All Topics  
William Walton

 
William Walton

 
   Email Print
   Bookmark   Link
 

 

William Walton
 
 
  Topics William Walton Topic Home

Sir William Turner Walton OM
Order of Merit

The Order of Merit is a United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations Order bestowed by the Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. It was established in 1902 by King Edward VII of the United Kingdom as a reward for distinguished service in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or for the promotion of culture....
 (29 March 1902–8 March 1983) was a British
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 composer
Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, usually in the medium of musical notation, for interpretation and performance. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music....
 and conductor.

His style was influenced by the works of Stravinsky
Igor Stravinsky

Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was a Russian-born composer, considered by many to be the most influential composer of 20th century music. He was a quintessentially Cosmopolitanism Russian who was named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people of the century....
 and Prokofiev
Sergei Prokofiev

Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev was a Russian composer who mastered numerous musical genres and came to be admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century....
 as well as jazz
Jazz

Jazz is a primarily American musical art form which originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions....
 music, and is characterized by rhythm
Rhythm

Rhythm is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events....
ic vitality, bittersweet harmony
Harmony

In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously, and chord s, actual or implied, in music. The word is related to the word "harmonic" which implies related wavelengths of waves....
, sweeping Romantic
Romantic music

In music, romanticism is a term, often considered misleading, and concept derived from literature traditionally defined by attributes including, "interest in nature, medieval chivalry, mysticism, [and] remoteness [ Social alienation and Solitude]"....
 melody
Melody

In music, a melody , also tune, voice, or line, is a linear succession of musical tones which is perceived as a single entity....
 and brilliant orchestration
Orchestration

Orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for an orchestra or of adapting for orchestra music composed for another medium. It only gradually over the course of music history came to be regarded as a compositional art in itself....
. His output includes orchestra
Orchestra

An orchestra is an Musical ensemble, usually fairly large with string, brass, woodwind sections, and possibly a percussion section as well. The term orchestra derives from the name for the area in front of an theatre of ancient Greece reserved for the Greek chorus....
l and choral
Choir

A choir, chorale, or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral Music, in turn, is the music written specifically for a choir to perform....
 works, chamber music
Chamber music

Chamber music is a form of classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber....
 and ceremonial music, as well as notable film scores. His earliest works, especially Edith Sitwell
Edith Sitwell

Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell Order of the British Empire was a United Kingdom poet and critic....
's Façade
Façade (poem)

Fa?ade is a series of poems by Edith Sitwell. Sitwell began to publish some of the Fa?ade poems in 1918, in the literary magazine 'Wheels'....
 brought him notoriety as a modernist, but it was with orchestral symphonic
Symphony

A symphony is a musical composition, often extended and usually for orchestra. "Symphony" does not imply a specific form. Many symphonies are tonality works in four movement with the first in sonata form, and this is often described by music theorists as the structure of a "Classical period " symphony, although even some symphonies by the ac...
 works and the oratorio
Oratorio

An oratorio is a large musical composition including an orchestra, a choir, and solo ists. The oratorio was somewhat modeled after the opera. Their similarities include the use of a choir, soloists, an ensemble, various distinguishable Fictional character, and arias....
 Belshazzar's Feast
Belshazzar's Feast (Walton)

Belshazzar's Feast is an oratorio by the English composer William Walton. It was first performed at the Leeds Festival on 8 October 1931. The work has remained one of Walton's most celebrated compositions and one of the most popular works in the English choir repertoire....
 that he gained international recognition.

on was born into a musical family, in Oldham, Lancashire
Oldham

Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers River Irk and River Medlock, south-southeast of Rochdale, and northeast of the city of Manchester....
, England
England

native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
.






Discussion
Ask a question about 'William Walton'
Start a new discussion about 'William Walton'
Answer questions from other users
Full Discussion Forum



Encyclopedia


Sir William Turner Walton OM
Order of Merit

The Order of Merit is a United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations Order bestowed by the Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. It was established in 1902 by King Edward VII of the United Kingdom as a reward for distinguished service in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or for the promotion of culture....
 (29 March 1902–8 March 1983) was a British
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 composer
Composer

A composer is a person who creates music, usually in the medium of musical notation, for interpretation and performance. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music....
 and conductor.

His style was influenced by the works of Stravinsky
Igor Stravinsky

Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was a Russian-born composer, considered by many to be the most influential composer of 20th century music. He was a quintessentially Cosmopolitanism Russian who was named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people of the century....
 and Prokofiev
Sergei Prokofiev

Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev was a Russian composer who mastered numerous musical genres and came to be admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century....
 as well as jazz
Jazz

Jazz is a primarily American musical art form which originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions....
 music, and is characterized by rhythm
Rhythm

Rhythm is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events....
ic vitality, bittersweet harmony
Harmony

In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously, and chord s, actual or implied, in music. The word is related to the word "harmonic" which implies related wavelengths of waves....
, sweeping Romantic
Romantic music

In music, romanticism is a term, often considered misleading, and concept derived from literature traditionally defined by attributes including, "interest in nature, medieval chivalry, mysticism, [and] remoteness [ Social alienation and Solitude]"....
 melody
Melody

In music, a melody , also tune, voice, or line, is a linear succession of musical tones which is perceived as a single entity....
 and brilliant orchestration
Orchestration

Orchestration is the study or practice of writing music for an orchestra or of adapting for orchestra music composed for another medium. It only gradually over the course of music history came to be regarded as a compositional art in itself....
. His output includes orchestra
Orchestra

An orchestra is an Musical ensemble, usually fairly large with string, brass, woodwind sections, and possibly a percussion section as well. The term orchestra derives from the name for the area in front of an theatre of ancient Greece reserved for the Greek chorus....
l and choral
Choir

