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The West Midlands conurbation is the name given to the large conurbation
Conurbation

A conurbation is an urban area or agglomeration comprising a number of cities, large towns and larger urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area....
 that includes the cities of Birmingham
Birmingham

Birmingham is a city status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. Birmingham is the most populous of England's English Core Cities Group, and is the List of United Kingdom cities by population British city after London, with a population of 1,010,200 ....
 and Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton

Wolverhampton is a City status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands , England. In 2004, the local government district had an estimated population of 239,100; the wider Urban Area had a population of List of English cities by population, which makes it the 13th most populous city in England....
 and the large towns of Dudley
Dudley

Dudley is a large town in the West Midlands , England, with a population of List of English cities by population. Since 1974 it has been the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Dudley; the original County Borough had undergone a lesser expansion in 1966....
, Walsall
Walsall

Walsall is a large industrial town in the West Midlands of England. It is located northwest of Birmingham and east of Wolverhampton. Historic counties of England a part of Staffordshire, Walsall is a component area of the West Midlands conurbation, and is sometimes described as part of the Black Country....
, West Bromwich
West Bromwich

West Bromwich is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell, in the West Midlands , England. It is north west of Birmingham lying on the A41 road London-to-Birkenhead road....
, Solihull
Solihull

Solihull is a large town in the West Midlands of England, with a population of 94,753. It is a part of the West Midlands conurbation and is located 9 miles southeast of Birmingham city centre....
, Stourbridge
Stourbridge

Stourbridge is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, in the West Midlands of England. Historic counties of England part of Worcestershire, Stourbridge was a centre of glass, and today includes the suburbs of Amblecote, Lye, West Midlands, Norton, West Midlands, Oldswinford, Pedmore, Wollaston, West Midlands and Wollescote....
, Halesowen
Halesowen

Halesowen is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, in the West Midlands , England.The population, as measured by the United Kingdom Census 2001, was 57,918....
 and Sutton Coldfield
Sutton Coldfield

Sutton Coldfield is a town within the Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England. Sutton is located about from central Birmingham, in the northeast of the city, with a population of List of English cities by population recorded in the 2001 census....
 in the English
England

native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
 West Midlands
West Midlands (region)

The West Midlands is an official Regions of England of England, covering the western half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands#The English Midlands....
.

Not to be confused with the Region
Regions of England

The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of Local government in England sub-national entity of England, with only one, London, having a directly elected assembly....
 or Metropolitan county
Metropolitan county

The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level administrative division of England. There are six metropolitan counties, which each cover large urban areas, typically with populations of 1.2 to 2.8 million....
 of the same name, the conurbation does not include parts of the county such as Coventry
Coventry

Coventry is a City status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. With a population of 303,475 at the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom....
, but does include parts of the surrounding counties of Staffordshire (e.g. Little Aston
Little Aston

Little Aston is an affluent area of the district of Lichfield , in Staffordshire, England. At the last UK census there were 935 homes in the village, well over 10% of which were multi-million pound properties....
, Perton
Perton

Perton is a Civil Parish in South Staffordshire district, Staffordshire, England, situated to the west of Wolverhampton, West Midlands , and to the south of Codsall....
), Warwickshire
Warwickshire

Warwickshire is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton in the far north of the county....
 (specifically Coleshill
Coleshill, Warwickshire

Coleshill is a market town in the North Warwickshire district of Warwickshire, England, taking its name from the River Cole, West Midlands. It has a population of 6,343 and is situated 18 km east of Birmingham....
 and Water Orton
Water Orton

Water Orton is a village near the River Tame, West Midlands in the North Warwickshire borough of Warwickshire in England. It is located between Castle Bromwich and Coleshill, Warwickshire, and borders the West Midlands metropolitan county boundary to the north, west and south....
) and Worcestershire
Worcestershire

Worcestershire is a county located in the West Midlands of central England. From 1974 to 1998 it was administered as part of Hereford and Worcester....
 (Hagley
Hagley

Hagley is a large village and civil parish on the northern boundary of Worcestershire, England, near to the towns of Kidderminster and Stourbridge....
).

