Vidarbha

'''Vidarbha''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: विदर्भ) is the eastern region of [[Maharashtra]] state made up of [[Nagpur Division]] and [[Amravati Division]]. Its former name is [[Berar]] (Varhad in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]). It occupies 31.6% of total area and holds 21.3% of total population of Maharashtra. It borders the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] to the north, [[Chattisgarh]] to the east, [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the south and [[Marathwada]] and [[Khandesh]] regions of Maharashtra to the west. Situated in central India, Vidarbha has its own rich cultural and historical background distinct from rest of Maharashtra. The largest city in Vidarbha is [[Nagpur]], the second largest is [[Amravati]], followed by [[Akola city|Akola]], [[Yavatmal]], [[Chandrapur]] and [[Gondia]]. A majority of ''Vidarbhians'' speak [[Varhadi language|Vahardi]], a dialect of [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. The region is famous for growing [[Orange (fruit)|orange]]s and [[cotton]]. Vidarbha holds two-thirds of Maharashtra's mineral resources, three quarters of its forest resources, and is a net producer of power. Throughout its history, Vidarbha has remained much calmer during the communal troubles than the rest of India; but it is plagued very much by [[poverty]] and [[malnutrition]]. It is less economically prosperous compared to the rest of Maharashtra. In recent times, there have been calls for a separate state of Vidarbha, due to the continuous neglect from the [[Government of Maharashtra]] towards this region and the incompetent political leadership in Vidarbha, except for a few leaders. The farmers in the state are living in the worst condition compared to the rest of India. There have been more than 32,000 farmers' suicides in Maharashtra in a decade, of which 70% being in the 11 districts of Vidarbha region. Though rich in minerals, coal, forests and mountains, this region is always underdeveloped because of its continuous dominance by the political leadership from the other parts of the state, especially [[Desh, Maharashtra|Western Maharashtra]]. Though being culturally, politically and financially different from the rest of Maharashtra, the calls for a separate state come in picture only when the leaders from this region are sidelined by the other higher authorities in the govt. of Maharashtra. It has largely become a myth as a separate Vidarbha state, mainly due to the opposition from the state political party [[Shiv Sena]]. ==History== {{Main|Vidarbha Kingdom}} [[Image:Central Provinces India 1903.gif|right||250px|thumb|map of [[Central Provinces and Berar]] regions of [[British India]]. Nagpur is shown as capital of Central provinces]] Nagpur was the Capital of the Devgadh Sarkar of Subah Berar and Gondwana and the Vidarbha region known as Gulshan-e-Berar in Muedveal period since khilji dynasty to mughal period according Aine-Akbari and Alimgeer Namah report the berar is hole Fourteen sarkar of Vidarhbha region and Sawai Shiri Shrimant Santaji Bhonsle Depute "Sena Sahibe -E-Subah of berar and gondwana.He was father Inlaw of Aurangzeb Grand son "Bedar Bakht Mirza s/oMirza Mohammed Azam Shah Emperor of India, Buland Bakht the king of Gondwana in 1681 deputed by Aurangzeb Alamgeer Emperor of india after sultan Chand Shah son of Buland Bakht After the death of Sultanchand Shah widow wife call Relative of "Sena Sahib-E-Subah". Raghuji Bhonsle "I" In 1732 Raghuji Bhonsle "I"appointed Military officer for collection of revenue and chauth for sultan chand shah family. Then [[Bhonsle]] dynasty of [[Maratha]]s who in the mid eighteenth century created an independent Hindu princely state that covered much of east-central India. After their defeat in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] in 1818, the Bhonsle dominions were reduced to the Nagpur division. In 1853 the last Maharaja of Nagpur died without a male heir and subsequently Nagpur division was incorporated into mainstream British India. Nagpur division became a part of the [[British Raj]]'s [[Central Provinces]] in 1861. Amravati division, formerly known as [[Berar Division|Berar]], was administered by the Nizam of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]] until 1853. In that year, citing misgovernance by the Nizam, the British colonial administration