A choir, chorale, or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral Music, in turn, is the music written specifically for a choir to perform....
 works, chamber music
Chamber music

Chamber music is a form of classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber....
 and ceremonial music, as well as notable film scores. His earliest works, especially Edith Sitwell
Edith Sitwell

Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell Order of the British Empire was a United Kingdom poet and critic....
's Façade
Façade (poem)

Fa?ade is a series of poems by Edith Sitwell. Sitwell began to publish some of the Fa?ade poems in 1918, in the literary magazine 'Wheels'....
 brought him notoriety as a modernist, but it was with orchestral symphonic
Symphony

A symphony is a musical composition, often extended and usually for orchestra. "Symphony" does not imply a specific form. Many symphonies are tonality works in four movement with the first in sonata form, and this is often described by music theorists as the structure of a "Classical period " symphony, although even some symphonies by the ac...
 works and the oratorio
Oratorio

An oratorio is a large musical composition including an orchestra, a choir, and solo ists. The oratorio was somewhat modeled after the opera. Their similarities include the use of a choir, soloists, an ensemble, various distinguishable Fictional character, and arias....
 Belshazzar's Feast
Belshazzar's Feast (Walton)

Belshazzar's Feast is an oratorio by the English composer William Walton. It was first performed at the Leeds Festival on 8 October 1931. The work has remained one of Walton's most celebrated compositions and one of the most popular works in the English choir repertoire....
 that he gained international recognition.

Biography


Early life and rise to fame

Walton was born into a musical family, in Oldham, Lancashire
Oldham

Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers River Irk and River Medlock, south-southeast of Rochdale, and northeast of the city of Manchester....
, England
England

native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
. At the age of ten, Walton was accepted as a chorister at Christ Church Cathedral
Christ Church Cathedral School

Christ Church Cathedral School is a Prep and Pre-Prep, fee-paying boarding and day school for approximately 140 pupils based in Oxford, England....
 in Oxford
Oxford

Oxford is a City status in the United Kingdom, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. It has a population of 151,000. The rivers River Cherwell and River Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre....
, and he subsequently entered Christ Church
Christ Church, Oxford

Christ Church , is one of the largest Colleges of the University of Oxford of the University of Oxford in England. As well as being a college, Christ Church is also the cathedral church of the diocese of Oxford, namely Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford....
 of the University of Oxford
University of Oxford

The University of Oxford , located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation in the English-speaking world....
 as an undergraduate at the unusually early age of sixteen. He was largely self-taught as a composer (poring over new scores in the Ellis Library
Ellis Library

Ellis Library is the main library of the University of Missouri System located on the campus of the University of Missouri. It is the largest research library in the state of Missouri and the 47th largest in the nation....
, notably those by Stravinsky, Debussy
Claude Debussy

Achille-Claude Debussy was a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he is considered one of the most prominent figures working within the field of Impressionist music, though he himself intensely disliked the term when applied to his compositions....
, Sibelius
Jean Sibelius

Johan Julius Christian Sibelius was a Finland composer of the later Romantic music whose music played an important role in the formation of the Finnish national identity....
 and Roussel
Albert Roussel

File:Roussel.gifAlbert Charles Paul Marie Roussel was a France composer. Although Roussel spent seven years as a midshipman, only turning to music as an adult, he became one of the most prominent French composers of the inter-war period....
), but received some tutelage from Hugh Allen, the cathedral organist. At Oxford Walton befriended two poets — Sacheverell Sitwell and Siegfried Sassoon
Siegfried Sassoon

Siegfried Loraine Sassoon, Commander of British Empire Military Cross was an English poetry and author. He became known as a writer of satire anti-war poetry during World War I....
 — who would prove influential in publicizing his music. Little of Walton's juvenilia survives, but the choral anthem A Litany, written when he was just fifteen, exhibits striking harmonies and voice-leading which was more advanced than that of many older contemporary composers in Britain. Perhaps the most daring harmonic features of the work are the pungent augmented-chord inflections, notably in the striking final cadence.

Walton left Oxford without a degree in 1920 for failing Responsions
Responsions

Responsions was a name describing the first of the three examinations once required for an academic degree at the University of Oxford. It was nicknamed the Little Go and was generally taken by students prior to or shortly after matriculation, the idea being that without standardised qualifications from school examinations, the Universi...
, to lodge in London
London

London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
 with the literary Sitwell siblings — Sacheverell, Osbert and Edith
Edith Sitwell

Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell Order of the British Empire was a United Kingdom poet and critic....
 — as an 'adopted, or elected, brother'. Through the Sitwells, Walton became familiar with many of the most important figures in British music between the World Wars, particularly his fellow composer, Constant Lambert
Constant Lambert

Leonard Constant Lambert was a United Kingdom composer and Conducting....
, and also in the arts, notably Noel Coward
Noël Coward

Sir No?l Peirce Coward was an English people playwright, composer, Theatre director, actor and singer, known for his wit, flamboyance and what Time magazine called "a sense of personal style, a combination of cheek and chic, pose and poise"....
, Lytton Strachey
Lytton Strachey

Giles Lytton Strachey was a United Kingdom writer and critic. He is best known for establishing a new form of biography in which psychology insight and sympathy are combined with irreverence and wit....
, Rex Whistler
Rex Whistler

Reginald John 'Rex' Whistler was an England artist, designer and illustrator.Rex Whistler was the son of Henry and Helen Frances Mary Whistler....
, Peter Quennell
Peter Quennell

Peter Courtney Quennell was an English biographer, literary historian, editor, essayist, poet, and critic.Quennell was the son of architect C.H.B....
, Cecil Beaton
Cecil Beaton

