Vicia faba, the
Broad Bean,
Fava Bean,
Faba Bean,
Field Bean,
Bell Bean or
Tic Bean is a species of
beanIn botanical writing legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A'legume' fruit is a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although "pod" is also applied to a few...
(
FabaceaeFabaceae or Leguminosae is a large and economically important family of flowering plants, which is commonly known as the legume family, pea family, bean family or pulse family. The name 'Fabaceae' comes from the defunct genus Faba, now included into Vicia...
) native to north
AfricaAfrica is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area. With a billion people in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14.8% of the...
and southwest
AsiaAsia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.6% of the earth's total surface area and with approximately 4 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population.Asia is traditionally defined as part of the...
, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. A variety is provisionally recognized:
- Vicia faba var. equina Pers. – Horse Bean
Although usually classified in the same genus
ViciaVicia is a genus of about 140 species of flowering plants commonly known as vetches. It is in the legume family . Member species are native to Europe, Asia and Africa. Some other genera of their subfamily Faboideae also have names containing "vetch", for example the vetchlings or the milk-vetches...
as the
vetchesVicia is a genus of about 140 species of flowering plants commonly known as vetches. It is in the legume family . Member species are native to Europe, Asia and Africa. Some other genera of their subfamily Faboideae also have names containing "vetch", for example the vetchlings or the milk-vetches...
, some botanists treat it in a separate monotypic genus
Faba.
Composition
It is a rigid, erect plant 0.5-1.7 m tall, with stout stems with a square cross-section. The
leavesIn botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin. There is continued debate about whether the flatness of leaves evolved to expose the chloroplasts to more light or to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide. In...
are 10-25 cm long, pinnate with 2-7 leaflets, and of a distinct glaucous grey-green color; unlike most other vetches, the leaves do not have tendrils for climbing over other vegetation. The
flowerA flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds...
s are 1-2.5 cm long, with five petals, the standard petal white, the wing petals white with a black spot (true black, not deep purple or blue as is the case in many "black" colorings
http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?sid=75ed643231a8cab76743747215fd6ab6&idno=2731628&c=chla&cc=chla&q1=Cheiranthus&seq=51&view=image), and the keel petals white. Crimson flowered broad beans also exist which were recently saved from extinction
http://www.daughterofthesoil.com/crimsonflowered.html. The
fruitThe term fruit has different meanings dependent on context, and the term is not synonymous in food preparation and biology. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds, and the presence of seeds indicates that a structure is most likely a fruit, though not all seeds come from...
is a broad leathery pod, green maturing blackish-brown, with a densely downy surface; in the wild species, the pods are 5-10 cm long and 1 cm diameter, but many modern
cultivarA cultivar is a cultivated plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of desired characteristics; it is usually distinct from similar plants and when propagated it retains those characteristics....
s developed for food use have pods 15-25 cm long and 2-3 cm thick. Each pod contains 3-8
seedA seed , referred to as a kernel in some plants, is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant...
s; round to oval and 5-10 mm diameter in the wild plant, usually flattened and up to 20-25 mm long, 15 mm broad and 5-10 mm thick in food cultivars. Vicia faba has a diploid (2n) chromosome number of 12, meaning that each cell in the plant has 12 chromosomes (6 homologous pairs). Five pairs are acrocentric chromosomes and 1 pair is metacentric.
Cultivation
Broad beans have a long tradition of cultivation in
Old WorldThe Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans, Asians, and Africans in the 15th century.-Regions:The Old World includes Europe, Asia, and Africa , plus surrounding islands...
agricultureAgriculture is the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of human civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and...
, being among the most ancient plants in cultivation and also among the easiest to grow. It is believed that along with
lentilThe lentil or daal or dal , considered a type of pulse, is a bushy annual plant of the legume family, grown for its lens-shaped seeds...
s,
peasP.E.A.S. is an acronym in artificial intelligence that stands for Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors.-Environment:The environment in which the agent operates. They are the described with the following main properties:...
, and
chickpeaThe chickpea is an edible legume of the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. Chickpeas are high in protein and one of the earliest cultivated vegetables...
s, they became part of the eastern Mediterranean diet in around 6000 BC or earlier. They are still often grown as a
cover cropBroadly defined, a cover crop is any annual, biennial, or perennial plant grown as a monoculture or polyculture , to improve any number of conditions associated with sustainable agriculture...
to prevent
erosionErosion is a gravity driven process that moves solids in the natural environment or their source and deposits them elsewhere...
because they can over-winter and because as a
legumeIn botanical writing legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A'legume' fruit is a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although "pod" is also applied to a few...
, they fix
nitrogenNitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N and atomic number 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78% by volume of Earth's atmosphere.Many industrially important...
in the soil. These commonly cultivated plants can be attacked by fungal diseases, such as Rust (
Uromyces viciae-fabae) and Chocolate Spot (
Botrytis fabae).
