Voriconazole
Encyclopedia
Voriconazole is a triazole
antifungal medication that is generally used to treat serious, invasive fungal
infection
s. These are generally seen in patients who are immunocompromised, and include invasive candidiasis
, invasive aspergillosis
, and certain emerging fungal infections.
, which may occur in immunocompromised
patients, including allogeneic BMT
, other hematologic cancers
, and solid organ transplant
s. This is based on the results of a large, randomized study in which voriconazole proved superior to amphotericin B
with 53% complete or partial response, compared with 32% for amphotericin B.
Importantly, voriconazole also offered a 22% greater survival benefit over amphotericin B, with 71% of voriconazole patients still alive at week 12. Only 13% of patients who received initial therapy with voriconazole died from invasive aspergillosis, compared with 29% of patients who initially received amphotericin B. Voriconazole was also better tolerated than amphotericin B, with significantly fewer serious adverse effects and a longer duration of therapy. Note that the design of these studies has been called into question, and some still consider (liposomal) amphotericin B as the drug of choice. For multiple site or CNS aspergillosis a combination therapy of voriconazole and caspofungin
should be considered.
With fewer patients having to switch from initial voriconazole than amphotericin B or its lipid formulations because of intolerance or insufficient response, and limited efficacy of salvage therapy with other licensed antifungals, the importance of effective initial therapy has been demonstrated.
Voriconazole was also proven to offer similar, near-complete efficacy to fluconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis.
unresolved fever despite broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy who are at risk for breakthrough fungal infections. While overall success rates were 26.0% for voriconazole and 30.6% for liposomal amphotericin B, there were significantly fewer breakthrough infections with voriconazole, particularly in the patients at highest risk. This study found similar fewer severe reactions and nephrotoxicity but more transient visual disturbances and hallucinations. Voriconazole was also associated with a shorter duration of hospitalization. The authors of this study concluded that "This study demonstrates that voriconazole, a second-generation triazole, is an appropriate agent for empirical antifungal therapy and that its use may reduce the frequency of proven breakthrough fungal infections, preserve renal function, and reduce the frequency of acute infusion-related toxic effects. Formulations of amphotericin B have been the standard of empirical antifungal therapy for nearly 20 years. As this study shows, a second-generation triazole can be used in lieu of amphotericin B for early antifungal therapy"
http://www.abonet.com.br/abo/693/431-434.pdf
of 96%, allowing patients to be switched between intravenous and oral administration.
Being metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450, voriconazole interacts with some drugs. Administration is contraindicated with some drugs (such as sirolimus, rifampin, rifabutin, and ergot alkaloids) and dose adjustments and/or monitoring when coadministered with others (including cyclosporine, tacrolimus, omeprazole, and phenytoin). Voriconazole may be safely administered with cimetidine, ranitidine, indinavir, macrolide antibiotics, mycophenolate, and prednisolone.
Because voriconazole is metabolized by the liver, the dose should be halved in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score
A or B). There is no data available for patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C).
No dose adjustment is necessary for renal impairment or advanced age, but children seem to clear voriconazole faster than adults and drug levels may need monitoring.
Unlike most adverse effects, which are similar to other azole antifungal agents, visual disturbances (such as blurred vision or increased sensitivity to light) are unique to voriconazole. These have been reported by more than 30% of patients in clinical trials. They generally occur approximately one-half hour after administration, and last approximately 30 minutes. In some patients they may go away after continued use. Studies have shown that there is no damage to the eye or long-term effect on vision. However, patients taking voriconazole should be advised against driving at night or other potentially hazardous tasks.
Though rare, there have been cases of serious hepatic reactions during treatment with voriconazole (a class effect of azole antifungal agents). Liver function tests should be evaluated at the start of and during the course of therapy.
Voriconazole is phototoxic
. It has been associated with an increased risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin.
Triazole
Triazole refers to either one of a pair of isomeric chemical compounds with molecular formula C2H3N3, having a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms.The two isomers are:*1,2,3-Triazole 100px*1,2,4-Triazole 100px...
antifungal medication that is generally used to treat serious, invasive fungal
Fungus
A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds , as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria...
infection
Infection
An infection is the colonization of a host organism by parasite species. Infecting parasites seek to use the host's resources to reproduce, often resulting in disease...
s. These are generally seen in patients who are immunocompromised, and include invasive candidiasis
Candidiasis
Thrush redirects here. For the hoof infection see Thrush .Candidiasis or thrush is a fungal infection of any of the Candida species , of which Candida albicans is the most common...
, invasive aspergillosis
Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis is the name given to a wide variety of diseases caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The most common forms are allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, pulmonary aspergilloma and invasive aspergillosis. Most humans inhale Aspergillus spores every day...
, and certain emerging fungal infections.
Invasive aspergillosis
Voriconazole has become the new standard of care in the treatment of invasive aspergillosisAspergillosis
Aspergillosis is the name given to a wide variety of diseases caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus. The most common forms are allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, pulmonary aspergilloma and invasive aspergillosis. Most humans inhale Aspergillus spores every day...
, which may occur in immunocompromised
Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. Immunodeficiency may also decrease cancer immunosurveillance. Most cases of immunodeficiency are acquired but some people are born with defects in their immune system,...
patients, including allogeneic BMT
Bone marrow transplant
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cell or blood, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood stem cells, or umbilical cord blood...