According to the 2001 Census
United Kingdom Census 2001

A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday, 29 April 2001. This was the 20th Census in the United Kingdom....
 the area had a population of 2,284,093, making it the second most populated in the United Kingdom
List of conurbations in the United Kingdom

A conurbation is formed when towns expand sufficiently that their urban areas join up with each other. This process has happened many times in the United Kingdom....
.

ough the exact boundaries of any conurbation are open to debate, dependent on what criteria are used to determine where an urban area ceases, the Office for National Statistics
Office for National Statistics

The Office for National Statistics is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly to the Parliament of the United Kingdom....
 defines the West Midlands Urban Area as including the urban areas (in decreasing size) of Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Dudley
Dudley

Dudley is a large town in the West Midlands , England, with a population of List of English cities by population. Since 1974 it has been the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Dudley; the original County Borough had undergone a lesser expansion in 1966....
, and Walsall
Walsall

Walsall is a large industrial town in the West Midlands of England. It is located northwest of Birmingham and east of Wolverhampton. Historic counties of England a part of Staffordshire, Walsall is a component area of the West Midlands conurbation, and is sometimes described as part of the Black Country....
 amongst others.






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The West Midlands conurbation is the name given to the large conurbation
Conurbation

A conurbation is an urban area or agglomeration comprising a number of cities, large towns and larger urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area....
 that includes the cities of Birmingham
Birmingham

Birmingham is a city status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. Birmingham is the most populous of England's English Core Cities Group, and is the List of United Kingdom cities by population British city after London, with a population of 1,010,200 ....
 and Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton

Wolverhampton is a City status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands , England. In 2004, the local government district had an estimated population of 239,100; the wider Urban Area had a population of List of English cities by population, which makes it the 13th most populous city in England....
 and the large towns of Dudley
Dudley

Dudley is a large town in the West Midlands , England, with a population of List of English cities by population. Since 1974 it has been the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Dudley; the original County Borough had undergone a lesser expansion in 1966....
, Walsall
Walsall

Walsall is a large industrial town in the West Midlands of England. It is located northwest of Birmingham and east of Wolverhampton. Historic counties of England a part of Staffordshire, Walsall is a component area of the West Midlands conurbation, and is sometimes described as part of the Black Country....
, West Bromwich
West Bromwich

West Bromwich is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell, in the West Midlands , England. It is north west of Birmingham lying on the A41 road London-to-Birkenhead road....
, Solihull
Solihull

Solihull is a large town in the West Midlands of England, with a population of 94,753. It is a part of the West Midlands conurbation and is located 9 miles southeast of Birmingham city centre....
, Stourbridge
Stourbridge

Stourbridge is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, in the West Midlands of England. Historic counties of England part of Worcestershire, Stourbridge was a centre of glass, and today includes the suburbs of Amblecote, Lye, West Midlands, Norton, West Midlands, Oldswinford, Pedmore, Wollaston, West Midlands and Wollescote....
, Halesowen
Halesowen

Halesowen is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, in the West Midlands , England.The population, as measured by the United Kingdom Census 2001, was 57,918....
 and Sutton Coldfield
Sutton Coldfield

Sutton Coldfield is a town within the Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England. Sutton is located about from central Birmingham, in the northeast of the city, with a population of List of English cities by population recorded in the 2001 census....
 in the English
England

native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
 West Midlands
West Midlands (region)

The West Midlands is an official Regions of England of England, covering the western half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands#The English Midlands....
.

Not to be confused with the Region
Regions of England

The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of Local government in England sub-national entity of England, with only one, London, having a directly elected assembly....
 or Metropolitan county
Metropolitan county

The metropolitan counties are a type of county-level administrative division of England. There are six metropolitan counties, which each cover large urban areas, typically with populations of 1.2 to 2.8 million....
 of the same name, the conurbation does not include parts of the county such as Coventry
Coventry

Coventry is a City status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. With a population of 303,475 at the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom....
, but does include parts of the surrounding counties of Staffordshire (e.g. Little Aston
Little Aston

Little Aston is an affluent area of the district of Lichfield , in Staffordshire, England. At the last UK census there were 935 homes in the village, well over 10% of which were multi-million pound properties....
, Perton
Perton

Perton is a Civil Parish in South Staffordshire district, Staffordshire, England, situated to the west of Wolverhampton, West Midlands , and to the south of Codsall....
), Warwickshire
Warwickshire

Warwickshire is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton in the far north of the county....
 (specifically Coleshill
Coleshill, Warwickshire

Coleshill is a market town in the North Warwickshire district of Warwickshire, England, taking its name from the River Cole, West Midlands. It has a population of 6,343 and is situated 18 km east of Birmingham....
 and Water Orton
Water Orton

Water Orton is a village near the River Tame, West Midlands in the North Warwickshire borough of Warwickshire in England. It is located between Castle Bromwich and Coleshill, Warwickshire, and borders the West Midlands metropolitan county boundary to the north, west and south....
) and Worcestershire
Worcestershire

Worcestershire is a county located in the West Midlands of central England. From 1974 to 1998 it was administered as part of Hereford and Worcester....
 (Hagley
Hagley

Hagley is a large village and civil parish on the northern boundary of Worcestershire, England, near to the towns of Kidderminster and Stourbridge....
).