In much of the
AnglophoneAnglophone may refer to:* An English-speaking person, group, or locality* English-speaking world* Anglosphere...
world, the name
broad bean is used for the large-seeded cultivars grown for human food, while
horse bean and
field bean refer to cultivars with smaller, harder seeds (more like the wild species) used for animal feed, though their stronger flavour is preferred in some human food recipes, such as
falafelFalafel is a fried ball or patty made from spiced chickpeas and/or fava beans. Originally from Egypt, falafel is a popular form of fast food in the Middle East, where it is also served as a mezze....
. The term
fava bean (from the
ItalianItalian is a Romance language spoken by about 60 million people in Italy, and by a total of around 70 million in the world. In Switzerland, Italian is one of four official languages. It is also the official language of San Marino, as well as the primary language of Vatican City...
fava, meaning "broad bean") is sometimes used in English speaking countries, however the term
broad bean is the most common name in the UK.
Broad beans need around 6ml of water a day to grow at an optimal rate.
Culinary uses
Broad beans are eaten while still young and tender, enabling harvesting to begin as early as the middle of spring for plants started under glass or over-wintered in a protected location, but even the maincrop sown in early spring will be ready from mid to late summer. Horse beans, left to mature fully, are usually harvested in the late autumn.
The young leaves of the plant can also be eaten either raw or cooked like spinach.
The beans can be fried, causing the skin to split open, and then salted and/or spiced to produce a savory crunchy snack. These are popular in China, Colombia, Peru (habas saladas), Mexico
(habas con chile) and in Thailand (where their name means "open-mouth nut").
In the Sichuan cuisine of
ChinaChina is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
, broad beans are combined with
soybeanThe soybean or soya bean is a species of legume native to East Asia. The plant is classed as an oilseed rather than a pulse. It is an annual plant that has been used in China for 5,000 years to primarily add nitrogen into the soil as part of crop rotation...
s and chili peppers to produce a spicy fermented bean paste called
doubanjiangDou ban jiang is a spicy, salty paste made from fermented broad beans, soybeans, salt, rice, and various spices. Dou ban jiang exists in plain and spicy versions, with the latter containing red chili peppers and called la dou ban jiang .It is used particularly in Sichuan cuisine, and in fact, the...
.
In most Arab countries the fava bean is used for a breakfast meal called
ful medamesFul medammas also foul medammas is popular in Egypt, Somalia and Sudan, often eaten at breakfast. It consists of brown fava beans, partially or completely mashed, which are slow-cooked and served with olive oil, chopped parsley, onion, garlic, and lemon juice...
. Ful medames is usually crushed fava beans in a sauce although the Fava beans do not have to be crushed.
In Iran, cooked broad beans served with pepper and salt are sold on streets in winter. This food is also available conserved in metal cans.
Fava beans are common in Latin American cuisines as well. In central Mexico, mashed fava beans are a common filling for many corn flour-based
[antojito]] snacks such as
tlacoyos. In Colombia they are most often used whole in vegetable soups. Dried and salted fava beans are a popular snack in many Latin countries.
In Egypt
Fava beans are a common
staple foodA staple food is a food that can be stored for use throughout the year and forms the basis of a traditional diet. Staple foods vary from place to place, but are typically inexpensive starchy foods of vegetable origin that are high in food energy and carbohydrate...
in the
Egyptian dietEgyptian cuisine consists of the local culinary traditions of Egypt. Egyptian cuisine makes heavy use of legumes and vegetables, as Egypt's rich Nile Valley and Delta produce large quantities of high-quality crops.-History and characteristics:...
, eaten by rich and poor alike.
EgyptiansEgyptians is the name of the nationality and Mediterranean North African ethnic group native to Egypt....
eat fava beans in various ways: they may be shelled and then dried, bought dried and then cooked by adding water in very low heat for several hours, etc. They are the primary ingredient in
Ta`meyyah (
Egyptian ArabicEgyptian Arabic is a variety of the Arabic language of the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family. It originated in the Nile Delta in Lower Egypt around the capital Cairo...
for
falafelFalafel is a fried ball or patty made from spiced chickpeas and/or fava beans. Originally from Egypt, falafel is a popular form of fast food in the Middle East, where it is also served as a mezze....
), and Egyptians have made deriding
LevantineLevantine cuisine is the traditional cuisine of the Levant, known in Arabic as the Bilad ash-Sham. This region shared many culinary traditions under the Ottoman Empire which continue to be influential today...
felafel (made from chickpeas) as inferior something of a national sport. However, the most popular way of preparing fava beans in Egypt is by taking the mashed, cooked beans and adding oil, garlic, lemon, salt and
cuminCumin is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native from the east Mediterranean to East India.-Etymology:...
to it. It is then eaten with bread. The dish, known as
ful medamesFul medammas also foul medammas is popular in Egypt, Somalia and Sudan, often eaten at breakfast. It consists of brown fava beans, partially or completely mashed, which are slow-cooked and served with olive oil, chopped parsley, onion, garlic, and lemon juice...
