Virgo Supercluster
Encyclopedia
Supercluster
Superclusters are large groups of smaller galaxy groups and clusters and are among the largest known structures of the cosmos. They are so large that they are not gravitationally bound and, consequently, partake in the Hubble expansion.-Existence:...
that contains the Virgo Cluster
Virgo Cluster
The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1300 member galaxies, the cluster forms the heart of the larger Local Supercluster, of which the Local Group is an outlying member...
in addition to the Local Group
Local Group
The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The group comprises more than 30 galaxies , with its gravitational center located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy...
, which in turn contains the Milky Way
Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains the Solar System. This name derives from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky...
and Andromeda
Andromeda Galaxy
The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Andromeda. It is also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224, and is often referred to as the Great Andromeda Nebula in older texts. Andromeda is the nearest spiral galaxy to the...
galaxies. At least 100 galaxy groups and clusters
Galaxy groups and clusters
Galaxy groups and clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound objects to have arisen thus far in the process of cosmic structure formation. They form the densest part of the large scale structure of the universe...
are located within its diameter of 33 megaparsecs
Parsec
The parsec is a unit of length used in astronomy. It is about 3.26 light-years, or just under 31 trillion kilometres ....
(110 million light-years). It is one of millions of superclusters in the observable Universe
Observable universe
In Big Bang cosmology, the observable universe consists of the galaxies and other matter that we can in principle observe from Earth in the present day, because light from those objects has had time to reach us since the beginning of the cosmological expansion...
.
Background
Beginning with the first large sample of nebulaNebula
A nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen gas, helium gas and other ionized gases...
e published by William
William Herschel
Sir Frederick William Herschel, KH, FRS, German: Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel was a German-born British astronomer, technical expert, and composer. Born in Hanover, Wilhelm first followed his father into the Military Band of Hanover, but emigrated to Britain at age 19...
and John Herschel
John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH, FRS ,was an English mathematician, astronomer, chemist, and experimental photographer/inventor, who in some years also did valuable botanical work...
in 1863, it was known that there is a marked excess of nebular fields in the constellation Virgo (near the north galactic pole
Galactic coordinate system
The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system which is centered on the Sun and is aligned with the apparent center of the Milky Way galaxy. The "equator" is aligned to the galactic plane...
). In the 1950s French-American astronomer Gérard Henri de Vaucouleurs was the first to argue that this excess represented a large-scale galaxy-like structure, coining the term "Local Supergalaxy" in 1953 which he changed to "Local Supercluster" (LSC) in 1958. (Harlow Shapley
Harlow Shapley
Harlow Shapley was an American astronomer.-Career:He was born on a farm in Nashville, Missouri, and dropped out of school with only the equivalent of a fifth-grade education...
, in his 1959 book Of Stars and Men, suggested the term Metagalaxy.) Debate went on during the 1960s and 1970s as to whether the Local Supercluster (LS) was actually a structure or a chance alignment of galaxies.
The issue was resolved with the large redshift surveys of the late 70's and early 80's, which convincingly showed the flattened concentration of galaxies along the supergalactic plane.
Structure
In a comprehensive 1982 paper, R. Brent TullyR. Brent Tully
R. Brent Tully is an astronomer at the Institute for Astronomy in Honolulu, Hawaii.Tully's specialty is astrophysics of galaxies. He, along with J. Richard Fisher, proposed the now-famous Tully-Fisher relation in a paper, A New Method of Determining Distances to Galaxies, published in Astronomy...
presented the conclusions of his research concerning the basic structure of the LS. It consists of two components: an appreciably flattened disk containing two-thirds of the supercluster's luminous galaxies, and a roughly spherical halo containing the remaining one-third.
The disk itself is a thin (~1 Mpc
Parsec
The parsec is a unit of length used in astronomy. It is about 3.26 light-years, or just under 31 trillion kilometres ....
) ellipsoid with a long axis / short axis ratio of at least 6 to 1, and possibly as high as 9 to 1.