According to the 2001 Census
United Kingdom Census 2001

A nationwide census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday, 29 April 2001. This was the 20th Census in the United Kingdom....
 the area had a population of 2,284,093, making it the second most populated in the United Kingdom
List of conurbations in the United Kingdom

A conurbation is formed when towns expand sufficiently that their urban areas join up with each other. This process has happened many times in the United Kingdom....
.

Constituent Parts

Although the exact boundaries of any conurbation are open to debate, dependent on what criteria are used to determine where an urban area ceases, the Office for National Statistics
Office for National Statistics

The Office for National Statistics is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly to the Parliament of the United Kingdom....
 defines the West Midlands Urban Area as including the urban areas (in decreasing size) of Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Dudley
Dudley

Dudley is a large town in the West Midlands , England, with a population of List of English cities by population. Since 1974 it has been the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Dudley; the original County Borough had undergone a lesser expansion in 1966....
, and Walsall
Walsall

Walsall is a large industrial town in the West Midlands of England. It is located northwest of Birmingham and east of Wolverhampton. Historic counties of England a part of Staffordshire, Walsall is a component area of the West Midlands conurbation, and is sometimes described as part of the Black Country....
 amongst others. These settlements are not coterminous with the Metropolitan Boroughs of the same name, and the ONS
Office for National Statistics

The Office for National Statistics is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly to the Parliament of the United Kingdom....
 takes its settlement boundaries within the conurbation as the pre-1974 local authorities.

The conurbation is unusual in having a number of large settlements within, with Birmingham (2nd), Wolverhampton (13th), Dudley (19th) and Walsall (28th) all being amongst the largest 30 urban sub-areas in England.

The area of conurbation between Birmingham and Wolverhampton is known as the Black Country
Black Country

The Black Country is a loosely defined area of the English West Midlands conurbation, to the north and west of Birmingham, and to the south and east of Wolverhampton, around the South Staffordshire coalfield....
. The Black Country has coalesced into a single conurbation, but is unusual in that it has no single centre, having grown up from a number of historic market towns and industrial villages that have coalesced during the 20th century. It remains essentially polyfocal with many of the towns and villages remaining recognisable communities. Inhabitants of the Black Country generally resist hints at any relationship to people living in Birmingham. This can be seen by recent (2006) controversy regarding the name of the newly created city region
City region

The term city region has been in use since about 1950 by urbanists, economists and urban planners to mean not just the administrative area of a recognisable city or conurbation but also its hinterland that will often be far bigger....
. "Greater Birmingham" was seen as unacceptable, and the final name given was "Birmingham, Coventry and the Black Country".

Coventry
Coventry

Coventry is a City status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. With a population of 303,475 at the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom....
 is separate from the West Midlands conurbation, and other urban areas, such as Cannock
Cannock

Cannock is a town in Staffordshire, England, just north of the West Midlands conurbation. It sits to the south of Cannock Chase, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and is administered as part of the Cannock Chase district....
 and Codsall
Codsall

Codsall is a large village in the South Staffordshire district of Staffordshire, England. It is situated north west of the city of Wolverhampton....
 are also only narrowly avoided.

Relationship to Metropolitan County

Occasionally the conurbation is seen as being coterminous with the West Midlands county
West Midlands (county)

The West Midlands is a metropolitan county in West Midlands England with a population of 2,591,300. It came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972....
; however, this includes Coventry
Coventry

Coventry is a City status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. With a population of 303,475 at the United Kingdom Census 2001 , Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom....
, which is separate from the main urban area, and excludes the parts of the surrounding counties of Staffordshire
Staffordshire

Staffordshire is a landlocked Counties of England in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Stafford. Part of the National Forest, England lies within its borders....
, Warwickshire
Warwickshire

Warwickshire is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton in the far north of the county....
 and Worcestershire
Worcestershire

Worcestershire is a county located in the West Midlands of central England. From 1974 to 1998 it was administered as part of Hereford and Worcester....
 that fall within the conurbation.

For administrative purposes, the vast majority of the conurbation falls within the six Metropolitan Borough
Metropolitan borough

A metropolitan borough is a type of districts of England in England, and is a subdivision of a metropolitan county. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, metropolitan boroughs are defined in English law as metropolitan districts, however all of them have been granted or regranted royal charters to give them borough status in...
s of Birmingham, Dudley
Metropolitan Borough of Dudley

The Metropolitan borough of Dudley is a metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It was created in 1974, and is made up of the towns of Dudley , Stourbridge, Halesowen, Brierley Hill, Amblecote, Sedgley and Coseley....
, Sandwell
Sandwell

Sandwell is a metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is made up of the towns of Oldbury, West Midlands, Rowley Regis, Smethwick, Tipton, Wednesbury, Cradley Heath, Tividale and West Bromwich....
, Solihull
Metropolitan Borough of Solihull

The Metropolitan Borough of Solihull is a metropolitan borough in the ceremonial county of West Midlands in the United Kingdom. It is named after its main town of Solihull, which is the seat of Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council....
, Walsall
Metropolitan Borough of Walsall

The Metropolitan Borough of Walsall is a metropolitan borough of the West Midlands , England. It is named after Walsall, its administrative headquarters....
 and Wolverhampton. Between 1974 and 1986 these areas (along with Coventry) were additionally administered by the West Midlands County Council
West Midlands County Council

The West Midlands County Council was, from 1974 to 1986, the upper-tier administrative body for the West Midlands , a metropolitan county in England....
. Some bodies such as the West Midlands Police
West Midlands Police

West Midlands Police is the Home Office police force responsible for policing the metropolitan county of West Midlands in England.Covering an area with nearly 2.6 million inhabitants, which includes the cities of Birmingham, Coventry, Wolverhampton and also the Black Country; the force is made up of 8,461 police officers, supported by 4,08...
 and Centro (the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive
West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive

The West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive , sometimes known as Centro, is a local government organisation responsible for developing public transport services in the West Midlands in England....
) still cover the Metropolitan County, but not the entire urban area.

Settlements

The West Midlands conurbation consists of the following settlements:

Rank (2001)SettlementPopulation (2001)Population (1991)Population (1981)
1Birmingham
Birmingham

Birmingham is a city status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. Birmingham is the most populous of England's English Core Cities Group, and is the List of United Kingdom cities by population British city after London, with a population of 1,010,200 ....
970,892965,9281,024,118
2Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton

Wolverhampton is a City status in the United Kingdom and metropolitan borough of the West Midlands , England. In 2004, the local government district had an estimated population of 239,100; the wider Urban Area had a population of List of English cities by population, which makes it the 13th most populous city in England....
251,462257,943265,631
3Dudley
Dudley

Dudley is a large town in the West Midlands , England, with a population of List of English cities by population. Since 1974 it has been the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Dudley; the original County Borough had undergone a lesser expansion in 1966....
194,919192,171187,367
4Walsall
Walsall

Walsall is a large industrial town in the West Midlands of England. It is located northwest of Birmingham and east of Wolverhampton. Historic counties of England a part of Staffordshire, Walsall is a component area of the West Midlands conurbation, and is sometimes described as part of the Black Country....
170,994174,739178,852
5Oldbury
Oldbury, West Midlands

Oldbury is a town in the West Midlands in England. It is a part of the Black Country and the administrative centre of the borough of Sandwell....
 / Smethwick
Smethwick

Smethwick is a town in the Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England. It is situated on the edge of the city of Birmingham, within the Historic counties of England of Staffordshire....
139,855145,542153,461
6West Bromwich
West Bromwich

West Bromwich is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell, in the West Midlands , England. It is north west of Birmingham lying on the A41 road London-to-Birkenhead road....
136,940146,386154,531
7Sutton Coldfield
Sutton Coldfield

Sutton Coldfield is a town within the Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England. Sutton is located about from central Birmingham, in the northeast of the city, with a population of List of English cities by population recorded in the 2001 census....
105,452106,001103,097
8Solihull
Solihull

Solihull is a large town in the West Midlands of England, with a population of 94,753. It is a part of the West Midlands conurbation and is located 9 miles southeast of Birmingham city centre....
94,75394,53194,613
9Stourbridge
Stourbridge