Sir Cecil Walter Hardy Beaton CBE, was an England fashion and portrait photographer and an Academy Award-winning stage design and costume designer for films and the theatre....
 and others. Walton's first reputation was one of notoriety, built on his ground-breaking musical adaptation of Edith Sitwell's Façade
Façade (poem)

Fa?ade is a series of poems by Edith Sitwell. Sitwell began to publish some of the Fa?ade poems in 1918, in the literary magazine 'Wheels'....
 poems. The 1923 first public performance of the jazz-influenced Façade resulted in Walton being branded an avant-garde
Avant-garde

Avant-garde means "advance guard" or "vanguard". The adjective form is used in English, to refer to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics....
 modernist (the critic Ernest Newman
Ernest Newman

Ernest Newman was an English people music critic and musicologist....
 described him thus: 'as a musical joker he is a jewel of the first water'), though the first performances stimulated a considerable amount of controversy. An early string quartet
String quartet

A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string instruments — usually two violins, a viola and cello — or a piece written to be performed by such a group....
 gained only slight international recognition, including a performance at the 1923 festival of the International Society for Contemporary Music
International Society for Contemporary Music

The International Society for Contemporary Music is a music organization that promotes contemporary classical music.ISCM was established in 1922, in Salzburg....
 in Salzburg
Salzburg

is the List of cities and towns in Austria#List of cities and towns by population size in Austria and the capital city of the states of Austria of Salzburg ....
, with a much appreciative Alban Berg
Alban Berg

Alban Maria Johannes Berg was an Austrian composer. He was a member of the Second Viennese School with Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, and produced compositions that combined Gustav Mahler Romantic music with a personal adaptation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique....
 in attendance.

During the 1920s, Walton made a modest income playing piano at jazz clubs, but spent most of his time composing in the Sitwells' attic. The orchestral overture
Overture

Overture in music is the instrumental introduction to a dramatic, choir or, occasionally, Musical composition. During the early Romantic era, composers such as Ludwig van Beethoven and Felix Mendelssohn began to use the term to refer to instrumental, programmatic works that presaged genres such as the symphonic poem....
 Portsmouth Point
Portsmouth Point

Portsmouth Point, or "Spice Island", is part of Old Portsmouth in Portsmouth, Hampshire, on the southern coast of England. The name Spice Island comes from the areas involvement in the trade of Caribbean spices....
 (which he dedicated to Sassoon) was the first work to point toward his eventual accomplishments, including a strong rhythmic drive, extensive syncopation
Syncopation

In music, syncopation includes a variety of rhythms which are in some way unexpected in that they deviate from the strict succession of regularly spaced strong and weak beat in a meter ....
 and a dissonant
Consonance and dissonance

In music, a consonance is a harmony, Chord , or interval considered stable, as opposed to a dissonance ? considered unstable . The strictest definition of consonance may be only those sounds which are pleasant, while the most general definition includes any sounds which are used freely....
 but predominantly tonal
Tonality

Tonality is a system of music in which specific hierarchy pitch relationships are based on a Key "center" or Tonic . The term tonalit? originated with Alexandre-?tienne Choron and was borrowed by Fran?ois-Joseph F?tis in 1840 ....
 harmonic language. It was the Viola Concerto
Viola Concerto (Walton)

The Viola Concerto by William Walton was written in 1929 for the famous violist Lionel Tertis. The concerto was modelled on Sergei Prokofiev's Violin Concerto No....
 of 1929, however, which catapulted him to the forefront of British classical music, its bittersweet melancholy proving quite popular; it remains a cornerstone of the solo viola
Viola

The viola is a bowed string instrument. It is the middle voice of the violin family, between the violin and the cello.The casual observer may mistake the viola for the violin because of their similarity in size, closeness in pitch range , and nearly identical playing position....
 repertoire. This success was followed by equally acclaimed works: the massive choral cantata
Cantata

A cantata is a vocal music music composition with an musical instrument accompaniment and often containing more than one movement ....
 Belshazzar's Feast
Belshazzar's Feast (Walton)

Belshazzar's Feast is an oratorio by the English composer William Walton. It was first performed at the Leeds Festival on 8 October 1931. The work has remained one of Walton's most celebrated compositions and one of the most popular works in the English choir repertoire....
 (1931), the Symphony No. 1
Symphony No. 1 (Walton)

The Symphony No. 1 in B-flat minor by the English composer William Walton was commissioned by Hamilton Harty, and completed in 1935. The first complete performance was given by Harty and the BBC Symphony Orchestra on the 6 November of that year, although a performance of the first three movements had been given the previous December by Harty...
 (1935), the coronation march Crown Imperial
Crown Imperial (musical composition)

Crown Imperial is an orchestral March by the England composer William Walton. It was first performed at the Coronation of the British monarch of George VI of the United Kingdom in 1937, and substantially revised in 1963....
 (1937), and the Violin Concerto
Violin Concerto (Walton)

The Violin Concerto of William Walton was written in 1938 in music–1939 in music and reorchestrated in 1943. It has three movements:#Tempo#basic tempo markings tranquillo...
 (1939). Each of these works remains firmly entrenched in the repertoire today. Though Belshazzar's Feast is a cornerstone of the repertoire of any up-and-coming choral society, the First Symphony remains a challenge even to professional orchestras without generous rehearsal time to devote to it.

