Voiceless velar fricative

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Voiceless velar fricative

The voiceless velar fricative, informally known as the hard ch, is a type of consonant

Consonant

In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx....
al sound used in some spoken language

Language

A language is a form of symbol communication in which elements are combined to represents something other than themselves. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon....
s. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet

International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic....
that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA

X-SAMPA

The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London....
symbol is x. The sound was part of the consonant inventory of Old English

Old English language

Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century....
and can still be found in some dialects of English

English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
, most notably in Scottish English

Scottish English

Scottish English refers to the Variety of English language spoken in Scotland. It may or may not include Scots language depending on the observer....
.

ures of the voiceless velar fricative:

le class="wikitable">

Language

Word

IPA

International Phonetic Alphabet

Meaning

Notes

Afrikaans 'well'

Aleut

Aleut language

Aleut is a language of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. It is the tongue of the Aleut people living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, and Commander Islands....

Atkan dialect

'two'

Angor 'to walk'

Arabic

Arabic language

Arabic is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages languages such as Hebrew language and Aramaic language....

'green (f

Grammatical gender

In linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called noun classes, are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words; every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be very few which belong to several classes at once....
)'

See Arabic phonology

Arabic phonology

While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, the Arabic language is more properly described as a varieties of Arabic or Macrolanguage....

Assamese

Assamese language

Assamese is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language that is spoken mainly in the States and territories of India of Assam in North-East India. It is also the official language of Assam....

'Assamese'

Avar

Avar language

The modern Avar language belongs to the Avar-Andi-Tsez subgroup of the Alarodian Northeast-Caucasian language family....

'belly'

Azerbaijani

Azerbaijani language

Azerbaijani is a language belonging to the Turkic languages language family, spoken in southwestern Asia, primarily in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran....

'pleasant'

Bulgarian

Bulgarian language

Bulgarian is an Indo-European languages, a member of the Slavic languages linguistic group.Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from all other Slavic languages except Macedonian language, such as the elimination of grammatical case, the development of a suffixed definite article , the lack of a verb infin...

'quietly'

Chinese

Chinese language

Chinese or the Sinitic language is a language family consisting of language mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan languages of languages....

Mandarin

Mandarin (linguistics)

Mandarin , is a category of related Chinese dialects spoken across most of northern and south-western China. When taken as a separate language, as is often done in academic literature, the Mandarin language has more native speakers than any other language....

'river'

See Standard Mandarin

Standard Mandarin

Standard Mandarin, or Standard Chinese, is the official modern Spoken Chinese used in People's Republic of China and Republic of China, and is one of the four official languages of Languages of Singapore....

Croatian

Croatian language

Croatian language is a South Slavic languages which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in neighbouring countries where Croats are Indigenous peoples, in Italian region of Molise, and parts of the Croats diaspora....

'Croatian'

Czech

Czech language

Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czech people worldwide....

'guy'

See Czech phonology

Czech phonology

For assistance in making phonetic transcriptions of Czech for Wikipedia articles, see WP:IPA for CzechThis article discusses the phonology system of the Czech language...

Dutch

Dutch language

Dutch is a West Germanic languages spoken by over 22 million people as a first language, and about 5 million people as a second language."1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language speakers of Dutch is very small. Most native...

Belgian Dutch

'eight'

See Dutch phonology

Dutch phonology

Dutch is a Germanic language and as such has a similar phonology to other Germanic languages . The Dutch as spoken in Haarlem is popularly said to be closest to northern ?Standard? Dutch, not the Amsterdam dialect....

English

English language

Scottish

Scottish English

Scottish English refers to the Variety of English language spoken in Scotland. It may or may not include Scots language depending on the observer....

'loch

Loch

A loch is a body of water which is either:* a lake or;* a sea inlet, which may be also a firth, fjord, estuary or bay.Sea-inlet lochs are often called sea lochs....
'

See English phonology

English phonology

English phonology is the study of the phonology of the English language. Like all languages, spoken English has wide variation in its pronunciation both Historical linguistics and Descriptive linguistics from dialect to dialect....

Esperanto

is the most widely spoken constructed language international auxiliary language in the world. Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto, the pseudonym under which L....

'monk'

See Esperanto phonology

Esperanto phonology

The creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, did not specify phonemic-phonetic correspondences for his language. Instead, he simply described the Esperanto orthography as "one letter, one sound"....

Eyak

Eyak language

Eyak is an extinct Na-Den? languages that was historically spoken in southcentral Alaska, near the mouth of the Copper River .Marie Smith Jones of Cordova, Alaska was the language's last native speaker, as well as the last full-blooded Eyak....