Stourbridge is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, in the West Midlands of England. Historic counties of England part of Worcestershire, Stourbridge was a centre of glass, and today includes the suburbs of Amblecote, Lye, West Midlands, Norton, West Midlands, Oldswinford, Pedmore, Wollaston, West Midlands and Wollescote....
55,48055,62455,499
10Halesowen
Halesowen

Halesowen is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley, in the West Midlands , England.The population, as measured by the United Kingdom Census 2001, was 57,918....
55,27357,91857,532
11Brownhills
Brownhills

Brownhills is a town in the West Midlands , England. Located on the edge of Cannock Chase near the large man-made lake Chasewater, it is north-east of Walsall and a similar distance south-west of Lichfield....
19,86618,15918,200
12Knowle
Knowle

Knowle is a small town in England, a few miles east of the town of Solihull. Knowle lies within the Historic counties of England of Warwickshire, and since 1974 it has been part of the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull within the West Midlands ....
 / Bentley Heath
Bentley Heath

Bentley Heath is a village in the West Midlands borough of Solihull, England....
18,452  
13Aldridge
Aldridge

Aldridge is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Walsall in the West Midlands , UK, although historically it was part of the county of Staffordshire until 1974, when it was incorporated into the Walsall borough as well as the West Midlands ....
15,65916,83217,589
14Pelsall
Pelsall

Pelsall is an area of Walsall in the West Midlands , England. The suburban area of Pelsall is covered by Bloxwich, also in Walsall....
10,52410,00710,328
15Shelfield
Shelfield

Shelfield is a small village to the north of Walsall in the West Midlands conurbation.The name Shelfield derives from the Norman word for hill with a flat top....
6,8077,0796,029
16Coleshill
Coleshill, Warwickshire

Coleshill is a market town in the North Warwickshire district of Warwickshire, England, taking its name from the River Cole, West Midlands. It has a population of 6,343 and is situated 18 km east of Birmingham....
6,2356,324 
17Yew Tree
Yew Tree, West Bromwich

Yew Tree housing estate is in the extreme north of West Bromwich, England, near the town's border with Walsall. It was developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s by West Bromwich County Borough Council for municipal housing which included some of the borough's first multi storey flats most of which have been demolished and replaced by ho...
6,109  
18Rushall
Rushall, West Midlands

Rushall is a residential area of Walsall in the West Midlands conurbation of England. It is centred around the main road between Walsall and Lichfield, and was mostly developed after 1920....
5,8645,8716,137
19Hagley
Hagley

Hagley is a large village and civil parish on the northern boundary of Worcestershire, England, near to the towns of Kidderminster and Stourbridge....
5,7235,4175,754
20Shelly Green5,702  
21Water Orton
Water Orton

Water Orton is a village near the River Tame, West Midlands in the North Warwickshire borough of Warwickshire in England. It is located between Castle Bromwich and Coleshill, Warwickshire, and borders the West Midlands metropolitan county boundary to the north, west and south....
3,5733,555 
22Cheswick Green
Cheswick Green

Cheswick Green is a village within the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull in the England West Midlands . It is part of the Hockley Heath parish and lies approximately 3 miles south west of Solihull town centre....
2,2612,511 
 Knowle
Knowle

Knowle is a small town in England, a few miles east of the town of Solihull. Knowle lies within the Historic counties of England of Warwickshire, and since 1974 it has been part of the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull within the West Midlands ....
 17,58816,872
 Bentley Heath
Bentley Heath

Bentley Heath is a village in the West Midlands borough of Solihull, England....
 5,984 


Notes:

  • Knowle and Bentley Heath are considered as one settlement in 2001, but are considered separately in 1991 and 1981. Bentley Heath was not considered to be a settlement within the West Midlands Urban Area in 1981.
  • Coleshill and Water Orton were not considered to be part of the West Midlands Urban Area in 1981, but a separate Coleshill/Water Orton Urban Area with a total population of 9,554; made up of Coleshill (6,113) and Water Orton (3,441).
  • Yew Tree is only considered part of the West Midlands Urban Area in the 2001 census.
  • Cheswick Green was not considered to be a settlement within the West Midlands Urban Area in 1981.
  • Shelly Green was not considered to be a settlement within the West Midlands Urban Area in 1981 or 1991.


External Links

Maps showing breakup of the conurbation according to the ONS
Office for National Statistics

The Office for National Statistics is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly to the Parliament of the United Kingdom....
 in the 2001 census (PDF):