After World War II

During World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
, Walton was granted leave from military service in order to compose music for propagandistic films, such as The First of the Few
The First of the Few

The First of the Few, , is a 1942 in film Cinema of the United Kingdom, starring and directed by Leslie Howard , and co-starring David Niven....
 (1942), and Laurence Olivier
Laurence Olivier

Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, Order of Merit was an English people Stage actor, Theatre director, and Theatrical producer. He is one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century, along with his contemporaries John Gielgud, Peggy Ashcroft and Ralph Richardson....
's adaptation of Shakespeare
William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an English people poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist....
's Henry V
Henry V (1944 film)

Henry V is a 1944 in film film adaptation of William Shakespeare's Henry V . The on-screen title is The Chronicle History of King Henry the Fift with His Battell Fought at Agincourt in France ....
 (1944), which Winston Churchill
Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, Order of the Garter, Order of Merit, Order of the Companions of Honour, Territorial Decoration, Fellow of the Royal Society, Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, Queen's Privy Council for Canada was a Politics of the United Kingdom known chiefly for his leadership of the United King...
 encouraged Olivier to adapt as if it were a piece of morale-boosting propaganda. By the mid-1940s, the rise to fame of younger composers such as Benjamin Britten
Benjamin Britten

Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, Order of Merit Order of the Companions of Honour was an England composer, conducting, viola and pianist....
 substantially curtailed Walton's reception among music critics, though the public always received his music enthusiastically. After composing a second string quartet
String quartet

A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string instruments — usually two violins, a viola and cello — or a piece written to be performed by such a group....
 (1946), his strongest achievement in the world of chamber music
Chamber music

Chamber music is a form of classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber....
, Walton dedicated the considerable period of seven years to his three-act tragic opera
Opera

Opera is an Performing arts in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work which combines a text and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition....
, Troilus and Cressida
Troilus and Cressida (opera)

Troilus and Cressida is the first of the two operas by William Walton. The libretto was by Christopher Hassall, his own first opera libretto, based on Chaucer's poem Troilus and Criseyde....
 (1947-1954). The opera was not widely acclaimed, and it was from this point that Walton's reputation as an old-fashioned composer became confirmed.

Walton also composed the music for two more Shakespeare-Olivier films - the Academy Award-winning Hamlet
Hamlet (1948 film)

Hamlet is a British film adaptation of William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, directed by and starring Laurence Olivier. Hamlet was Olivier's second film as director, and also the second of his three Shakespeare films....
, and Richard III
Richard III (1955 film)

Richard III is a 1955 in film Cinema of the United Kingdom Shakespeare on screen#Richard III of William Shakespeare's Shakespearean history Richard III , including elements of Henry VI, Part 3....
. Walton, however, did not win Oscars for any of his Shakespeare-based scores.

After Troilus and Cressida, Walton returned to orchestral music, composing in rapid succession the Cello Concerto (1956), the Symphony No. 2
Symphony No. 2 (Walton)

The Symphony No. 2, composed by England composer William Walton, was commissioned by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society. It is also known as The Liverpool Symphony....
 (1960), and his masterpiece of the post-war period, the Variations on a Theme by Hindemith (1963). His music from the 1960s shows a great reluctance to accept the post-war avant-garde trends espoused by Pierre Boulez
Pierre Boulez

Pierre Boulez is a French composer of contemporary classical music and Conducting....
 and others, as Walton preferred to compose in the post-Romantic style which he had found most rewarding. Indeed, he was far from forgotten, having been knighted
Knight Bachelor

The rank of Knight Bachelor is a part of the British honours system. It is the rank of a man who has been knighted by the monarch but not as a member of one of the organised Chivalric order....
 in 1951 and received the Order of Merit
Order of Merit

The Order of Merit is a United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations Order bestowed by the Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. It was established in 1902 by King Edward VII of the United Kingdom as a reward for distinguished service in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or for the promotion of culture....
 in 1967. His one-act comic opera, The Bear
The Bear (opera)

The Bear is the second of the two operas by William Walton, described in publication as an "Extravaganza in One Act". The libretto was by Paul Dehn, based on a play by Anton Chekhov....
, was well received at the Aldeburgh Festival
Aldeburgh Festival

The Aldeburgh Festival is an England arts festival devoted mainly to European classical music. It takes place each June in the Aldeburgh area of Suffolk, centred on the main concert hall at Snape Maltings....
 in 1967, and commissions came from as far afield as the New York Philharmonic
New York Philharmonic

The New York Philharmonic is the oldest active symphony orchestra in the United States, organized during 1842. Based in New York City, the Philharmonic performs most of its concerts at Avery Fisher Hall....
 (Capriccio burlesco, 1968), and the San Francisco Symphony
San Francisco Symphony

The San Francisco Symphony is a leading orchestra based in San Francisco, California. The current music director is Michael Tilson Thomas, who has held the position since September 1995....
 (Improvisations on an Impromptu of Benjamin Britten, 1969). His song-cycles from this period were premiered by artists as illustrious as Peter Pears
Peter Pears

Sir Peter Neville Luard Pears was an England tenor and life-long partner of the composer Benjamin Britten.He was educated at Lancing College and went on to study music at Keble College, Oxford, serving as organist at Hertford College, Oxford, but left without taking his degree....
 (Anon. in love, 1960) and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
Elisabeth Schwarzkopf

Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Order of the British Empire was a German-born Austrian/British opera singer and recitalist. She was amongst the most renowned opera singers of the 20th Century, much admired for her performances of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Richard Strauss and Hugo Wolf....
 (A Song for the Lord Mayor's Table, 1962).