, other hematologic cancers
Hematological malignancy
Hematological malignancies are the types of cancer that affect blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. As the three are intimately connected through the immune system, a disease affecting one of the three will often affect the others as well: although lymphoma is technically a disease of the lymph...
, and solid organ transplant
Organ transplant
Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be...
s. This is based on the results of a large, randomized study in which voriconazole proved superior to amphotericin B
Amphotericin B
Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal drug, often used intravenously for systemic fungal infections...
with 53% complete or partial response, compared with 32% for amphotericin B.
Importantly, voriconazole also offered a 22% greater survival benefit over amphotericin B, with 71% of voriconazole patients still alive at week 12. Only 13% of patients who received initial therapy with voriconazole died from invasive aspergillosis, compared with 29% of patients who initially received amphotericin B. Voriconazole was also better tolerated than amphotericin B, with significantly fewer serious adverse effects and a longer duration of therapy. Note that the design of these studies has been called into question, and some still consider (liposomal) amphotericin B as the drug of choice. For multiple site or CNS aspergillosis a combination therapy of voriconazole and caspofungin
should be considered.
With fewer patients having to switch from initial voriconazole than amphotericin B or its lipid formulations because of intolerance or insufficient response, and limited efficacy of salvage therapy with other licensed antifungals, the importance of effective initial therapy has been demonstrated.
Candidemia
Voriconazole has proven to be as effective as a regimen of IV amphotericin B followed by oral fluconazole in patients with culture-proven candidemia. Voriconazole cleared Candida from the bloodstream as quickly as amphotericin B (median 2 days) and showed a trend toward better survival. Voriconazole was also associated with fewer serious adverse events and cases of renal toxicity, but a higher incidence of visual disturbances.Voriconazole was also proven to offer similar, near-complete efficacy to fluconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis.
Empirical antifungal therapy
A study compared Voriconazole use to that of amphotericin B in the treatment of patients withunresolved fever despite broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy who are at risk for breakthrough fungal infections. While overall success rates were 26.0% for voriconazole and 30.6% for liposomal amphotericin B, there were significantly fewer breakthrough infections with voriconazole, particularly in the patients at highest risk. This study found similar fewer severe reactions and nephrotoxicity but more transient visual disturbances and hallucinations. Voriconazole was also associated with a shorter duration of hospitalization. The authors of this study concluded that "This study demonstrates that voriconazole, a second-generation triazole, is an appropriate agent for empirical antifungal therapy and that its use may reduce the frequency of proven breakthrough fungal infections, preserve renal function, and reduce the frequency of acute infusion-related toxic effects. Formulations of amphotericin B have been the standard of empirical antifungal therapy for nearly 20 years. As this study shows, a second-generation triazole can be used in lieu of amphotericin B for early antifungal therapy"
Efficacy against emerging fungal pathogens
In collected case studies, voriconazole has also been proven effective against a number of other serious fungal pathogens. This includes infections by Fusarium spp and Scedosporium apiospermum (asexual form of Pseudallescheria boydii). Although infrequently seen, these moulds are emerging as more common and deadly causes of fungal infection in seriously immunocompromised patients, and the development of voriconazole has been an important advance in their treatment as they are generally resistant to other antifungal agents (including amphotericin B). Voriconazole is the first and only drug ever specifically indicated for their treatment by the FDA. Voriconazole has also been used to treat severe fungal corneal infectionhttp://www.abonet.com.br/abo/693/431-434.pdf
Pharmacology
Voriconazole is well absorbed orally with a bioavailabilityBioavailability
In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is used to describe the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. By definition, when a medication is administered...
of 96%, allowing patients to be switched between intravenous and oral administration.
Being metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450, voriconazole interacts with some drugs. Administration is contraindicated with some drugs (such as sirolimus, rifampin, rifabutin, and ergot alkaloids) and dose adjustments and/or monitoring when coadministered with others (including cyclosporine, tacrolimus, omeprazole, and phenytoin). Voriconazole may be safely administered with cimetidine, ranitidine, indinavir, macrolide antibiotics, mycophenolate, and prednisolone.
Because voriconazole is metabolized by the liver, the dose should be halved in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score
Child-Pugh score
In medicine , the Child-Pugh score is used to assess the prognosis of chronic liver disease, mainly cirrhosis...
A or B). There is no data available for patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C).
No dose adjustment is necessary for renal impairment or advanced age, but children seem to clear voriconazole faster than adults and drug levels may need monitoring.
Side effects
The most common side effects associated with voriconazole include transient visual disturbances, fever, rash, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, headache, sepsis, peripheral edema, abdominal pain, and respiratory disorder.Unlike most adverse effects, which are similar to other azole antifungal agents, visual disturbances (such as blurred vision or increased sensitivity to light) are unique to voriconazole. These have been reported by more than 30% of patients in clinical trials. They generally occur approximately one-half hour after administration, and last approximately 30 minutes. In some patients they may go away after continued use. Studies have shown that there is no damage to the eye or long-term effect on vision. However, patients taking voriconazole should be advised against driving at night or other potentially hazardous tasks.
Though rare, there have been cases of serious hepatic reactions during treatment with voriconazole (a class effect of azole antifungal agents). Liver function tests should be evaluated at the start of and during the course of therapy.
Voriconazole is phototoxic
Phototoxic
Phototoxicity is a chemically induced skin irritation requiring light . The skin response resembles an exaggerated sunburn. The involved chemical may enter into the skin by topical administration or it may reach the skin via systemic circulation following ingestion or parenteral administration...
. It has been associated with an increased risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin.