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Viremia (UK: viraemia) is a medical condition where virus
Virus

A virus is a Optical microscope#Limitations of light microscopes infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell . Viruses infect all cellular life....
es enter the blood
Blood

Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's Cell s ? such as nutrients and oxygen ? and transports waste products away from those same cells....
stream and hence have access to the rest of the body. It is similar to bacteremia
Bacteremia

Bacteraemia is the presence of bacterium in the blood. The blood is normally a sterile environment, so the detection of bacteria in the blood is always abnormal....
, a condition where bacteria
Bacteria

The Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals....
 enter the bloodstream.

Primary versus Secondary
Primary viremia refers to the initial spread of virus in the blood from the first site of infection.

Secondary viremia occurs when primary viremia has resulted in infection of additional tissues via bloodstream, in which the virus has replicated and once more entered the circulation.

Usually secondary viremia results in higher viral shedding
Viral shedding

Viral shedding refers to the successful reproduction, expulsion, and host-cell infection caused by virus progeny. Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods....
 and viral loads within the bloodstream due to the possibility that the virus is able to reach its natural host cell from the bloodstream and replicate more efficiently than the initial site.






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Viremia (UK: viraemia) is a medical condition where virus
Virus

A virus is a Optical microscope#Limitations of light microscopes infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell . Viruses infect all cellular life....
es enter the blood
Blood

Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's Cell s ? such as nutrients and oxygen ? and transports waste products away from those same cells....
stream and hence have access to the rest of the body. It is similar to bacteremia
Bacteremia

Bacteraemia is the presence of bacterium in the blood. The blood is normally a sterile environment, so the detection of bacteria in the blood is always abnormal....
, a condition where bacteria
Bacteria

The Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals....
 enter the bloodstream.

Primary versus Secondary


Primary viremia refers to the initial spread of virus in the blood from the first site of infection.

Secondary viremia occurs when primary viremia has resulted in infection of additional tissues via bloodstream, in which the virus has replicated and once more entered the circulation.

Usually secondary viremia results in higher viral shedding
Viral shedding

Viral shedding refers to the successful reproduction, expulsion, and host-cell infection caused by virus progeny. Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods....
 and viral loads within the bloodstream due to the possibility that the virus is able to reach its natural host cell from the bloodstream and replicate more efficiently than the initial site. An excellent example to profile this distinction is the rabies
Rabies

Rabies is a virus zoonotic neurotropic virus disease that causes acute encephalitis in mammals. It is most commonly caused by a bite from an infected animal, but occasionally by other forms of contact....
 virus. Usually the virus will replicate briefly within the first site of say the bite of a rabid dog, within the muscle
MUSCLE

MUSCLE is public domain, multiple sequence alignment software for protein and nucleotide sequences.MUSCLE is integrated into UGENE bioinformatics tool as a plugin....
 tissues. Viral replication then leads to viremia and the virus spreads to its secondary site of infection, the CNS
Central nervous system

The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that functions to coordinate the activity of all parts of the bodies of multicellular organisms....
. Upon infection of the CNS, secondary viremia results and symptoms usually begin. Vaccination
Vaccination

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material to produce immunity to a disease. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by a pathogen....
 at this point is useless, as the spread to the brain
Brain

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as cnidarian and echinoderm have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all....
, leading to death, is unstoppable (the only clinical exception is Jeanna Giese
Jeanna Giese

Jeanna Giese is the first person known to have survived symptomatic rabies without receiving the rabies vaccine. She is only the eighth person known to have survived rabies after the onset of symptoms; the other survivors suffered from vaccine failures....
). Hence vaccination must be done before secondary viremia takes place for the individual to be saved.

Active versus Passive


Active viremia is caused by the replication of viruses which results in viruses being introduced into the bloodstream. Examples include the measles
Measles

Measles is a infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Morbilliviruses, like other paramyxoviruses, are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses....
, in which primary viremia occurs in the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract before replicating and budding out the cell basal
Basal

Basal is a term with several scientific meanings:*A Basal is one which forms an outgroup to a larger clade. As such the term is relative.*Basal refers to a type of insulin dosing....
 layer, resulting in viruses budding
Viral shedding

Viral shedding refers to the successful reproduction, expulsion, and host-cell infection caused by virus progeny. Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods....
 into capillaries and blood vessels .

Passive viremia is the introduction of viruses in the bloodstream without the need of active viral replication. Examples include direct inoculation
Inoculation

Inoculation is the placement of something to where it will grow or reproduce, and is most commonly used in respect of the introduction of a serum, vaccine, or antigenic substance into the body of a human or animal, especially to produce or boost immunity to a specific disease; but also can be used to refer to the communication of a disease to...
 from mosquitoes, through physical breaches or via blood transfusions.

See also

  • septicemia
  • Viral shedding
    Viral shedding

    Viral shedding refers to the successful reproduction, expulsion, and host-cell infection caused by virus progeny. Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods....