KabyleKabyle is a Berber language spoken by the Kabyle people. In 1995, there were 7,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there were more than 4,500,000...
|
{{refimprove|date=December 2007}}
The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantIn articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx...
al sound, used in some spoken languageA language is a system for encoding and decoding information. In its most common use, the term refers to so-called "natural languages" — the forms of communication considered peculiar to humankind. In linguistics the term is extended to refer to the human cognitive facility of creating and using...
s. The symbol in the International Phonetic AlphabetThe International Phonetic Alphabet ["The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...]
that represents this sound is {{IPA|ʝ}} (crossed-tail j), and the equivalent X-SAMPAThe Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London. It was designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the...
symbol is j\.
The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only seven of the 317 languages surveyed by the origical UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory DatabaseThe UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database is a statistical survey of the phoneme inventories in 451 of the world's languages. The database was created by American phonetician Ian Maddieson for the University of California, Los Angeles in 1984 and has been updated several times.-External...
.{{fact|date=December 2007}} In only two of the languages (KomiThe Komi language is a Finno-Permic language spoken by the Komi peoples in the northeastern European part of Russia. Komi is one of the two members of the Permic subgroup of the Finno-Ugric branch...
, Margi) this sound occurs along with its voiceless counterpartThe voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C...
.
Features
Features of the voiced palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation
In linguistics , manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants...
is fricativeFricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate, in the case of German , the final consonant of Bach; or...
, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulenceIn fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow...
.
- Its place of articulation
In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active articulator and a passive articulator...
is palatalPalatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate...
which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongueThe tongue is a muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing and swallowing . It is the primary organ of taste, as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. A secondary function of the tongue is speech, in which the organ assists...
raised against the hard palateThe hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone....
.
- Its phonation
Phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics. Among some phoneticians, phonation is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology...
type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant
An oral consonant is a consonant sound in speech that is made by allowing air to escape from the mouth, as opposed to the nose. To create an intended oral consonant sound, the entire mouth plays a role in modifying the air's passageway. This rapid modification of the air passageway using the tongue...
, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant
A central or medial consonant is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue.Examples of central consonants are the voiceless velar plosive , the voiced alveolar fricative and the alveolar nasal .A consonant in which air...
, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism
In phonetics, the airstream mechanism is the method by which airflow is created in the vocal tract. Along with phonation, it is one of two mandatory aspects of sound production; without these, there can be no speech sound....
is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungThe lung or pulmonary system is the essential respiration organ in air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart...
s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottisThe glottis is defined as the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds .-Function:As the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the speech, called voice or voicing or pronunciation.Sound production involving only the glottis is called...
or the mouth.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPAThe International Phonetic Alphabet ["The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...]
| Meaning | Notes |
|---|
DutchDutch is a West Germanic language spoken by over 22 million people as a native language, and over 5 million people as a second language. "1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language...
|
{{lang|nl|goed Dutch orthography uses the Latin alphabet according to a system which has evolved to suit the needs of the Dutch language. The regular relationship of graphemes to phonemes is listed in the article on Dutch language...
}} |
{{Audio-IPA|Nl-goed (Belgium).ogg|[ʝut]}} |
'good' |
More common in southern Dutch dialects, including all of Dutch-speaking BelgiumFlanders is the community of the Flemings but also one of the institutions in Belgium, and a geographical region located in parts of present-day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands...
. See Dutch phonologyDutch is a Germanic language and as such has a similar phonology to other Germanic languages ....
|
| Greek Greek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical...
|
{{lang|el|γειαThe Greek alphabet is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BCE. It is the first and oldest alphabet in the narrow sense that it notes each vowel and consonant with a separate symbol. It is as such in continuous use to...
}} |
{{IPA|[ʝa] }} |
'hello' |
See Modern Greek phonology This page presents a sketch of the phonology of Standard Modern Greek.-Vowels:Greek has a simple system of five vowels, . The vowel is realised as open central. The mid vowels and have a phonetic quality in between the close-mid and open-mid range. The close vowels and have qualities...
|
KabyleKabyle is a Berber language spoken by the Kabyle people. In 1995, there were 7,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there were more than 4,500,000...
|
{{refimprove|date=December 2007}}
The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantIn articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper vocal tract, the upper vocal tract being defined as that part of the vocal tract that lies above the larynx...
al sound, used in some spoken languageA language is a system for encoding and decoding information. In its most common use, the term refers to so-called "natural languages" — the forms of communication considered peculiar to humankind. In linguistics the term is extended to refer to the human cognitive facility of creating and using...
s. The symbol in the International Phonetic AlphabetThe International Phonetic Alphabet ["The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...]
that represents this sound is {{IPA|ʝ}} (crossed-tail j), and the equivalent X-SAMPAThe Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London. It was designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the...
symbol is j\.
The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only seven of the 317 languages surveyed by the origical UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory DatabaseThe UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database is a statistical survey of the phoneme inventories in 451 of the world's languages. The database was created by American phonetician Ian Maddieson for the University of California, Los Angeles in 1984 and has been updated several times.-External...
