X-ray scattering techniques
Overview
 
X-ray scattering techniques are a family of non-destructive analytical techniques
Scientific technique
A scientific technique is any systematic way of obtaining information about a scientific nature or to obtain a desired material or product.Scientific techniques can be divided in many different groups, e.g.:# Preparative techniques...

 which reveal information about the crystallographic
Crystallography
Crystallography is the experimental science of the arrangement of atoms in solids. The word "crystallography" derives from the Greek words crystallon = cold drop / frozen drop, with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and grapho = write.Before the development of...

 structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films. These techniques are based on observing the scattered
Scattering
Scattering is a general physical process where some forms of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also includes deviation of...

 intensity
Intensity (physics)
In physics, intensity is a measure of the energy flux, averaged over the period of the wave. The word "intensity" here is not synonymous with "strength", "amplitude", or "level", as it sometimes is in colloquial speech...

 of an X-ray
X-ray
X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays and longer than gamma...

 beam hitting a sample as a function of incident and scattered angle, polarization, and wavelength or energy.
X-ray diffraction yields the atomic structure of materials and is based on the elastic
Elastic collision
An elastic collision is an encounter between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies after the encounter is equal to their total kinetic energy before the encounter...

 scattering of X-rays from the electron clouds of the individual atoms in the system.
Quotations

And although I'm not exactly sure what [Jim Henson] did, whatever it was really moved me.

Kermit the Frog|Kermit the Frog, Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons Meredith Books, 2006, ISBN 0-696-23232-4, p. 30.

I had never worked with puppets before so just the concept of talking to this green, grungy-lookin' rag comin' out of a trash can was totally alien to me.

Roscoe Orman|Roscoe Orman, Sesame Street Unpaved by David Borgenicht, Hyperion, 1998, ISBN 0-7868-6460-5, p. 122.

My excitement about making the [puppet] team was slightly tempered by the fact that everyone who auditioned had made the team.

Phil Vischer, Me, Myself, & Bob Nelson Books, 2006, ISBN 0-7852-2207-3, p. 36.

When I hear the art of puppetry discussed, I often feel frustrated in that it's one of those pure things that somehow becomes much less interesting when it is overdiscussed or analyzed.

Jim Henson|Jim Henson, p. 32

One of the nice things about puppets is that it's your own hand in there. You can make it do anything you want it to.

Jim Henson, p. 51

A good character is almost always derived from an aspect of the performer's personality.

Dave Goelz|Dave Goelz, Muppeteer, p. 96

Parents are concerned that if kids see that a person operates the Muppet, an illusion will be shattered. But I think kids see us as just the people who carry their friends around.

Kevin Clash|Kevin Clash, Muppeteer, p. 111

I feel that almost everyone maintains a childlike quality throughout their adulthood. One of the nice things about the puppet form is that it has the ability to communicate with this childlike side of the audience.

Jim Henson, p. 124

Working as I do with movement of puppet creatures, I'm always struck by the feebleness of our efforts to achieve naturalistic movement. Just looking at the incredible movement of a lizard or a bird, or even the smallest insect, can be a very humbling experience.

Jim Henson p. 146 by Christopher Finch, Random House, ISBN 0-679-41203-4

 
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