'traps'

Georgian

Georgian language

Georgian is the official language of Georgia , a country in the Caucasus .Georgian is the primary language of about 3.9 million people in Georgia itself, and of another 500,000 abroad ....

'stick'

German

German language

German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....

'cake'

See German phonology

German phonology

This article is about the phonology of the German language based on the Standard German. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof, including geographical variants ....

Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....

'joy'

See Modern Greek phonology

Modern Greek phonology

This page presents a sketch of the phonology of Standard Modern Greek....

Hungarian

Hungarian language

Hungarian is a Uralic languages unrelated to most other languages in Europe. It is mainly spoken in Hungary and by the Hungarian minorities in the seven neighbouring countries....

'with a shah'

See Hungarian phonology

Hungarian phonology

This article is about the phonology of the Hungarian language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics. Hungarian is notable for its process of vowel harmony....

Irish

Irish language

Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic languages of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people....

'drink'

See Irish phonology

Irish phonology

File:Gaeltachtai le hainmneacha.svgThe phonology of the Irish language varies from Irish language#Dialects; there is no standard language of the language....

Lithuanian

Lithuanian language

Lithuanian is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 170,000 abroad....

'chorus'

See Lithuanian phonology

Lojban

Lojban is a constructed language, syntactically unambiguous human language based on First-order logic. Its predecessor is Loglan, the original logical language by James Cooke Brown....

'letter'

Persian

Persian language

'sister'

See Persian phonology

Persian phonology

The Persian language has six vowel phonemes and twenty-three consonant phonemes. It features contrastive stress and syllable-final consonant clusters....

Polish

Polish language

Polish , an official language of Poland, has the largest number of speakers of any West Slavic languages. Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner through most of Poland, and it has a regular orthography....

'bread'

Also (in great majority of dialects) represented by .

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The voiceless velar fricative, informally known as the hard ch, is a type of consonant

Consonant

Language

International Phonetic Alphabet

X-SAMPA

Old English language

English language

Scottish English

Scottish English refers to the Variety of English language spoken in Scotland. It may or may not include Scots language depending on the observer....
.

Features

Features of the voiceless velar fricative:

Its manner of articulation
Manner of articulation

In linguistics , manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact....
is fricative
Fricative consonant

Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two Place of articulation close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate, in the case of German language , the final consonant of Bach; or the side of the tongue ag...
, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence
Turbulence

In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time....
.
Its place of articulation
Place of articulation

In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active articulator and a passive articulator ....
is velar
Velar consonant

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the Soft palate)....
which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue
Tongue

The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing . It is the primary organ of taste. Much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds....
(the dorsum) against the soft palate
Soft palate

The soft palate is the soft biological_tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone....
(the velum).
Its phonation
Phonation

Phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics. Among some phoneticians, phonation is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration....
type is voiceless, which means the vocal cords are not vibrating during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant
Oral consonant

An oral consonant is a consonant sound in Speech communication that is made by allowing air to escape from the mouth, as opposed to the nose. To create an intended oral consonant sound, the entire mouth plays a role in modifying the air's passageway....
, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
It is a central consonant
Central consonant

A central or medial consonant is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue.Examples of central consonants are the voiceless velar plosive , the voiced alveolar fricative and the alveolar nasal ....
, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
The airstream mechanism
Airstream mechanism

In phonetics, the airstream mechanism is the method by which airflow is created in the vocal tract. Along with phonation, it is one of two mandatory aspects of sound production; without these, there can be no speech sound....
is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lung
Lung

The lung is the essential respiration organ in air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart....
s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis
Glottis

The glottis defined as the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds ....
or the mouth.

