William Baumol
Encyclopedia
William Jack Baumol is an American economist. He is a professor of economics
Economics
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"...

 at New York University
New York University
New York University is a private, nonsectarian research university based in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan...

 and is also affiliated with Princeton University
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution....

. Baumol has written extensively about labor market and other economic factors that affect the economy. He also made valuable contributions to the history of economic thought
History of economic thought
The history of economic thought deals with different thinkers and theories in the subject that became political economy and economics from the ancient world to the present day...

. He is among the most influential economists in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc
Řepeč
Řepeč is a village and municipality in Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.The municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 267 ....

. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is an independent policy research center that conducts multidisciplinary studies of complex and emerging problems. The Academy’s elected members are leaders in the academic disciplines, the arts, business, and public affairs.James Bowdoin, John Adams, and...

 in 1971.

Research

Among his better-known contributions are the theory of contestable market
Contestable market
In economics, the theory of contestable markets, associated primarily with its 1982 proponent William J. Baumol, holds that there exist markets served by a small number of firms, which are nevertheless characterized by competitive equilibria because of the existence of potential short-term...

s, the Baumol-Tobin model
Baumol-Tobin model
The Baumol-Tobin model is an economic model of the transactions demand for money as developed independently by William Baumol and James Tobin . The theory relies on the trade off between the liquidity provided by holding money and the interest foregone by holding one’s assets in the form of...

 of transactions demand
Transactions demand
Transactions demand, in economic theory, specifically Keynesian economics, is one of the determinants of demand for money , the others being speculative demand and precautionary demand. Transactions demand is illustrated as a vertical line on the money demand graph.The demand of money is arisen...

 for money, Baumol's cost disease
Baumol's cost disease
Baumol's cost disease is a phenomenon described by William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen in the 1960s. It involves a rise of salaries in jobs that have experienced no increase of labor productivity in response to rising salaries in other jobs which did experience such labor productivity growth...

, which discusses the rising costs associated with service industries, and Pigou taxes
Pigovian tax
A Pigovian tax is a tax levied on a market activity that generates negative externalities. The tax is intended to correct the market outcome. In the presence of negative externalities, the social cost of a market activity is not covered by the private cost of the activity...

. His research on environmental economics
Environmental economics
Environmental economics is a subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues. Quoting from the National Bureau of Economic Research Environmental Economics program:...

 recognized the fundamental role of non-convexities in causing market failure
Market failure
Market failure is a concept within economic theory wherein the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient. That is, there exists another conceivable outcome where a market participant may be made better-off without making someone else worse-off...

s.

Entrepreneurship

In 2003, Baumol received the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research
Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research
Since its inception in 1996 the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research has become firmly established as the foremost global award for research on entrepreneurship...

 "[f]or his persistent effort to give the entrepreneur a key role in mainstream economic theory, for his theoretical and empirical studies of the nature of entrepreneurship, and for his analysis of the importance of institutions and incentives for the allocation of entrepreneurship."

The 2006 Annual Meetings of the American Economic Association
American Economic Association
The American Economic Association, or AEA, is a learned society in the field of economics, headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. It publishes one of the most prestigious academic journals in economics: the American Economic Review...

 held a special session in his name, and honoring his many years of work, where 12 papers on entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which can be defined as "one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods". This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response...

 were presented.

The British magazine, The Economist
The Economist
The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd. and edited in offices in the City of Westminster, London, England. Continuous publication began under founder James Wilson in September 1843...

published an article about William Baumol and his lifelong work to develop a place in economic theory for the entrepreneur
Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur is an owner or manager of a business enterprise who makes money through risk and initiative.The term was originally a loanword from French and was first defined by the Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon. Entrepreneur in English is a term applied to a person who is willing to...

 (March 11, 2006, pp 68), much of which owes its genesis to Joseph Schumpeter
Joseph Schumpeter
Joseph Alois Schumpeter was an Austrian-Hungarian-American economist and political scientist. He popularized the term "creative destruction" in economics.-Life:...

. They note that traditional microeconomic theory holds a place for 'prices' and 'firms' but not for that (seemingly) important engine of innovation, the entrepreneur. Baumol is given credit for helping to remedy this shortcoming: "Thanks to Mr. Baumol's own painstaking efforts, economists now have a bit more room for entrepreneurs in their theories."