, is traditionally eaten with onions (generally at
breakfastBreakfast is the first meal of the day. The word is a portmanteau of "break" and "fast," referring to the conclusion of fasting since the previous day's last meal. It is widely referred to as the most important meal of the day...
) and is considered the
EgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia...
ian
national dishA national dish is a dish, food or a drink that represents a particular country, nation or region. It is usually something that is naturally made or popular in that country.-Overview:...
.
In Greece
broad beans (
GreekGreek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical...
: κουκιά,
koukiá) are eaten in a stew combined with artichokes, while they are still fresh in their pod.
Dried broad beans are eaten boiled, sometimes combined with garlic sauce (skordalia).
In Crete fresh broad beans are shelled and eaten as companion to tsikoudia, the local alcoholic drink.
Favism is quite common in Greece because of
malariaMalaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by a eukaryotic protist of the genus Plasmodium. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Each year, there are approximately 350–500 million cases of malaria, killing between one and...
endemicity in previous centuries, and people afflicted by it do not eat broadbeans.
Note: The Greek word
fáva (φάβα) does
not refer to broadbeans, but to the yellow
split peaSplit peas are the dried peeled and split seeds of Pisum sativum. They come in yellow and green varieties. The peas are round when harvested and dried...
and also to the
legumeIn botanical writing legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A'legume' fruit is a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces on two sides. A common name for this type of fruit is a pod, although "pod" is also applied to a few...
Lathyrus sativusLathyrus sativus, is a legume commonly grown for human consumption and livestock feed in Asia and East Africa. It is a particularly important crop in areas that are prone to drought and famine, and is thought of as an 'insurance crop' as it produces reliable yields when all other crops...
, either of which are boiled with salt to the local variety of
pease puddingPease pudding, sometimes known as pease pottage or pease porridge, is a baked vegetable product, which mainly consists of split yellow or Carlin peas, water, salt, and spices, often cooked with a bacon or ham joint...
, also called
fáva. This creamy
fáva is then served hot or cold, sprinkled with olive oil and garnished with a variety of condiments and seasonings such as diced onion, capers, parsley, pepper, lemon juice, etc.
Health issues
Broad beans are rich in
tyramineTyramine is a naturally-occurring monoamine compound and trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine acts as a catecholamine releasing agent...
, and thus should be avoided by those taking
monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitorMonoamine oxidase inhibitors are a class of powerful antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. They are particularly effective in treating atypical depression, and have also shown efficacy in smoking cessation....
s.
Raw broad beans contain
vicineVicine is a glycoside found in fava beans. Vicine is toxic, causing the disease favism, in individuals who have a hereditary loss of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,-External links:*...
, isouramil and convicine, which can induce
hemolytic anemiaHemolytic anemia is anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells either in the blood vessels or elsewhere in the body . It has numerous possible causes, ranging from relatively harmless to life-threatening. The general classification of hemolytic anemia is either acquired or...
in patients with the hereditary condition
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is an X-linked recessive hereditary disease characterised by abnormally low levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase , a metabolic enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, especially important in red blood cell metabolism...
(G6PD). This potentially fatal condition is called "favism" after the fava bean.
Broad beans are rich in
L-dopaL-DOPA is a naturally-occurring dietary supplement and psychoactive drug found in certain kinds of food and herbs, and is synthesized from the essential amino acids...
, a substance used medically in the treatment of
Parkinson's diseaseParkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills, speech, and other functions....
. L-dopa is also a natriuretic agent, which might help in controlling
hypertensionHypertension is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure is elevated. It is also referred to as high blood pressure or shortened to HT, HTN or HPN. The word "hypertension", by itself, normally refers to systemic, arterial hypertension.Hypertension can be classified as either...
. Some also use fava beans as a natural alternative to drugs like Viagra, citing a link between L-dopa production and the human
libidoLibido in its common usage means sexual desire; however, more technical definitions, such as those found in the work of Carl Jung, are more general, referring to libido as the free creative—or psychic—energy an individual has to put toward personal development or individuation.- History of the...
.
Broad beans are widely cultivated in district Kech and Panjgur of Balochistan Province of Pakistan and eastern province of Iran. In Balochi language, they are called Bakalaink, and Baqala in Persian. The elders generally restrict the young children from eating them raw (when unmatured) because they can cause constipation and
jaundiceJaundice, also known as icterus , is a yellowish discoloration of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae , and other mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia...
-like symptoms.