Varieties of

Occurrence

Language		Word	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans			'well'
Aleut Aleut language Aleut is a language of the Eskimo-Aleut language family. It is the tongue of the Aleut people living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, and Commander Islands....	Atkan dialect		'two'
Angor			'to walk'
Arabic Arabic language Arabic is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages languages such as Hebrew language and Aramaic language....			'green (f Grammatical gender In linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called noun classes, are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words; every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be very few which belong to several classes at once.... )'	See Arabic phonology Arabic phonology While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, the Arabic language is more properly described as a varieties of Arabic or Macrolanguage....
Assamese Assamese language Assamese is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language that is spoken mainly in the States and territories of India of Assam in North-East India. It is also the official language of Assam....			'Assamese'
Avar Avar language The modern Avar language belongs to the Avar-Andi-Tsez subgroup of the Alarodian Northeast-Caucasian language family....			'belly'
Azerbaijani Azerbaijani language Azerbaijani is a language belonging to the Turkic languages language family, spoken in southwestern Asia, primarily in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran....			'pleasant'
Bulgarian Bulgarian language Bulgarian is an Indo-European languages, a member of the Slavic languages linguistic group.Bulgarian demonstrates several linguistic innovations that set it apart from all other Slavic languages except Macedonian language, such as the elimination of grammatical case, the development of a suffixed definite article , the lack of a verb infin...			'quietly'
Chinese Chinese language Chinese or the Sinitic language is a language family consisting of language mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan languages of languages....	Mandarin Mandarin (linguistics) Mandarin , is a category of related Chinese dialects spoken across most of northern and south-western China. When taken as a separate language, as is often done in academic literature, the Mandarin language has more native speakers than any other language....	/	'river'	See Standard Mandarin Standard Mandarin Standard Mandarin, or Standard Chinese, is the official modern Spoken Chinese used in People's Republic of China and Republic of China, and is one of the four official languages of Languages of Singapore....
Croatian Croatian language Croatian language is a South Slavic languages which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in neighbouring countries where Croats are Indigenous peoples, in Italian region of Molise, and parts of the Croats diaspora....			'Croatian'
Czech Czech language Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers; it is the majority language in the Czech Republic and spoken by Czech people worldwide....			'guy'	See Czech phonology Czech phonology For assistance in making phonetic transcriptions of Czech for Wikipedia articles, see WP:IPA for CzechThis article discusses the phonology system of the Czech language...
Dutch Dutch language Dutch is a West Germanic languages spoken by over 22 million people as a first language, and about 5 million people as a second language."1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language speakers of Dutch is very small. Most native...	Belgian Dutch		'eight'	See Dutch phonology Dutch phonology Dutch is a Germanic language and as such has a similar phonology to other Germanic languages . The Dutch as spoken in Haarlem is popularly said to be closest to northern ?Standard? Dutch, not the Amsterdam dialect....
English English language English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...	Scottish Scottish English Scottish English refers to the Variety of English language spoken in Scotland. It may or may not include Scots language depending on the observer....		'loch Loch A loch is a body of water which is either:* a lake or;* a sea inlet, which may be also a firth, fjord, estuary or bay.Sea-inlet lochs are often called sea lochs.... '	See English phonology English phonology English phonology is the study of the phonology of the English language. Like all languages, spoken English has wide variation in its pronunciation both Historical linguistics and Descriptive linguistics from dialect to dialect....
Esperanto Esperanto is the most widely spoken constructed language international auxiliary language in the world. Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto, the pseudonym under which L....			'monk'	See Esperanto phonology Esperanto phonology The creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, did not specify phonemic-phonetic correspondences for his language. Instead, he simply described the Esperanto orthography as "one letter, one sound"....
Eyak Eyak language Eyak is an extinct Na-Den? languages that was historically spoken in southcentral Alaska, near the mouth of the Copper River .Marie Smith Jones of Cordova, Alaska was the language's last native speaker, as well as the last full-blooded Eyak....			'traps'
Georgian Georgian language Georgian is the official language of Georgia , a country in the Caucasus .Georgian is the primary language of about 3.9 million people in Georgia itself, and of another 500,000 abroad ....			'stick'
German German language German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....			'cake'	See German phonology German phonology This article is about the phonology of the German language based on the Standard German. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof, including geographical variants ....
Greek Greek language Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....			'joy'	See Modern Greek phonology Modern Greek phonology This page presents a sketch of the phonology of Standard Modern Greek....
Hungarian Hungarian language Hungarian is a Uralic languages unrelated to most other languages in Europe. It is mainly spoken in Hungary and by the Hungarian minorities in the seven neighbouring countries....			'with a shah'	See Hungarian phonology Hungarian phonology This article is about the phonology of the Hungarian language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics. Hungarian is notable for its process of vowel harmony....