Textbooks

Baumol has written several textbooks in economics, including an introductory textbook with Alan Blinder
Alan Blinder
Alan Stuart Blinder is an American economist. He serves at Princeton University as the Gordon S. Rentschler Memorial Professor of Economics and Public Affairs in the Economics Department, Vice Chairman of The Observatory Group, and as co-director of Princeton’s Center for Economic Policy Studies,...

. His economics textbook on operations research was internationally used:

In the 1960s and 1970s, nearly every economics department offered a course in operations research methods in economics, and the usual textbook used was Economic theory and operatons analysis by W. J. Baumol An entire generation of economics students was familiar with this book ....

Professional and philanthropic interests

Baumol is a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security
Economists for Peace and Security
Economists for Peace and Security is a United Nations-registered, New York-based NGO which links economists interested in peace and security issues. Inspired by International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, it was founded in 1989 as Economists Against the Arms Race , before becoming...

. Baumol is known for his interests in the economics of art, including the economics of art galleries that rely on private philanthropy.

Major publications

  • "Community Indifference", 1946, RES
  • "A Community Indifference Map: A construction", 1949, RES.
  • "A Formalization of Mr. Harrod's Model", 1949, EJ.
  • "The Analogy between Producer and Consumer Equilibrium Analysis", with Helen Makower, 1950, Economica.
  • Economic Dynamics, with R. Turvey, 1951.
  • "The Transaction Demand for Cash: An inventory-theoretic approach", 1952, QJE.
  • "The Classical Monetary Theory: The outcome of the discussion", with G.S. Becker, 1952, Economica.
  • Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State, 1952.
  • "Firms with Limited Money Capital", 1953, Kyklos.
  • Economic Processes and Policies, with L.V. Chandler, 1954.
  • "More on the Multiplier Effect of a Balanced Budget", with M.H. Peston, 1955, AER.
  • "Acceleration without Magnification", 1956, AER.
  • "Variety in Retailing", with E.A. Ide, 1956 Management Science.
  • "Speculation, Profitability and Stability", 1957, REStat.
  • "Activity Analysis in One Lesson", 1958, AER.
  • "On the Theory of Oligopoly", 1958, Economica.
  • "Topology of Second Order Linear Difference Equations with Constant Coefficients", 1958, Econometrica.
  • "The Cardinal Utility which is Ordinal", 1958, EJ.
  • Business Behavior, Value and Growth, 1959.
  • "Integer Programming and Pricing", with R.E. Gomory, 1960, Econometrica.
  • Economic Theory and Operations Analysis, 1961.
  • "What Can Economic Theory Contribute to Managerial Economics?", 1961, AER.
  • "Pitfalls in Contracyclical Policies: Some tools and results", 1961, REStat.
  • "The Theory of Expansion of the Firm", 1962, AER.
  • "Stocks, Flows and Monetary Theory", 1962, QJE.
  • "An Expected Gain-Confidence Limit Criterion for Portfolio Selection", 1963, Management Science.
  • "Rules of Thumb and Optimally Imperfect Decisions", with R. E. Quandt, 1964, American Economic Review, 54, p. 23-46
  • "Decomposition, Pricing for Decentralization and External Economics", with T.Fabian, 1964, Management Science.
  • "On the Performing Arts: the anatomy of their economic problems", with W.G. Bowen, 1965, AER.
  • "Investment and Discount Rates Under Capital Rationing", with R.E.Quandt, 1965, EJ.
  • "Informed Judgement, Rigorous Theory and Public Policy", 1965, Southern EJ.
  • The Stock Market and Economic Efficiency, 1965.
  • Performing Arts: the economic dilemma, 1966.
  • "The Ricardo Effect in Point-Input, Point-Output Case", 1966, Essays in Mathematical Economics in Honor of Oskar Morgenstern.
  • "Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth: The anatomy of urban crisis", 1967, AER.
  • "Calculation of Optimal Product and Retailer Characteristics", 1967, JPE.
  • "The Firm's Optimal Debt-Equity Combination and the Cost of Capital", with B.G. Malkiel, 1967, QJE.
  • "Error Produced by Linearization in Mathematical Programming", with R. Bushnell, 1967, Econometrica.
  • "The Dual of Nonlinear Programming and its Economic Interpretation", with M.L.Balinski, 1968, RES.
  • "Entrepreneurship in Economic Theory", 1968, May, American Economic Review
  • "On the Social Rate of Discount", 1968, AER.
  • "On the Discount Rate for Public Projects", 1969, Analysis and Evaluation of Public Expenditures.
  • "Input Choices and Rate-of-Return Regulation: An overview of the discussion", with A.K.Klevorick, 1970, Bell JE.
  • "Optimal Departures from Marginal Cost Pricing", with D.F. Bradford, 1970, AER.
  • "The Economics of Athenian Drama", 1971, QJE.
  • Environmental protection, International Spillovers and Trade, 1971.
  • "On the Economics of the Theatre in Renaissance London" with Mary Oates, 1972, Swedish JE.
  • "The Dynamics of Urban Problems and its Policy Implications", 1972, in Preston and Corry, editors, Essays in Honor of Lord Robbins.
  • "Taxation and the Control of Externalities", 1972, AER.
  • "Detrimental Externalities and Non-Convexity of the Production Set", with D.F. Bradford, 1972, Economica.
  • "The Transformation of Values: What Marx 'Really' Meant", 1974, JEL.
  • The Theory of Environmental Policy, with W.E.Oates, 1975.
  • Economics, Environmental Policy and Quality of Life, with W.E.Oates and S.A. Batey Blackman 1979.
  • Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, with J.C. Panzar and R.D. Wilig, 1982
  • "Contestable Markets: An Uprising in the Theory of Industry Structure", 1982, "AER".
  • Microtheory: Applications and origins, 1986
  • Superfairness: Application and theory, with D. Fischer, 1986
  • "The Optimal Cash Balance Proposition: Maurice Allais' Priority", with J. Tobin, 1989, JEL
  • Productivity and American Leadership: The long view, with S.A. Batey Blackman and E.N. Wolff, 1989.
  • Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive and Destructive, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98(3), pp. 893–921, 1990
  • Perfect Markets and Easy Virtue: Business ethics and the invisible hand, with S.A. Batey Blackman, 1992
  • Entrepreneurship, Management and the Structure of Profit, 1993.
  • The Free Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism, 2002.
  • Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity, co-authored with Robert Litan and Carl J. Schramm, 2007