Data released in June 2003 from the 5-year Two-degree-Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dF)
2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey
In astronomy, the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey , 2dF or 2dFGRS is a redshift survey conducted by the Anglo-Australian Observatory with the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope between 1997 and 11 April 2002. The data from this survey were made public on 30 June 2003...
has allowed astronomers to compare the LS to other superclusters. The LS represents a typical poor (that is, lacking a high density core) supercluster of rather small size. It has one rich galaxy cluster in the center, surrounded by filaments of galaxies and poor groups.
The Local Group
Local Group
The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The group comprises more than 30 galaxies , with its gravitational center located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy...
is located on the outskirts of the LS in a small filament extending from the Fornax cluster
Fornax Cluster
At a distance of approximately 62.0 Mly , the Fornax Cluster is the second richest cluster of galaxies within 100 million light-years, although it is much smaller than the Virgo Cluster. It lies primarily in the constellation Fornax, and may be associated with the nearby Eridanus Group...
to the Virgo cluster
Virgo Cluster
The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1300 member galaxies, the cluster forms the heart of the larger Local Supercluster, of which the Local Group is an outlying member...
. The Virgo Supercluster's volume is very approximately 7000 times that of the Local Group or 100 billion times that of the Milky Way. See volumes of similar orders of magnitude.
Galaxy distribution
The number densityNumber density
In physics, astronomy, and chemistry, number density is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects in the three-dimensional physical space...
of galaxies in the LS falls off with the square of the distance from its center near the Virgo cluster
Virgo Cluster
The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1300 member galaxies, the cluster forms the heart of the larger Local Supercluster, of which the Local Group is an outlying member...
, suggesting that this cluster is not randomly located. Overall, the vast majority of the luminous galaxies (greater than absolute magnitude
Absolute magnitude
Absolute magnitude is the measure of a celestial object's intrinsic brightness. it is also the apparent magnitude a star would have if it were 32.6 light years away from Earth...
-13) are concentrated in a small number of clouds
Galaxy cloud
A galaxy cloud is a group of galaxy clusters and a substructure of a supercluster. The Local Supercluster contains the Virgo cluster, the Canes Venatici Cloud and the Virgo II Cloud....
(groups of galaxy cluster
Galaxy cluster
A galaxy cluster is a compact cluster of galaxies. Basic difference between a galaxy group and a galaxy cluster is that there are many more galaxies in a cluster than in a group. Also, galaxies in a cluster are more compact and have higher velocity dispersion. One of the key features of cluster is...
s). Ninety-eight percent can be found in the following 11 clouds (given in decreasing order of number of luminous galaxies): Canes Venatici, Virgo cluster
Virgo Cluster
The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1300 member galaxies, the cluster forms the heart of the larger Local Supercluster, of which the Local Group is an outlying member...
, Virgo II (southern extension), Leo II, Virgo III, Crater (NGC 3672), Leo I, Leo Minor (NGC 2841), Draco (NGC 5907), Antlia (NGC 2997) and NGC 5643. Of the luminous galaxies located in the disk, one third are in the Virgo cluster
Virgo Cluster
The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1300 member galaxies, the cluster forms the heart of the larger Local Supercluster, of which the Local Group is an outlying member...
, while the remainder are found in the Canes Venatici Cloud and Virgo II Cloud, plus the somewhat insignificant NGC 5643 Group. The luminous galaxies in the halo are also concentrated in a small number of clouds
Galaxy cloud
A galaxy cloud is a group of galaxy clusters and a substructure of a supercluster. The Local Supercluster contains the Virgo cluster, the Canes Venatici Cloud and the Virgo II Cloud....
(94% in 7 clouds). This distribution indicates that "most of the volume off the supergalactic plane is a great void." A helpful analogy that matches the observed distribution is that of soap bubbles. Flattish clusters
Galaxy cluster
A galaxy cluster is a compact cluster of galaxies. Basic difference between a galaxy group and a galaxy cluster is that there are many more galaxies in a cluster than in a group. Also, galaxies in a cluster are more compact and have higher velocity dispersion. One of the key features of cluster is...
and superclusters are found at the intersection of bubbles, which are large, roughly spherical (on the order of 20-60 Mpc
Parsec
The parsec is a unit of length used in astronomy. It is about 3.26 light-years, or just under 31 trillion kilometres ....
in diameter) voids in space.
Long filamentary structures seem to predominate. An example of this is the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster
Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster
The Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster , or the Hydra and Centaurus superclusters, is a supercluster in two parts and the closest neighbour of Milky Way's Virgo Supercluster....
, the nearest supercluster to the LS, which starts at a distance of roughly 30 Mpc
Parsec
The parsec is a unit of length used in astronomy. It is about 3.26 light-years, or just under 31 trillion kilometres ....
and extends to 60 Mpc
Parsec
The parsec is a unit of length used in astronomy. It is about 3.26 light-years, or just under 31 trillion kilometres ....
.
Large scale dynamics
Since the late 1980s it has been apparent that not only the Local GroupLocal Group
The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The group comprises more than 30 galaxies , with its gravitational center located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy...
, but all matter out to a distance of at least 50 Mpc
Parsec
The parsec is a unit of length used in astronomy. It is about 3.26 light-years, or just under 31 trillion kilometres ....
is experiencing a bulk flow on the order of 600 km/sec in the direction of the Norma cluster (Abell 3627)
Norma cluster
The Norma Cluster is a rich cluster of galaxies located near the center of the Great Attractor. Although it is both nearby and bright, it is difficult to observe because it is located in the Zone of Avoidance, a region near the plane of the Milky Way. Consequently, the cluster is severely...
.
Lynden-Bell et al. (1988) dubbed the cause of this "The Great Attractor". While astronomers are confident of the velocity of the LS, which has been measured against the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), the nature of what is causing it remains poorly understood.
Dark matter
The LS has a total mass M ≈ 1 x 1015Msolar and a total optical luminosity L ≈ 3 x 1012Lsolar. This yields a mass-to-light ratio of about 300 times that of the solar ratio, a figure that is consistent with results obtained for other superclusters.(By comparison, the mass-to-light ratio for the Milky Way
Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains the Solar System. This name derives from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky...
is 2.7.) These ratios are one of the main arguments in favor of the presence of large amounts of dark matter
Dark matter
In astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is matter that neither emits nor scatters light or other electromagnetic radiation, and so cannot be directly detected via optical or radio astronomy...
in the universe.
Maps
File:Virgosupercluster_atlasoftheuniverse.gif|frame|center|The Virgo Supercluster in supergalactic coordinates (click on feature names for more information)
circle 473 220 33 Virgo cluster
Virgo Cluster
The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1300 member galaxies, the cluster forms the heart of the larger Local Supercluster, of which the Local Group is an outlying member...
circle 339 230 16 Centaurus A/M83 Group
circle 349 252 15 M81 group
M81 Group
The M81 Group is a group of galaxies in the constellation Ursa Major that includes the well-known galaxies Messier 81 and Messier 82, as well as several other galaxies with high apparent brightnesses. The approximate center of the group is located at a distance of 3.6 Mpc, making it one of the...
circle 326 264 15 Maffei Group
circle 289 292 20 NGC 1023 Group
NGC 1023 Group
The NGC 1023 group is a group of galaxies about 20.6 million light-years away from Earth. The group resides in the Canes Venatici Cloud in the Virgo Supercluster.-Members:* Probable : DDO 024, DDO 025....
circle 370 236 13 M101 group
M101 Group
The M101 Group is a loose group of galaxies located in Ursa Major. The group is named after the brightest galaxy in the group, the Pinwheel Galaxy . Most of the other members of the group are companions of the Pinwheel Galaxy. The group itself is one of many located within the Virgo Supercluster...
circle 347 299 20 NGC 2997 Group
NGC 2997 Group
The NGC 2997 group is a group of galaxies about 24.8 million light-years from Earth containing NGC 2997 as a member. It is a group in the Local Supercluster along with the Local Group.- References :...
circle 405 238 20 Canes Venatici I Group
circle 426 203 19 NGC 5033 group
NGC 5033
NGC 5033 is an inclined spiral galaxy located in the constellation Canes Venatici. Distance estimates vary from between 38 to 60 million light years from the Milky Way Galaxy. The galaxy has a very bright nucleus and a relatively faint disk. Significant warping is visible in the southern half of...