.{{fact|date=December 2007}} In only two of the languages (KomiThe Komi language is a Finno-Permic language spoken by the Komi peoples in the northeastern European part of Russia. Komi is one of the two members of the Permic subgroup of the Finno-Ugric branch...
, Margi) this sound occurs along with its voiceless counterpartThe voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C...
.
Features
Features of the voiced palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation
In linguistics , manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants...
is fricativeFricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate, in the case of German , the final consonant of Bach; or...
, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulenceIn fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow...
.
- Its place of articulation
In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active articulator and a passive articulator...
is palatalPalatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate...
which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongueThe tongue is a muscle on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing and swallowing . It is the primary organ of taste, as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. A secondary function of the tongue is speech, in which the organ assists...
raised against the hard palateThe hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone....
.
- Its phonation
Phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics. Among some phoneticians, phonation is the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology...
type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant
An oral consonant is a consonant sound in speech that is made by allowing air to escape from the mouth, as opposed to the nose. To create an intended oral consonant sound, the entire mouth plays a role in modifying the air's passageway. This rapid modification of the air passageway using the tongue...
, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant
A central or medial consonant is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue.Examples of central consonants are the voiceless velar plosive , the voiced alveolar fricative and the alveolar nasal .A consonant in which air...
, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism
In phonetics, the airstream mechanism is the method by which airflow is created in the vocal tract. Along with phonation, it is one of two mandatory aspects of sound production; without these, there can be no speech sound....
is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungThe lung or pulmonary system is the essential respiration organ in air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart...
s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottisThe glottis is defined as the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds .-Function:As the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the speech, called voice or voicing or pronunciation.Sound production involving only the glottis is called...
or the mouth.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPAThe International Phonetic Alphabet ["The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself that resistance seems pedantic...]
| Meaning | Notes |
|---|
DutchDutch is a West Germanic language spoken by over 22 million people as a native language, and over 5 million people as a second language. "1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language...
|
{{lang|nl|goed Dutch orthography uses the Latin alphabet according to a system which has evolved to suit the needs of the Dutch language. The regular relationship of graphemes to phonemes is listed in the article on Dutch language...
}} |
{{Audio-IPA|Nl-goed (Belgium).ogg|[ʝut]}} |
'good' |
More common in southern Dutch dialects, including all of Dutch-speaking BelgiumFlanders is the community of the Flemings but also one of the institutions in Belgium, and a geographical region located in parts of present-day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands...
. See Dutch phonologyDutch is a Germanic language and as such has a similar phonology to other Germanic languages ....
|
| Greek Greek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical...
|
{{lang|el|γειαThe Greek alphabet is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BCE. It is the first and oldest alphabet in the narrow sense that it notes each vowel and consonant with a separate symbol. It is as such in continuous use to...
}} |
{{IPA|[ʝa] }} |
'hello' |
See Modern Greek phonology This page presents a sketch of the phonology of Standard Modern Greek.-Vowels:Greek has a simple system of five vowels, . The vowel is realised as open central. The mid vowels and have a phonetic quality in between the close-mid and open-mid range. The close vowels and have qualities...
|
KabyleKabyle is a Berber language spoken by the Kabyle people. In 1995, there were 7,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there were more than 4,500,000...
|
{{Unicode The Berber Latin alphabet is the version of the Latin alphabet used to write Northern Berber languages. It uses the 23 standard letters, 7 modified letters and borrows 2 letters from the Greek alphabet. In the interests of pan-dialectal legibility, it omits the partly phonemic contrast found in...
|
{{IPA|[ʃʃəʝ]}} |
'to slip' |
|
PashtoPashto , also known as Afghani, is an Indo-European language spoken primarily in Afghanistan and western Pakistan. Pashto belongs to the Eastern Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family...
|
Wardak dialect |
{{Unicode The Pashto alphabet, like that of the neighboring Persian and Urdu languages, is a modified form of the Arabic alphabet with letters added to accommodate phonemes used in Pashto which are not found in Arabic.-History:...
|
{{IPA|[muʝ]}} |
'we' |
|
SpanishSpanish or Castilian is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that originated in northern Spain and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile, evolving into the principal language of government and trade in the Iberian peninsula...
|
{{lang|es|sayo}} |
{{IPA|[saˈʝo̞]}} |
'smock' |
More often is an approximant Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and "typical" consonants. In the articulation of approximants, articulatory organs produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space for air to flow without much audible turbulence. Approximants are...
. May also be represented by in certain dialects. See Spanish phonologyThis article is about the phonology of the Spanish language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof...
|
SwedishSwedish is a North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the coast and on the Åland islands. It is to a considerable extent mutually intelligible with Norwegian and to a lesser extent with Danish...
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{{lang|sv|jord The modern Swedish alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet consisting of 29 letters – the same letters that are found in the Basic modern Latin alphabet, plus three using diacritics: ...
}} |
{{Audio-IPA|sv-jord.ogg|[ʝuːɖ]}} |
'soil' |
See Swedish phonologyThe phonology of Swedish is notable for having a large vowel inventory, with 9 vowels that are distinguished in quality and to some degree quantity, making up 17 vowel phonemes in most dialects . In some areas these vowels are still distinguished and a full 18-vowel system is upheld...
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