took direct control over the province. Berar was added to the [[Central Provinces]] in 1903. During India's independence struggle Nagpur hosted the sessions of [[Indian National Congress]] several times. [[Sevagram]] was arguably the capital of nationalistic India during the Gandhian era. After India's independence in 1947, Central Provinces and Berar became the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. In 1956 Vidarbha was transferred to [[Bombay state]] along with all Marathi-speaking areas. In 1960 Bombay state was split along linguistic lines into the states of Maharashtra and [[Gujarat]]. Marathi-speaking Vidarbha became part of the state of Maharashtra. ==Geography== Geographically Vidarbha lies on the northern part of [[Deccan Plateau]]. Unlike the [[Western Ghats]], there are no major hilly areas . The [[Satpura Range]] lies to the north of Vidarbha region in Madhya Pradesh. The [[Melghat]] area of Amravati district is on southern offshoot of the Satpura Range. Large [[basalt]]ic rock formations exists throughout Vidarbha caused by the Deccan lava trap. Gondia district is unique in Maharashtra in the sense that the entire area of the district is occupied by metamorphic rock and alluvium. [[Buldhana]] has the [[Lonar crater]] created by impact of [[meteorite]] or [[comet]]. The eastern districts of Gondia, Bhandara, Gadchirolli and Nagpur fall in [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|earthquake zone]] 1, which is considered safest in India, while other districts fall in zone 2. [[Wainganga]] is the largest of all the Vidarbha rivers. Other major rivers that drain Vidarbha region are the [[Wardha River|Wardha]], and [[Kanhan]] rivers which are all tributaries of [[Godavari]] river. In north, five small rivers, [[Khapra]], [[Sipna]], [[Gadga]] and [[Dolar River|Dolar]] along with [[Purna River|Purna]], are the tributaries of [[Tapti]] river. Penganga river is another big river which originates in Buldhana district. Then it flows through Washim district. There onwards it forms a border between districts, Washim (Vidharbha) and Hingoli (Marathwada), Yavatmal(Vidharbha) and Hingoli, Yavatmal(Vidharbha) and Nanded(Marathwada), Yavatmal and Andhra Pradesh, Yavatmal and Chandrapur. After that it meets Wardha flowing through Chandrapur district and meets Wainganga to become Pranhita river which is a tributary of Godavari. Kas, Kayadhu,Adan, Pus and Arunavati are main tributaries of Penganga river. ==Administration & politics== [[Image:Vidhan Bhavan.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Vidhan Bhavan at Nagpur hosts winter session of Maharashtra Assembly]] Vidarbha comprises two divisions ([[Amravati Division|Amravati]] and [[Nagpur Division|Nagpur]]). It has 11 districts namely, Amravati, [[Akola district|Akola]], [[Bhandara]], [[Buldana]], [[Chandrapur]], [[Gadchiroli]], Gondia, Nagpur, [[Wardha]], [[Washim]], Yavatmal. ===District administration=== Each district has a collector's office which is responsible for day-to-day administration. The District Collector is a Central Indian Government appointee who is in charge of the governance of a district in a state. Nagpur city, the largest city in Vidarbha, has a special civic body, the [[Nagpur Improvement Trust]], which along with [[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]] is responsible for overall development and planning activity. Other significant cities like Amravati and Akola too have their own municipal corporation. The corporators (representatives) in these civic bodies are elected via elections. Urban areas are split in different wards and each ward elects a representative. Rural areas have a [[gram panchayat|panchayat raj]] system. ===Representation in Lok Sabha=== Vidarbha is represented at national level by 10 Lok sabha seats. Nagpur district which has the highest population density is split into 2 lok sabha seats of Nagpur and [[Ramtek]] while districts with lower population density like Chimur and Gadchiroli are clubbed together. [[Gondia-Bhandara]] seats has very important as [[Mr. Praful Patel]] basically from Gondia is MP from this lok sabha seat. Ramtek and Amravati seats are reserved for [[Scheduled caste]] candidates only while Gadchiroli-Chimur is reserved for Scheduled Tribes. ===Representation in Vidhan Sabha=== Vidarbha is represented at state level by 62 assembly seats. Nagpur boasts the densest concentration of assembly