rect 445 247 508 276 Ursa Major Cluster
Ursa Major cluster
The Ursa Major Cluster is a spiral-rich galaxy cluster of the Virgo Supercluster.One of its biggest galaxies are NGC 3631, NGC 3953, M109 on North and NGC 3726, NGC 3938 NGC 4051 on South....
circle 391 270 18 Leo I Group
circle 277 197 25 NGC 6744 Group
NGC 6744
NGC 6744 is an intermediate spiral galaxy about 30 million light-years away in the constellation Pavo. It is considered one of the most Milky Way-like spiral galaxies in our immediate vicinity, with flocculent arms and an elongated core...
circle 236 314 22 Dorado Group
Dorado Group
The Dorado Group is a loose concentration of galaxies containing both spirals and ellipticals. It is generally considered a 'galaxy group' but may approach the size of a 'galaxy cluster'. It lies primarily in the southern constellation Dorado and is one of the richest galaxy groups of the Southern...
circle 518 87 40 Virgo III Groups
circle 526 225 20 NGC 4697
NGC 4697
NGC 4697 is an elliptical galaxy some 40 to 50 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It is a member of the NGC 4697 Group, a group of galaxies also containing NGC 4731 and several generally much smaller galaxies This group is about 55 million light-years away; it is one of the...
circle 546 331 34 Leo II Groups
circle 165 194 27 NGC 7582
poly 180 356 178 325 252 345 242 378 Fornax cluster
Fornax Cluster
At a distance of approximately 62.0 Mly , the Fornax Cluster is the second richest cluster of galaxies within 100 million light-years, although it is much smaller than the Virgo Cluster. It lies primarily in the constellation Fornax, and may be associated with the nearby Eridanus Group...
poly 176 357 239 379 214 413 162 381 Eridanus Cluster
Eridanus Cluster
The center of the Eridanus Cluster is roughly 85 million light years from Earth, and contains about 73 main galaxies. It is located in the constellation Eridanus near the Fornax cluster, and is sometimes called the "Fornax II cluster."-Table of galaxies:...
rect 295 213 324 239 Local Group
Local Group
The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The group comprises more than 30 galaxies , with its gravitational center located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy...
rect 252 235 304 257 Sculptor Group
Sculptor Group
The Sculptor Group is a loose group of galaxies near the south galactic pole. The group is one of the closest groups of galaxies to the Local Group; the distance to the center of the group from the Milky Way is approximately 3.9 Mpc....
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File:Nearest_Groups_of_Galaxies_atlasoftheuniverse.gif|frame|center|The nearest galaxy groups projected onto the supergalactic plane (click on feature names for more information)
circle 333 283 20 NGC 55
NGC 55
NGC 55 is a barred irregular galaxy located about 7 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. Along with its neighbor NGC 300, it is one the closest galaxies to the Local Group, probably lying between us and the Sculptor Group.-Nearby galaxies and group information:NGC 55 and the...
rect 399 299 419 325 Milky Way
Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains the Solar System. This name derives from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky...
circle 385 294 14 Large Magellanic Cloud
Large Magellanic Cloud
The Large Magellanic Cloud is a nearby irregular galaxy, and is a satellite of the Milky Way. At a distance of slightly less than 50 kiloparsecs , the LMC is the third closest galaxy to the Milky Way, with the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal and Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy lying closer to the center...
circle 429 267 20 NGC 3109
NGC 3109
NGC 3109 is a small spiral or irregular galaxy around 4.2 Mly away in the direction of the constellation of Hydra. It is the most prominent member of a Local Group subgroup. NGC 3109 is believed to be tidally interacting with the dwarf elliptical galaxy, Antlia Dwarf...
circle 395 338 16 Messier 31
circle 365 335 15 Messier 33
circle 278 311 20 NGC 247
NGC 247
NGC 247 is an Intermediate spiral galaxy about 11.1 Mly away in the constellation Cetus. This distance was confirmed in late February 2011. Previous measurements showed that the galaxy was about 12.2 Mly away, but was proved to be wrong...
circle 388 119 28 Circinus Galaxy
Circinus Galaxy
The Circinus Galaxy is a Seyfert Galaxy in the Circinus constellation. It is only 4 degrees below the Galactic plane, and 13 million light-years away. The galaxy is undergoing tumultuous changes, as rings of gas are being ejected from the galaxy. The outermost ring is 700 light-years from the...