Walton was commissioned to write the score for the 1969 film Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain

The Battle of Britain is the name given to the sustained strategic effort by the Luftwaffe during the summer and autumn of 1940 to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force , especially RAF Fighter Command....
. The music was conducted by Malcolm Arnold
Malcolm Arnold

Sir Malcolm Henry Arnold, Order of the British Empire was an England composer and Symphony.Malcolm Arnold began his career playing trumpet professionally, by age thirty his life was devoted to composition....
. However, the music department at United Artists
United Artists

United Artists Entertainment LLC is an United States film studio. The current United Artists was formed in November 2006 under a partnership between producer/actor Tom Cruise and his production partner, Paula Wagner, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc., an MGM company....
 objected that the score was too short. As a result, a further score was commissioned from Ron Goodwin
Ron Goodwin

Ronald Alfred Goodwin was a United Kingdom composer and Conducting known for his film scores....
. Producer S. Benjamin Fisz and actor Sir Laurence Olivier protested this decision, and Olivier threatened to take his name from the credits. In the end, one segment of the Walton score, titled The Battle in the Air, which framed the climactic air battles of 15 September 1940, was retained in the final cut. The Walton score was played with no sound effects of aircraft motors or gunfire, giving this sequence a transcendent, lyrical quality. Tapes of the Walton score were believed lost forever until being rediscovered in 1990. Since then the score has been restored and released on compact disc.

In his final decade, Walton found composition increasingly difficult. He repeatedly tried to compose a third symphony for André Previn
André Previn

Andr? Previn Order of the British Empire is a German-born American Academy Award and Grammy Award winning pianist, conducting, and composer. He first came to prominence by arranging and composing Hollywood film scores in 1948....
, but later abandoned the work. His final works are mostly re-orchestrations or revisions of earlier music, and liturgical choral music. He had settled on the island of Ischia
Ischia

Ischia is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. The roughly trapezoidal island lies c. 30 km from Naples and measures around 10 km east to west and 7 km north to south with a 34 km coastline and a surface area of 46.3 km?....
 in Italy
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
 in 1949 with his Argentinian
Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city....
 wife Susana Gil, and it was at his home there that he died in 1983. Since his death, Walton's music has gained a resurgence of attention, both in live performance and recordings. Indeed, as the history of post-war classical music continues to be re-evaluated, Walton is seen less as an old-fashioned representative of a lost era, and more as a strong individualist who wrote in an attractive, personal idiom.

In his only acting role, he played King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony in the 1983 miniseries Wagner
Wagner (mini-series)

Wagner is a 1983 television miniseries on the life of Richard Wagner. It was directed by Tony Palmer and written by Charles Wood. It was released in December 1983....
.

He died on 8 March 1983, in Ischia
Ischia

Ischia is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples. The roughly trapezoidal island lies c. 30 km from Naples and measures around 10 km east to west and 7 km north to south with a 34 km coastline and a surface area of 46.3 km?....
, Italy
Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
, where he had settled in 1949.

Works


Opera

  • Troilus and Cressida
    Troilus and Cressida (opera)

    Troilus and Cressida is the first of the two operas by William Walton. The libretto was by Christopher Hassall, his own first opera libretto, based on Chaucer's poem Troilus and Criseyde....
     (1954, to a libretto by Christopher Hassall
    Christopher Hassall

    Christopher Vernon Hassall was an English actor, dramatist, librettist, lyricist and poet, who found his greatest fame in a memorable musical partnership with the actor and composer Ivor Novello after working together in the same touring company....
     )
  • The Bear
    The Bear (opera)

    The Bear is the second of the two operas by William Walton, described in publication as an "Extravaganza in One Act". The libretto was by Paul Dehn, based on a play by Anton Chekhov....
    , one-act opera (1967, based on the play translated as The Bear or The Boor by Anton Chekhov
    Anton Chekhov

    Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a Russian Short story writer, playwright and physician, considered to be one of the greatest short-story writers in world literature....
    )


Ballet

  • The Wise Virgins (1940, based on music by J. S. Bach
    Johann Sebastian Bach

    Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organ whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque music period and brought it to its ultimate maturity....
    )
  • The Quest (1943, written for Frederick Ashton
    Frederick Ashton

    Sir Frederick William Mallandaine Ashton Order of Merit, Order of the Companions of Honour,Order of the British Empire, was a leading international dancer and choreographer....
    )


Orchestral works

  • Symphony No. 1
    Symphony No. 1 (Walton)

    The Symphony No. 1 in B-flat minor by the English composer William Walton was commissioned by Hamilton Harty, and completed in 1935. The first complete performance was given by Harty and the BBC Symphony Orchestra on the 6 November of that year, although a performance of the first three movements had been given the previous December by Harty...
     (1935, written for Hamilton Harty
    Hamilton Harty

    Sir Herbert Hamilton Harty was an Irish and British composer, conducting and accompanist.Harty was born in Hillsborough, County Down, Ireland, the fourth of ten children of church organist William Michael Harty and his wife, Annie Elizabeth, the daughter of Joseph Hamilton Richards, a soldier from Bray....
    )
  • Symphony No. 2 "Liverpool"
    Symphony No. 2 (Walton)

    The Symphony No. 2, composed by England composer William Walton, was commissioned by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society. It is also known as The Liverpool Symphony....
     (1960, commissioned by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society)
  • Portsmouth Point
    Portsmouth Point (Walton)

    Portsmouth Point is an overture for orchestra by the English composer William Walton, composed in 1925. The work was inspired by Rowlandson's print depicting Portsmouth Point....
    , concert overture (1925)
  • Façade
    Façade (poem)

    Fa?ade is a series of poems by Edith Sitwell. Sitwell began to publish some of the Fa?ade poems in 1918, in the literary magazine 'Wheels'....
     Suites for Orchestra (1926 and 1938, arranged from Façade)
  • Crown Imperial
    Crown Imperial (musical composition)

    Crown Imperial is an orchestral March by the England composer William Walton. It was first performed at the Coronation of the British monarch of George VI of the United Kingdom in 1937, and substantially revised in 1963....
    , ceremonial march (1937, written for the coronation of George VI
    George VI of the United Kingdom