seats with the city divided into 6 areas. Certain seats are reserved for [[Scheduled Tribe]] candidates only, while others are open to all to contest. As part of the [[Nagpur Pact]] the winter session of Maharashtra assembly is held as Nagpur Vidhan Bhavan. ==Demographics== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:95%;" |- style="background:#f0f0ff;" ! '''District''' ! '''Male''' ! '''Female''' ! '''Total''' |- ! Akola | 841,253 | 788,986 | 1,630,239 |- ! Amravati | 1,345,614 | 1,261,546 | 2,607,160 |- ! Bhandara | 573,445 | 562,701 | 1,136,146 |- ! Buldana | 1,147,403 | 1,085,077 | 2,232,480 |- ! Chandrapur | 1,062,993 | 1,008,108 | 2,071,101 |- ! Gadchiroli | 491,101 | 479,193 | 970,294 |- ! Gondiya | 598,834 | 601,873 | 1,200,707 |- ! Nagpur | 2,105,314 | 1,962,323 | 4,067,637 |- ! Wardha | 638,990 | 597,746 | 1,236,736 |- ! Washim | 526,094 | 494,122 | 1,020,216 |- ! Yavatmal | 1,265,681 | 1,192,590 | 2,458,271 |} Vidarbha has total population of 20,630,987 according to the 2001 census of the government of India. [[Hinduism]] is the predominant religion in this region. [[Buddhism]] is second most followed religion. This is unusual compared to the rest of Maharashtra and even most north Indian states where usually [[Islam]] is second most followed religion. The significant following of Buddhism is due to [[Dalit Buddhist movement]] started by Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Religious composition ! Population ! % |- | Hindus | 15,866,514 | 76.906% |- | Buddhists | 2,697,544 | 13.075% |- | Muslims | 1,720,690 | 8.340% |- | Christians | 70,663 | 0.343% |- | Sikhs | 37,241 | 0.181% |- | Jains | 89,649 | 0.435% |- | Others | 127,516 | 0.618% |- | Religion not stated | 21,170 | 0.103% |- | All Religions | 20,630,987 | 100.000% |} ==Separate Statehood movement== # 1853 :- After British conquests from Mughals and Marathas in central India, in 1853 "[[Nagpur Province]]" was formed with Nagpur as capital. It was administered by a commissioner under the central government. # 1861 :- "[[Central Province]]" was formed by the British, with Nagpur as capital. # 1903 :- On 1 October Berar was also placed under the administration of the commissioner of Central Provinces. It was now named as "[[Central Province and Berar]]". # 1935 :- Government of India Act, passed by British parliament formed provincial assembly, providing for an election. Central Province and Berar was kept a separate entity, with Nagpur as capital. # 1950 :- When constitution of India went into effect in 1950; Central Province and Berar became Madhya Pradesh, with Nagpur as capital. # 1956 :- "[[Vidarbha State]]" with Nagpur as capital was recommended by Fazal Ali commission (appointed in 1953) for reorganisation of states in India. # 1960 :- On 1 May the "Vidarbha state", recommended by Fazal Ali commission for reorganisation of states, was merged with, newly formed [[Maharashtra]] State. In recent years there have been sporadic calls by its population for Vidarbha to secede from Maharashtra. This is based in part on the feeling of being neglected by the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra state government]] and in part on assertion of a distinct political identity. The people have complained that the region has fallen behind others in Maharashtra in attracting investment and development funds. The region is comparatively poorly served by roads, irrigation facilities and educational institutions. However political movements for attaining statehood have failed to hold sway as their leaders have been considered opportunistic. [[Vidarbha Rajya Party]] and [[Vidarbha Rajya Nirman Congress]] are very small political parties created by leaders that have split from national level parties like [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. Only one national party - [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] has officially included demand for [[separate vidarbha state]], in its national manifesto. Vidarbha has total population of 20,630,987 according to the 2001 census of the government of India. Though rich in minerals, coal, forests and mountains, this region is always underdeveloped primarily because of lack of agriculture. Tata group started the country's first textile mill at Nagpur, formally known as Central India Spinning and Weaving Company Ltd. The company was popularly known as "Empress Mills" as it was inaugurated on 1 