circle 456 124 17 NGC 5128
circle 494 161 20 NGC 5253
NGC 5253
NGC 5253 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Centaurus. It was discovered by John Frederick William Herschel on 15 March 1787.-Galaxy group information:...
poly 475 149 500 133 483 113 463 137 NGC 5102
NGC 5102
NGC 5102 is a galaxy in the M83 group of galaxies. It was discovered by John Frederick William Herschel in 1835.-Distance measurements:At least two techniques have been used to measure distances to NGC 5102. The surface brightness fluctuations distance measurement technique estimates distances to...
circle 440 165 28 NGC 5128 Group
circle 368 206 27 IC4662
circle 520 105 20 Messier 83
rect 699 183 774 265 Virgo Cluster
Virgo Cluster
The Virgo Cluster is a cluster of galaxies whose center is 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away in the constellation Virgo. Comprising approximately 1300 member galaxies, the cluster forms the heart of the larger Local Supercluster, of which the Local Group is an outlying member...
circle 433 65 22 ESO 274-01
circle 266 177 22 NGC 1313
NGC 1313
NGC 1313 is an barred spiral galaxy discovered by the Scottish astronomer James Dunlop on 27 September 1826. It has a strikingly uneven shape and its axis of rotation is not exactly in its centre. In the vicinity of NGC 1313 there is another galaxy called NGC 1309...
circle 214 255 20 NGC 625
NGC 625
NGC 625 is a barred spiral galaxy about 12.7 Mly away in the constellation Phoenix. NGC 625 is a member of the Sculptor Group....
circle 235 282 16 NGC 7793
NGC 7793
NGC 7793 is a spiral galaxy about 12.7 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. It was discovered in 1826 by James Dunlop.-Galaxy group information:...
rect 435 80 472 107 NGC 4945
NGC 4945
NGC 4945 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Centaurus. It is thought to be quite similar to the Milky Way Galaxy, but X-ray observations show that NGC 4945 has an unusual, energetic, Seyfert 2 nucleus that might house a large black hole...
circle 184 301 20 NGC 45
NGC 45
NGC 45 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus. It was discovered on 11 November 1835 by the English astronomer John Herschel. In the sky, it is located near the magnitude 6.8 star HD 941.-External links:...
circle 217 311 17 NGC 253
circle 265 260 22 Sculptor Group
Sculptor Group
The Sculptor Group is a loose group of galaxies near the south galactic pole. The group is one of the closest groups of galaxies to the Local Group; the distance to the center of the group from the Milky Way is approximately 3.9 Mpc....
rect 368 268 412 284 Local Group
Local Group
The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes Earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. The group comprises more than 30 galaxies , with its gravitational center located somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy...
circle 409 379 25 NGC 1569
NGC 1569
NGC 1569 is a dwarf irregular galaxy in Camelopardalis. While this faint galaxy is not a popular amateur astronomy target, it is well studied by professional astronomers, who are interested in the history of star formation within the galaxy. The galaxy is relatively nearby. Consequently, the...
circle 296 280 17 NGC 300
NGC 300
NGC 300 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. It is one of the closest galaxies to the Local Group, and probably lies between us and the Sculptor Group. It is the brightest of the five main spirals in the direction of the Sculptor Group...
circle 424 418 20 IC 342
IC 342
IC 342 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis. The galaxy is located near the galactic equator where dust obscuration makes it a difficult object for both amateur and professional astronomers to observe.IC 342 is one of the brightest two galaxies in the IC 342/Maffei...
rect 383 429 415 451 Maffei Group
circle 325 442 20 NGC 404
NGC 404
NGC 404 is a small lenticular galaxy located about 10 million light years away in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1784, and is visible through small telescopes. NGC 404 lies just beyond the Local Group but does not appear gravitationally bound to it...
circle 272 508 20 NGC 784
circle 397 510 20 Maffei I
rect 353 456 413 478 Maffei II
rect 371 526 434 553 Dwingeloo 1
Dwingeloo 1
Dwingeloo 1 is a barred spiral galaxy about 10 million light-years away from the Earth, in the constellation Cassiopeia. It lies in the Zone of Avoidance and is heavily obscured by the Milky Way...