    George VI was British monarchy and the United Kingdom Dominions from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the last King of Ireland , and the first Head of the Commonwealth....
    )
  • Scapino Overture (1940)
  • Music for Children (1941, orchestrated from Duets for Children)
  • Spitfire Prelude and Fugue (1942, from the film The First of the Few)
  • Orb and Sceptre
    Orb and Sceptre

    "Orb and Sceptre" is a march composed for orchestra by composer William Walton. It was written for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on 2 June 1953....
    , ceremonial march (1953, written for the coronation of Elizabeth II
    Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom

    Elizabeth II is the queen regnant of sixteen independent states known as the Commonwealth realms: Monarchy of the United Kingdom, Monarchy of Canada, Monarchy of Australia, Monarchy of New Zealand, Monarchy of Jamaica, Monarchy of Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Monarchy of the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Sain...
    )
  • Johannesburg Festival Overture (1956)
  • Partita for Orchestra (1957)
  • Prelude for Orchestra (Granada) (1962)
  • Variations on a Theme by Hindemith (1963)
  • Capriccio burlesco (1968)
  • Improvisations on an Impromptu by Benjamin Britten
    Benjamin Britten

    Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, Order of Merit Order of the Companions of Honour was an England composer, conducting, viola and pianist....
     (1969)
  • Sonata for String Orchestra (1971, orchestrated from String Quartet No. 2)


Concertante works

  • Sinfonia Concertante, for piano and orchestra (1927)
  • Viola Concerto
    Viola Concerto (Walton)

    The Viola Concerto by William Walton was written in 1929 for the famous violist Lionel Tertis. The concerto was modelled on Sergei Prokofiev's Violin Concerto No....
     (1929, written for Lionel Tertis
    Lionel Tertis

    Lionel Tertis was an England viola and one of the first viola players to find international fame.Tertis was born in West Hartlepool, the son of Polish-Jewish immigrants, and initially studied the violin in Leipzig and at the Royal Academy of Music in London....
     but premiered by Paul Hindemith
    Paul Hindemith

    Paul Hindemith was a German composer, violist, violinist, teacher, music theorist and Conducting....
    )
  • Violin Concerto
    Violin Concerto (Walton)

    The Violin Concerto of William Walton was written in 1938 in music–1939 in music and reorchestrated in 1943. It has three movements:#Tempo#basic tempo markings tranquillo...
     (1939, written for Jascha Heifetz
    Jascha Heifetz

    Jascha Heifetz was a Jewish violin virtuoso born in Lithuania . He is hailed as the greatest violinist of the 20th century.Early life ...
    )
  • Cello Concerto (1956, written for Gregor Piatigorsky
    Gregor Piatigorsky

    Gregor Piatigorsky was a Ukraine-USA cello....
    )


Choral music

  • Works for Chorus
    Choir

    A choir, chorale, or chorus is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral Music, in turn, is the music written specifically for a choir to perform....
     and Orchestra
    Orchestra

    An orchestra is an Musical ensemble, usually fairly large with string, brass, woodwind sections, and possibly a percussion section as well. The term orchestra derives from the name for the area in front of an theatre of ancient Greece reserved for the Greek chorus....
    • Belshazzar's Feast
      Belshazzar's Feast (Walton)

      Belshazzar's Feast is an oratorio by the English composer William Walton. It was first performed at the Leeds Festival on 8 October 1931. The work has remained one of Walton's most celebrated compositions and one of the most popular works in the English choir repertoire....
       (1931)
    • In Honour of the City of London (1937)
    • Coronation Te Deum
      Te Deum

      The Te Deum is an Early Christian hymn of praise. The hymn remains in regular use in the Roman Catholic Church in the Office of Readings found in the Liturgy of the Hours, and in thanksgiving to God for a special blessing either after Mass or Divine Office or as a separate religious ceremony....
       (1952, written for the coronation of Elizabeth II
      Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom

      Elizabeth II is the queen regnant of sixteen independent states known as the Commonwealth realms: Monarchy of the United Kingdom, Monarchy of Canada, Monarchy of Australia, Monarchy of New Zealand, Monarchy of Jamaica, Monarchy of Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Monarchy of the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Sain...
      )
    • Gloria
      Gloria in Excelsis Deo

      "Gloria in excelsis Deo" is the title and beginning of a hymn known also as the Greater Doxology and the Angelic Hymn.The name is often abbreviated to Gloria in Excelsis or simply Gloria....
       (1961)
  • Works for Chorus and Organ
    Organ (music)

    The organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard played either Manual or Pedal clavier. The organ is one of the oldest musical instruments in the European classical music....
    • The Twelve, to a text by W. H. Auden
      W. H. Auden

      Wystan Hugh Auden who signed his works W. H. Auden, was an Anglo-American poet, regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century....
       (1965)
    • Anglican service music, including Missa Brevis
      Missa Brevis

      A missa brevis is, literally, a "short Mass ". It can refer to several forms of the mass, from the "telescoped" Viennese masses of Haydn and Mozart to the low mass , or in the specifically Lutheran sense to a mixed setting....
       (1966) and Jubilate Deo (1972)
  • Works for Unaccompanied
    A cappella

    Acappella music is vocal music or singing without musical instrument accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. A cappella was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance music polyphony and Baroque concertato style....
     Chorus
    • A Litany (1916)
    • Set me as a seal upon thine heart (1938)
    • Where does the uttered Music go? (1946, written for a memorial service for Henry Wood
      Henry Wood (conductor)