January 1877, the day queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India. ==Economy== Vidarbha's economy is primarily agricultural and also the region is rich in forest and mineral wealth. As per business point of view Chandrapur Amravati and Nagpur are important cities of Vidarbha. Nagpur is a central hub for business. Amaravari is the city which is well known for film distributors and its cloth market. Chandrapur has the thermal power station which is one of the biggest thermal power station in India and some other heavy industries such as BILT (Paper Industry) MEL, steel industries, cement industries and coal mines. An [[Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur|International cargo hub]], (MIHAN), is being developed at Nagpur. [[MIHAN]] will be used for handling heavy cargo coming from South-East Asia and Middle-East Asia. Project will also include {{INRConvert|10000|c}} [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) for [[Information Technology]] (IT) companies. This will be the biggest development project in India so far. {{Main|Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur}} ===Agriculture=== The main cash crops of the region are cotton, oranges and soya beans. Amravati is the largest Orange growing district. Traditional crops are sorghum (jowar), pearl millet (bajra) and rice. Yavatmal is the largest cotton growing district. Gondia is the largest rice growing district. Gondia is a Rice city. Recently Vidarbha region has become infamous for a large number of farmer [[suicide]]s occurring.
On 1 July 2006 the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] announced a Rs. 3,750-crore (Rupees 37.5 billion) [http://pmindia.nic.in/prelease/pcontent.asp?id=466 relief package for Vidharbha]. The package should help farmers in six districts of the region. However the package was not welcomed by most financial [[Pundit (expert)|pundits]] and the journalist [[P Sainath]] wrote the following in ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper criticising the package and saying that it was destined to fail. Recently it was found that most of the government officials are involved in corruption of the 'packages' which were announced for farmers. Government suspended more that 400 government officials in this scam. ===Mineral wealth=== The Chandrapur, Gondia, Gadchiroli, [[Bhandara]] and Nagpur Districts form the main mineral belt, with [[coal]] and [[manganese]] as the major minerals. Chandrapur district alone contributes 29% of all mineral output of Maharashtra. [[Iron ore]] and [[limestone]] are identified as potential mining resources. ===Industry=== Traditionally Vidarbha has lagged behind western Maharashtra in industrial growth. Various incentives were granted to attract industries but have failed. Butibori Industrial Area [[MIDC]] outside Nagpur is one of the largest industrial areas in [[India|country]] but few industries have actually opened there. [[MIHAN]] an international cargo hub project is currently underway at Nagpur. The project aims to exploit the central location of Nagpur and convert the present airport into a major freight hub with integrated road and rail connectivity along with a Special Economic Zone. Ballarpur Industries, India's largest manufacturer and exporter of [[paper]] is located in [[Chandrapur district]]. ==Farmers' suicides== {{Main|Farmers' suicides in India}} There have been more than 30,000 farmers who committed suicides in Maharashtra in the last decade, out of which more than 70% farmers belong to the 11 [[Districts of Maharashtra|districts]] of Vidarbha region. This is mainly because of the infertility of the land, lack of ample amount of water resources, lack of new technologies and due to the negligence of the state govt. towards the farmers needs. The main crop in Vidarbha being Cotton, but the farmers growing it do not get their share from the govt., which lead to the high distress among them, leading to the massive suicides. Due to the absence of any responsible counseling either from the government or society there were many farmers who did not know how to survive in the changing economy. Such stresses pushed many into a corner where suicide became an option for them. This also lead the farmers and others in this region to make a call for a separate Vidarbha state. ==Tourism== [[Image:Tigeress with cubs in Kanha Tiger reserve.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Kanha Tiger Reserve (outside province)]] [[Image:hrushikesh kulkarni flag shegaon.JPG|left|250px|thumb|Entrance of Anand Sagar, [[Shegaon]], Holy place for Hindus and a famous picnic spot in Vidarbha.]] Vidarbha has lush green deciduous forests which are home to a variety of flora and fauna. These attract a large number of visitors each year. All Maharashtra's [[Tiger Reserves of India|tiger reserves]] are located in Vidarbha{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}. They are Melghat Tiger Reserve in Amravati district, Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in Chandrapur district and Pench Tiger Reserve in Nagpur district. Nagzira wild life sentury and navegoan bandh National Park(bird sentury)of [[Gondia District]] is also very popular, Although the eastern region of the Vidarbha is poorer in natural resources in comparison with the west, it contains Maharashtra's oldest National Park created in 1955, the Tadoba Tiger Reserve spanning 575.78 km², one of India's 25 Project Tiger Reserves. The National Park consists of two forested rectangles of the Tadoba and Andhari range. Aside from around 50 tigers, Tadoba Tiger Reserve is home to rare Indian wildlife like leopards, sloth bears, gaur, wild dogs, hyenas, civet and jungle cats, and many species of Indian deer like sambar, cheetal, nilgai, and barking deer. The Tadoba lake sustains the Marsh Crocodile, which were once common all over Maharashtra. Tadoba is also an ornithologist's paradise with a varied diversity of aquatic birdlife. Thickly clad hills form the northern and western boundary of the Tiger Reserve. To the southwest is a huge lake which acts as a buffer between the park's forest and the extensive farmland which extends up to Irai Lake. Adjacent to the core forested hills is the Chichghat valley which hosts the forest lodge. The Tadoba Tiger Reserve is an undisturbed forest not crowded by too many tourists. Tadoba Tiger Reserve is open throughout the year and is at three-hour road journey from the city of Nagpur. ==Scriptural importance== Aside from cultural distinctness from the rest of Maharashtra, Vidarbha has evolved historically in a different fashion. Many scriptures mention Vidarbha as the location of: * The marriage of [[Agastya]] and Lopamudra. * [[Rukmini]]-haran (kidnapping of Rukmini) by god [[Krishna]]. Rukmini is described as the princess of the Vidarbha kingdom. Later Rukmini became one of the chief queens of Krishna. * [[Kundinpur]]/Kaundinyapur/[[Kundinapuri]], the mythological capital of Vidarbha has been mentioned in [[Mahabharata]] * The story of king [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]], also in the Mahabharata. [[Ramayana]] has the reference of Vidarbha as one on the [[Janapada]]s at that time. Kalidasa's epic poem "[[Meghaduta]]" also mentions Vidarbha as the place of banishment of the Yaksha Gandharva. ==Culture & people== Situated in central India, Vidarbha has a rich cultural and historical background distinct from rest of Maharashtra. Even though [[Marathi people|Marathi]] culture is most dominant, Vidarbha has been a melting pot of [[Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] speaking people from south, [[Hindi]] speaking central India and [[tribal]] people of Chattisgarh. Vidarbha is famous for the [[Marathi language#Varhadi|Varhādi]] dialect of Marathi language spoken in the rest of Maharashtra. The Gadchiroli district of Vidarbha has large population of tribal people. [[Hindu]] festivals like [[holi]], [[diwali]] and [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]] are celebrated throughout the region. There are many prominent cultural and literary societies working in Vidarbha. Vidarbha Sahitya Sangh (for development of Marathi), Vidarbha Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti (promotion and spreading Hindi) and Vidarbha Hindi Sahitya Sammelan (for promoting Hindi). The Nagpur central museum (estb 1863) maintains collections that are mainly from Vidarbha. Cricket is the favorite sports as in rest of India and Nagpur's [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]] (VCA) hosts international cricket matches. ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.tigertrails.in Tigertrails] {{Maharashtra|logo=yes}} {{Coord missing|Maharashtra}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}} {{Proposals for new Indian states and union territories}}