circle 444 481 22 NGC 1560
rect 510 417 537 434 Messier 81
Messier 81
Messier 81 is a spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. Due to its proximity to Earth, large size and active galactic nucleus Messier 81 (also known as NGC 3031 or Bode's Galaxy) is a spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa...
rect 527 433 578 443 IC 2574
rect 500 434 515 450 Messier 82
Messier 82
Messier 82 is the prototype nearby starburst galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major...
poly 516 434 521 456 554 456 552 447 533 445 523 435 NGC 3077
NGC 3077
NGC 3077 is a smaller member of the M81 Group. It looks much like an elliptical galaxy. However, it is peculiar for two reasons. First, it shows wispy edges and scattered dust clouds that are probably a result of gravitational interaction with its larger neighbors, similar to the galaxy M82....
circle 549 476 18 NGC 2976
NGC 2976
Part of the M81 group, NGC 2976, located 1° 20′ southwest of M81, is an unbarred spiral galaxy. The inner structure contains many dark lanes and stellar condensations in its disk. The galaxy is sometimes classified as Sdp because its spiral arms are difficult to be traced. The bright inner...
circle 604 440 22 NGC 4605
NGC 4605
NGC 4605 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major....
circle 513 479 19 NGC 6503
NGC 6503
NGC 6503 is a dwarf spiral galaxy located in a region of space called the Local Void. it spans 30.000 light-years and lies approximately 17 million light-years away in the constellation of Draco .- External links :...
circle 583 410 13 NGC 5204
circle 559 389 16 NGC 3738
circle 512 401 14 NGC 4236
NGC 4236
NGC 4236 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Draco.-Galaxy group information:NGC 4236 is a member of the M81 Group, a group of galaxies located at a distance of approximately 11.7 Mly from Earth. The group also contains the well-known spiral galaxy Messier 81 and the...
rect 452 442 485 461 NGC 2366
NGC 2366
NGC 2366 is an irregular galaxy located in the constellation Camelopardalis. NGC 2363 is a star forming region within the NGC 2366.-External links:*...
rect 451 420 484 440 NGC 2403
NGC 2403
NGC 2403 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis. NGC 2403 is an outlying member of the M81 Group, and is approximately 8 million light-years distant...
rect 485 433 502 465 NGC4305
circle 659 382 20 NGC5023
rect 634 344 658 364 Messier 94
Messier 94
Messier 94 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1781,...
circle 618 355 15 NGC 4244
NGC 4244
NGC 4244, also Caldwell 26, is an edge-on loose Spiral galaxy and Caldwell object in the constellation Canes Venatici. It is part of the M94 Group , a galaxy group relatively close to the Local Group containing the Milky Way. It shines at magnitude +10.2/+10.6. Its celestial cooridinates are RA ,...
circle 594 337 13 NGC 4214
NGC 4214
NGC 4214 is a dwarf barred irregular galaxy located around 10 million light-years away in the constellation Canes Venatici.-External links:* * ESA/Hubble Photo Release...
circle 577 361 19 NGC 4449
NGC 4449
NGC 4449 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. It is located about 12 million light-years away, part of the M94 Group , a galaxy group relatively close to the Local Group containing the Milky Way...
circle 615 319 17 NGC 4395
NGC 4395
NGC 4395 is a low surface brightness spiral galaxy with a halo that is about 8′ in diameter. It has several wide areas of greater brightness running northwest to southeast. The one furthest southeast is the brightest...
rect 591 280 640 304 Canes I Group
poly 528 393 542 392 558 411 525 414 M81 Group
M81 Group
The M81 Group is a group of galaxies in the constellation Ursa Major that includes the well-known galaxies Messier 81 and Messier 82, as well as several other galaxies with high apparent brightnesses. The approximate center of the group is located at a distance of 3.6 Mpc, making it one of the...
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Diagrams
External links
- The Atlas of the Universe, a website created by astrophysicist Richard Powell that shows maps of our local universe on a number of different scales (similar to above maps).