      Sir Henry Joseph Wood, Order of the Companions of Honour was an English conductor, forever associated with the The Proms which he conducted for half a century....
      )
    • Cantico del sole (1974)
    • four carol
      Carol (music)

      A carol is a festive song, generally religious but not necessarily connected with church worship, and often with a dance-like or popular character....
      s, including What cheer? (1961)


Chamber music

  • Piano Quartet (1921)
  • String Quartet (occasionally called "No. 1") (1922)
  • Duets for Children, for piano
    Piano

    The piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard instrument. Widely used in Western music for solo performance, ensemble use, chamber music, and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to musical composition and rehearsal....
     duet (1940)
  • String Quartet in A minor (occasionally called "No. 2") (1946)
  • Violin Sonata, 1947–9. Revised considerably after the premiere, 1949–50, written for Yehudi Menuhin
    Yehudi Menuhin

    Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, Order of Merit, Order of the British Empire was a violinist and conducting who spent most of his performing career in the United Kingdom....
     and Louis Kentner
    Louis Kentner

    Louis Kentner was a Hungary, later United Kingdom, pianist who excelled in the works of Fr?d?ric Chopin and Franz Liszt, as well as the Hungarian repertoire....
  • Five Bagatelle
    Bagatelle (music)

    A bagatelle is a short piece of music, typically for the piano, and usually of a light, mellow character. The name bagatelle literally means a "trifle", as a reference to the innocent character of the piece....
    s, for solo guitar
    Guitar

    The guitar is a musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles. It typically has six Strings , but Tenor guitar, Seven-string guitar, Eight-string guitar, Ten-string guitar, Eleven-string guitar, Twelve-string guitar, Thirteen-string guitar and doubleneck guitar string guitars also exist....
     (1971, written for Julian Bream
    Julian Bream

    Julian Bream Commander of the Order of the British Empire is an internationally celebrated United Kingdom classical guitar and lutenist, widely recognized as one of the most important classical guitarists of the 20th century....
     and dedicated to his close friend Malcolm Arnold
    Malcolm Arnold

    Sir Malcolm Henry Arnold, Order of the British Empire was an England composer and Symphony.Malcolm Arnold began his career playing trumpet professionally, by age thirty his life was devoted to composition....
    )
  • Passacaglia, for solo cello
    Cello

    The violoncello is a bowed string instrument. A person who plays a cello is called a cellist. The cello is used as a solo instrument, in chamber music, and as a member of the string section of an orchestra....
     (1980, written for Mstislav Rostropovich
    Mstislav Rostropovich

    Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire , , known to close friends as ?Slava,? was a Russians cellist and conducting....
    )


Solo vocal music

  • Façade
    Façade (poem)

    Fa?ade is a series of poems by Edith Sitwell. Sitwell began to publish some of the Fa?ade poems in 1918, in the literary magazine 'Wheels'....
    , for reciter and chamber ensemble (1922, subsequently revised, based on poems by Edith Sitwell
    Edith Sitwell

    Dame Edith Louisa Sitwell Order of the British Empire was a United Kingdom poet and critic....
    )
  • Three Songs, for voice and piano (1932, arranged from Façade)
  • Anon. in love, song-cycle for tenor
    Tenor

    The tenor is a type of male voice type and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between the C one octave below middle C to the A above in choral music, and up to high C in solo work....
     and guitar (1960, written for Peter Pears
    Peter Pears

    Sir Peter Neville Luard Pears was an England tenor and life-long partner of the composer Benjamin Britten.He was educated at Lancing College and went on to study music at Keble College, Oxford, serving as organist at Hertford College, Oxford, but left without taking his degree....
     and Julian Bream
    Julian Bream

    Julian Bream Commander of the Order of the British Empire is an internationally celebrated United Kingdom classical guitar and lutenist, widely recognized as one of the most important classical guitarists of the 20th century....
    )
  • A Song for the Lord Mayor's Table, song-cycle for soprano and piano (1962, premiered by Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
    Elisabeth Schwarzkopf

    Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Order of the British Empire was a German-born Austrian/British opera singer and recitalist. She was amongst the most renowned opera singers of the 20th Century, much admired for her performances of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Richard Strauss and Hugo Wolf....
     and Gerald Moore
    Gerald Moore

    Gerald Moore Order of the British Empire was an England piano best known for his career as one of the most in-demand accompanists of his day, accompanying many of the world's most famous musicians....
    )
  • six song
    Song

    A song is a musical musical composition which contains vocal parts that are performed, 'sung,' and feature words , commonly accompanied by musical instruments ....
    s for voice and piano


Film scores

Note: Dates listed are of musical composition, not film release.
  • Escape Me Never
    Escape Me Never

    Escape Me Never is a Play written by Margaret Kennedy based upon her 1930's novel The Fool of the Family.Set in pre World War I Europe, it tells the story of two brothers who are composers, share a flat, and are both in love with two women -- an heiress and a young innocent....
    , directed by Paul Czinner
    Paul Czinner

    Paul Czinner was a writer, film director, and film producer.Czinner was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary. After studying literature and philosophy at the University of Vienna, he worked as a journalist....
     (1934)
  • As You Like It
    As You Like It (1936 film)

    As You Like It is a 1936 in film film, directed by Paul Czinner and starring Laurence Olivier as Orlando and Elisabeth Bergner as Rosalind. It is based on William Shakespeare's As You Like It....
    , directed by Paul Czinner (1936)
  • Dreaming Lips, directed by Paul Czinner (1937)
  • A Stolen Life, directed by Paul Czinner (1938)
  • Major Barbara
    Major Barbara (1941 film)

    Major Barbara is a 1941 in film United Kingdom film starring Wendy Hiller and Rex Harrison. The film was Film producer and film director by Gabriel Pascal and edited by David Lean....
    , directed by Gabriel Pascal
    Gabriel Pascal

