

The EMI Group is a United Kingdom music company comprising the major record label EMI Music ? which operates several labels and is based in Kensington in London, England, United Kingdom ? and EMI Music Publishing, based in New York City....
, Capitol

Capitol Records

Capitol Records is a major United States-based record label owned by EMI and located in Hollywood, California and New York City as part of Capitol Music Group....
, PolyGram

PolyGram

PolyGram was the name from 1972 in music of the major label recording company started by Philips as a holding company for its music interests in 1945....
, and others offered cassette releases duplicated with the XDR process.