Irish Irish language Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic languages of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people....			'drink'	See Irish phonology Irish phonology File:Gaeltachtai le hainmneacha.svgThe phonology of the Irish language varies from Irish language#Dialects; there is no standard language of the language....
Lithuanian Lithuanian language Lithuanian is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 170,000 abroad....			'chorus'	See Lithuanian phonology
Lojban Lojban Lojban is a constructed language, syntactically unambiguous human language based on First-order logic. Its predecessor is Loglan, the original logical language by James Cooke Brown....			'letter'
Persian Persian language name=Persian\|nativename=\|pronunciation=[f??r'si]\|image=\|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script \|states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....			'sister'	See Persian phonology Persian phonology The Persian language has six vowel phonemes and twenty-three consonant phonemes. It features contrastive stress and syllable-final consonant clusters....
Polish Polish language Polish , an official language of Poland, has the largest number of speakers of any West Slavic languages. Polish-speakers use the language in a uniform manner through most of Poland, and it has a regular orthography....			'bread'	Also (in great majority of dialects) represented by . See Polish phonology Polish phonology Vowels The Polish language vowel system is relatively simple with only six oral and two nasal vowels. All Polish oral vowels are monophthongs, which are shown to the right....
Portuguese Portuguese language Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Portugal. It is derived from the Latin language spoken by the Romanization Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago....	Brazilian Brazilian Portuguese Brazilian Portuguese is a group of Portuguese dialects written and spoken by virtually all the 189 million inhabitants of Brazil and by a few million Brazilian emigrants, mainly in the United States, United Kingdom, Portugal, Canada, Japan and Paraguay....		'tail'	See Portuguese phonology Portuguese phonology The phonology of Portuguese can vary considerably between dialects, in extreme cases leading to difficulties in intelligibility. This article focuses on the pronunciations that are generally regarded as standard....
Russian Russian language Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....			'tail'	See Russian phonology Russian phonology For assistance in making phonetic transcriptions of Russian for Wikipedia articles, see WP:IPA for RussianThis article discusses the phonology system of standard language Russian language based on the Moscow dialect ....
Scottish Gaelic			'lake'
Serbian Serbian language name=Serbian\|nativename=\|pronunciation=['sr?pski?]\|familycolor=Indo-European\|map=\|states=See below under "Official status", besides that in Croatia and as an immigrant's language spread over Central Europe and Western Europe, as well as Northern America...		/	'oak'
Slovak Slovak language The Slovak language , sometimes incorrectly called ?Slovakian?, is an Indo-European languages that belongs to the West Slavic languages .The Czech and Slovak languages are Mutual intelligibility which means that even after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia Czech may be used in all official proceedings and documents in Slovakia, and vice ver...			'guy'	See Slovak phonology
Somali Somali language Somali is a member of the East Cushitic languages branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages language family spoken by Somali people in Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen and Kenya, as well as by the Somali diaspora around the world?an estimated total population of between 10 and 16 million speakers....			'ink'	See Somali phonology Somali phonology This article describes the phonology of the Somali language. For other details on Somali , please see Somali language....
Spanish Spanish language Spanish or Castilian is a Romance languages that originated in northern Spain, and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile and evolved into the principal language of government and trade....			'eye'	See Spanish phonology Spanish phonology This article is about the phonology of the Spanish language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof, including geographical variants ....
Xhosa Xhosa language Xhosa is one of the official languages of South Africa. Xhosa is spoken by approximately Xhosa, or about 18% of the South African population. Like most Bantu languages, Xhosa is a Tone , that is, the same sequence of consonants and vowels can have different meanings when said with a rising or falling or high or low intonation....			'to cancel'
Vietnamese Vietnamese language Vietnamese , formerly known under French colonization as Annamese , is the national language and official language language of Vietnam. It is the mother tongue of the Vietnamese people , who constitute 86% of Demographics of Vietnam, and of about three million overseas Vietnamese, most of whom live in the United States....			'to be burnt'	See Vietnamese phonology Vietnamese phonology This article is a technical description the sound system of the Vietnamese language, including phonetics and phonology....
Welsh Welsh language Welsh ]], is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic languages spoken natively in Wales, in England by some along the Welsh Marches and in the Welsh settlement in Argentina in the Chubut Valley in Argentina Patagonia....			'jail'	See Welsh phonology Welsh phonology The phonology of Welsh language is characterised by a number of sounds that do not occur in English and are linguistic typology rare in European languages, such as the voiceless lateral fricative and voiceless nasal consonants....
Yaghan Yaghan language Yag?n , also known as Y?mana and H?usi K?ta, is one of the indigenous languages of Tierra del Fuego, spoken by the Yag?n people. It is regarded as a language isolate, although some linguists have attempted to relate it to Kaw?sqar language and Chon languages....		xan Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today. It evolved from the western variety of the Greek alphabet called the Cumae alphabet, and was initially developed by the Ancient Romes to write the Latin....	'here'

Voiceless velar fricative

Features

Varieties of

Occurrence

See also

Bibliography