    Gabriel Pascal was a Hungarian people film producer and film director.Born in Arad, Transylvania, Austria?Hungary in 1894, Pascal was the first film producer to bring the plays of George Bernard Shaw successfully to the screen....
     (1941)
  • The Next of Kin
    The Next of Kin

    The Next of Kin, also known as Next of Kin, is a 1942 in film World War II propaganda film produced by Ealing Studios.The film was originally commissioned by the United Kingdom War Office as a training film to promote the government propaganda message that "Careless Talk Costs Lives "....
    , directed by Thorold Dickinson
    Thorold Dickinson

    Thorold Barron Dickinson was a United Kingdom film director, screenwriter and Film producer. His father was the Archdeacon of Bristol. He was educated at Clifton College and Keble College, Oxford....
     (1941)
  • The Foreman Went to France
    The Foreman Went to France

    The Foreman Went to France, also known as Somewhere in France, is a 1942 in film World War II war film starring Clifford Evans, Tommy Trinder, Constance Cummings and Gordon Jackson ....
    , directed by Charles Frend
    Charles Frend

    'Charles Frend' was an England film director, born 21 November 1909 in Pulborough, Sussex, England.Charles Frend started his career at British International Pictures in 1931 and after editing Alfred Hitchcock's Waltzes from Vienna moved to Gaumont-British Pictures in 1933 where he worked as an editor on Alfred Hitchcock's movies Secret Ag...
     (1942)
  • The First of the Few
    The First of the Few

    The First of the Few, , is a 1942 in film Cinema of the United Kingdom, starring and directed by Leslie Howard , and co-starring David Niven....
    , directed by and starring Leslie Howard
    Leslie Howard (actor)

    Leslie Howard was an English people Academy Award-nominated Stage and film actor, director, and Theatrical producer. He is best known by international audiences as Ashley Wilkes in the film Gone with the Wind ....
     (1942)
  • Went the Day Well?
    Went the Day Well?

    Went the Day Well? is a United Kingdom war film produced by Ealing Studios in 1942 in film as propaganda. It tells of how an English village is taken over by Fallschirmj?ger....
    , directed by Alberto Cavalcanti
    Alberto Cavalcanti

    Alberto de Almeida Cavalcanti was a Brazilian-born film director and film producer....
     (1942)
  • Henry V
    Henry V (1944 film)

    Henry V is a 1944 in film film adaptation of William Shakespeare's Henry V . The on-screen title is The Chronicle History of King Henry the Fift with His Battell Fought at Agincourt in France ....
    , directed by and starring Laurence Olivier
    Laurence Olivier

    Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, Order of Merit was an English people Stage actor, Theatre director, and Theatrical producer. He is one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century, along with his contemporaries John Gielgud, Peggy Ashcroft and Ralph Richardson....
     (1944)
  • Hamlet
    Hamlet (1948 film)

    Hamlet is a British film adaptation of William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, directed by and starring Laurence Olivier. Hamlet was Olivier's second film as director, and also the second of his three Shakespeare films....
    , directed by and starring Laurence Olivier (1947)
  • Richard III
    Richard III (1955 film)

    Richard III is a 1955 in film Cinema of the United Kingdom Shakespeare on screen#Richard III of William Shakespeare's Shakespearean history Richard III , including elements of Henry VI, Part 3....
    , directed by and starring Laurence Olivier (1955)
  • Battle of Britain
    Battle of Britain (film)

    Battle of Britain is a 1969 in film film directed by Guy Hamilton, and produced by Harry Saltzman and S. Benjamin Fisz. The film broadly relates the events of the Battle of Britain....
    , directed by Guy Hamilton
    Guy Hamilton

    Guy Hamilton is a noted England film director.Hamilton was born in Paris, France where his English parents were living. He worked as an assistant for Carol Reed on films including The Fallen Idol and The Third Man before turning to directing with his first film The Ringer in 1952....
     (1969; apart from the "Battle in the Air" sequence, the score was dropped before the film was released, and replaced with one by Ron Goodwin
    Ron Goodwin

    Ronald Alfred Goodwin was a United Kingdom composer and Conducting known for his film scores....
    )
  • Three Sisters, directed by Laurence Olivier (1969)


Incidental music

  • Christopher Columbus, music for the radio play by Louis MacNeice
    Louis MacNeice

    Frederick Louis MacNeice was a United Kingdom poet and playwright. He was part of the generation of "thirties poets" which included W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender and C....
     (1942)
  • various music for theater and television


External links

  • - including programme notes, articles, discography, and complete works list
  • Walton pages at
  • (National Portrait Gallery collection)
  • , lecture and concert by Chamber Domaine
    Chamber Domaine

    Chamber Domaine is a British chamber music ensemble. The ensemble gave its highly praised South Bank and Wigmore Hall debuts in 1999 and since then has performed at leading festivals and concert series in the United Kingdom, Europe and North America....
     given on the 6th of November 2007 at Gresham College
    Gresham College

    File:Gresham College, 1740.jpgGresham College is an unusual institution of higher learning off Holborn in central London. It enrolls no students and grants no academic degrees....
    , including Walton's Façade (available for audio and video download).
  • Performance of Walton's Cello Concerto by Julian Lloyd Webber
    Julian Lloyd Webber

    Julian Lloyd Webber is one of the world's most renowned solo cellists....
     and the Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Sir Neville Marriner
    Neville Marriner

    Sir Neville Marriner is an English conducting and violinist.Marriner was born in Lincoln, England and studied at the Royal College of Music and the Paris Conservatoire....
  • (by Paolo Petrocelli)