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X-SAMPA
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The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London. It was designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired recasting of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.
SAMPA was devised as a hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols.

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Encyclopedia
The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London. It was designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired recasting of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.
SAMPA was devised as a hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols. However, as Unicode support for IPA symbols becomes more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreases. On the other hand, X-SAMPA is still useful as the basis for an input method for true IPA.
Summary
Lowercase symbols
| X-SAMPA | IPA | IPA image | Description | Examples |
|---|
| a | | | open front unrounded vowel | French dame [dam], Spanish padre ["paD4e] | | b | | | voiced bilabial plosive | English bed [bEd], French bon [bO~] | | b_< | | | voiced bilabial implosive | b_] | | c | | | voiceless palatal plosive | Hungarian latyak ["lQcQk] | | d | | | voiced alveolar plosive | English dig [dIg], French doigt [dwa] | | d` | | | voiced retroflex plosive | Swedish hord [hu:d`] | | d_< | | | voiced alveolar implosive | d_] | | e | | | close-mid front unrounded vowel | French ses [se], English met [met] (AusE and NZE) | | f | | | voiceless labiodental fricative | English five [faIv], French femme [fam] | | g | | | voiced velar plosive | English game [geIm], French longue [lO~g] | | g_< | | | voiced velar implosive | g_<@ro] | | h | | | voiceless glottal fricative | English house [haUs] | | h\ | | | voiced glottal fricative | Czech hrad [h\rat] | | i | | | close front unrounded vowel | English be [bi:], French oui [wi], Spanish si [si] | | j | | | palatal approximant | English yes [jEs], French yeux [j2] | | j\ | | | voiced palatal fricative | Greek ?e?? [j\a] | | k | | | voiceless velar plosive | English scat [sk
Uppercase symbols
| X-SAMPA | IPA | IPA image | Description | Example |
|---|
| A | | | open back unrounded vowel | English father ["fA:D@(r\)] (RP and Gen.Am.) | | B | | | voiced bilabial fricative | Spanish lavar [la"Ba4] | | B\ | | | bilabial trill | Reminiscent of shivering ("brrr") | | C | | | voiceless palatal fricative | German ich [IC], English human ["Cjum@n] (broad transcription uses [hj-]) | | D | | | voiced dental fricative | English then [DEn] | | E | | | open-mid front unrounded vowel | French même [mEm], English met [mEt] (RP and Gen.Am.) | | F | | | labiodental nasal | English emphasis ["EFf@sIs] (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [Emf-]) | | G | | | voiced velar fricative | Greek ????a [Go"nia], Danish vælge ["vElG@] | | G\ | | | voiced uvular plosive | Inuktitut nirivvik [niG\ivvik] | | G\_< | | | voiced uvular implosive | G\_] | | H | | | labial-palatal approximant | French huit [Hit] | | H\ | | | voiceless epiglottal fricative | | | I | | | near-close near-front unrounded vowel | English kit [kIt] | | I\ | | | Near-close central unrounded vowel | Polish ryba [rI\bA] | | J | | | palatal nasal | Spanish año ["aJo], English canyon ["k:t] | | 1 | | | close central unrounded vowel | Welsh tu [t1], American English rose's ["r\oUz1z] | | 2 | | | close-mid front rounded vowel | Danish købe ["k2:b@], French deux [d2] | | 3 | | | open-mid central unrounded vowel | English nurse [n3:s] (RP) or [n3`s] (Gen.Am.) | | 3\ | | | open-mid central rounded vowel | Irish tomhail[t3\:l'] | | 4 | | | alveolar flap | Spanish pero ["pe4o], American English better ["bE4@`] | | 5 | | | velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see _e | English milk [mI5k] | | 6 | | | near-open central vowel | German besser ["bEs6], Australian English mud [m6d] | | 7 | | | close-mid back unrounded vowel | Estonian kõik [k7ik], Vietnamese mo [m7_M] | | 8 | | | close-mid central rounded vowel | Swedish buss [b8s] | | 9 | | | open-mid front rounded vowel | French neuf [n9f], Danish drømme [dR9m@] | | & | | | open front rounded vowel | Swedish skörd [x\&d`] | | ? | | | glottal stop | Danish stød [sd2?], Cockney English bottle ["bQ?l] | | ?\ | | | voiced pharyngeal fricative | Arabic ?? (`ayn) [?\Ajn] | | * | | | undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor" | | | / | | | indeterminacy in French vowels | | | < | | | begin nonsegmental notation (e.g., SAMPROSA) | | | <\ | | | voiced epiglottal fricative | | | > | | | end nonsegmental notation | | | >\ | | | epiglottal plosive | | | ^ | | | upstep | | | ! | | | downstep | | | !\ | | | postalveolar click | | | | | | | minor (foot) group | | | |\ | | | dental click | | | || | | | major (intonation) group | | | |\|\ | | | alveolar lateral click | | | =\ | | | palatal click | | | -\ | | | linking mark | |
Diacritics
Charts
Consonants
- Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. Since April 2008, this is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a right-hook v in the IPA: A dedicated symbol for the labiodental flap does not yet exist in X-SAMPA.
| Coarticulated |
|---|
| W | Voiceless labialized velar approximant | | w | Voiced labialized velar approximant | | H | Voiced labialized palatal approximant | | s\ | Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative | | z\ | Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative | | x\ | Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative |
| Affricates and double articulation |
|---|
| ts | voiceless alveolar affricate | | dz | voiced alveolar affricate | | tS | voiceless postalveolar affricate | | dZ | voiced postalveolar affricate | | ts\ | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate | | dz\ | voiced alveolo-palatal affricate | | tK | voiceless alveolar lateral affricate | | kp | voiceless labial-velar plosive | | gb | voiced labial-velar plosive | | Nm | labial-velar nasal stop |
| Consonants (non-pulmonic) |
|---|
| Clicks | Implosives | Ejectives |
|---|
| O\ | Bilabial | b_< | Bilabial | _> | For example: | | |\ | Laminal alveolar ("dental") | d_< | Alveolar | p_> | Bilabial | | ! | Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex") | J\_< | Palatal | t_> | Alveolar | | =\ | Laminal postalveolar ("palatal") | g_< | Velar | k_> | Velar | | |\|\ | Lateral coronal ("lateral") | G\_< | Uvular | s_> | Alveolar fricative |
Vowels
See also
External links
-
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- Produces Unicode text, XML text, PostScript, PDF, or LaTeX TIPA.
- from the Laboratory of Experimental Phonetics, University of Turin, Italy
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