Positions and Awards

  • William Baumol was President of the American Economic Association
    American Economic Association
    The American Economic Association, or AEA, is a learned society in the field of economics, headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. It publishes one of the most prestigious academic journals in economics: the American Economic Review...

     for 1981.
  • 1953 Fellow, Econometric Society
  • 1957-58 Guggenheim Fellow
  • 1960-70 Trustee, Rider College
  • 1965 Honorary LL.D, Rider College (Trustee Emeritus)
  • 1965-66 Ford Faculty Fellowship
  • 1970 Honorary Fellow, London School of Economics
    London School of Economics
    The London School of Economics and Political Science is a public research university specialised in the social sciences located in London, United Kingdom, and a constituent college of the federal University of London...

  • 1971 Honorary Doctorate, Stockholm School of Economics
  • 1973 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Knox College
  • 1973 Honorary Doctorate, University of Basel
  • 1975 John R. Commons Award, Omicron Delta Epsilon
    Omicron Delta Epsilon
    Omicron Delta Epsilon is an international honor society in the field of economics. Resulting from the merger of Omicron Delta Gamma and Omicron Chi Epsilon, ODE was founded in 1963 . Its board of trustees includes well-known economists such as Robert Lucas, Kenneth Arrow, and Robert Solow...

  • 1975 Townsend Harris Medal, Alumni Association of the City College of New York
  • 1982 Distinguished Fellow, American Economic Association
  • 1984 Distinguished Member, Economic Association of Puerto Rico
  • 1986 Winner, Assoc. of American Publishers Award for Best Book in Business, Management and Economics, Superfairness: Applications and Theory
  • 1987 Recipient, Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award in Political Economy
  • 1988 Joseph Douglas Green 1895 Professor of Economics, Princeton University
  • 1989 Winner, Assoc. of Am. Publishers Annual Awards for Excellence in Publishing, Honorable Mention in Social Sciences, Productivity and American Leadership: The Long View
  • 1992 Recipient, First Senior Scholar in the Arts and Sciences Award, New York University
  • 1996 Honorary Degree, University of Limburg, Maastricht, Holland
  • 1996 Honorary Professorship, University of Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 2003 Winner of the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research, the Swedish Entrepreneurship Forum (Entreprenörskapsforum), the Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN) and the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth (Tillväxtverket), Stockholm, Sweden

External links

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