Areas of origin of the bean correspond to malarial areas. There are epidemiological and in vitro studies that the hemolysis resulting from favism acts as protection from malaria, because certain species of malarial protozoa such as
Plasmodium falcipacrum are very sensitive to oxidative damage due to deficiency of Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme which would otherwise protect from oxidative damage via production of
glutathione reductaseGlutathione reductase, also known as GSR or GR, is an enzyme that reduces glutathione disulfide to the sulfhydryl form GSH, which is an important cellular antioxidant....
Other uses
- In ancient Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula....
and RomeRome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated municipality , with over 2.7 million residents in , while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 3.46 million. The metropolitan area of Rome is estimated by OECD to have a population of 3.7 million...
, beans were used in voting; a white bean being used to cast a yes vote, and a black bean for no. Even today the word koukia ( κουκιά) is used unofficially, referring to the votes.
- In Ubykh
Ubykh people are a group who spoke the Northwest Caucasian Ubykh language, until other local languages displaced it and its last speaker finally died in 1992....
culture, throwing beans on the ground and interpreting the pattern in which they fall was a common method of divinationDivination is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of a standardized process or ritual. Diviners ascertain their interpretations of how a querent should proceed by reading signs, events, or omens, or through alleged contact with a supernatural agency...
(favomancyFavomancy is a form of divination that used to be practized by seers in Russia, and in particular, the Ubykh people. The practice involves throwing beans on the ground and interpreting the patterns in which the beans fall; it is therefore a type of cleromancy...
), and the word for "bean-thrower" in that language has become a generic term for seers and soothsayers in general.
- In Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
, broad beans are traditionally sown on November 2, All Souls DayIn Western Christianity, All Souls' Day commemorates the faithful departed. This day is principally observed in the Catholic Church, although some churches of the Anglican Communion and the Old Catholic Churches also celebrate it. The Eastern Orthodox churches observes several All Souls' Days...
. Small cakes made in the shape of broad beans (though not out of them) are known as fave dei morti or "beans of the dead". According to tradition, SicilySicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. Several much smaller islands surrounding it are considered to be part of Sicily....
once experienced a failure of all crops other than the beans; the beans kept the population from starvation, and thanks were given to Saint JosephSaint Joseph is known from the New Testament as the husband of Mary, mother of Jesus...
. Broad beans subsequently became traditional on Saint Joseph's Day altars in many Italian communities. Some people carry a broad bean for good luckLuck is a belief in good or bad fortune in life caused by accident or chancewhich happens beyond a person's control.Luck is significant in everyday life,as well as Morality, Epistemology, Business and other endeavors....
; some believe that if one carries a broad bean, one will never be without the essentials of life. In RomeRome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated municipality , with over 2.7 million residents in , while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 3.46 million. The metropolitan area of Rome is estimated by OECD to have a population of 3.7 million...
, on the first of May Roman families traditionally eat fresh fava beans with Pecorino RomanoPecorino Romano is a hard, salty Italian cheese, suitable primarily for grating, made out of sheep milk . Pecorino Romano was produced in Latium up to 1884 when, due to the prohibition issued by the city council of salting the cheese inside their shops in Rome, many producers moved to the island of...
cheese during a daily excursion in the Campagna.
- In Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east...
a Christmas Cake called Bolo ReiBolo Rei is a traditional Portuguese cake, which is usually eaten around Christmas, from December 25 until the Dia dos Reis on January 6...
("King Cake") is baked with a "Fava" bean inside. Whoever eats the slice containing it, is supposed to buy next year's cake.
- In ancient Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula....
and RomeRome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated municipality , with over 2.7 million residents in , while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 3.46 million. The metropolitan area of Rome is estimated by OECD to have a population of 3.7 million...
, beans were used as a food for the dead, such as during the annual LemuriaIn Roman religion, the Lemuralia or Lemuria was a feast during which the ancient Romans performed rites to exorcise the malevolent and fearful ghosts of the dead from their homes. The unwholesome spectres of the restless dead, the lemures or larvae were propitiated with offerings of beans...
festival.
- In some folk legends, such as in Estonia
Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russian Federation...
and the common Jack and the BeanstalkJack and the Beanstalk is an English fairy tale, closely associated with the tale of Jack the Giant Killer. It is known under a number of versions. Benjamin Tabart's moralized version of 1807 is the first appearance in print, but Joseph Jacobs popularized it in English Fairy Tales...
story, magical beans grow tall enough to bring the hero to the clouds.
- The Grimm Brothers collected a story in which a bean splits its sides laughing at the failure of others. Dreaming of a bean is sometimes said to be a sign of impending conflict, though others said that they caused bad dreams.
- Pliny
Gaius Plinius Secundus , better known as Pliny the Elder, was an author, naturalist, and natural philosopher as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian...
claimed that they acted as a laxativeLaxatives are foods, compounds, or drugs taken to induce bowel movements or to loosen the stool, most often taken to treat constipation. Certain stimulant, lubricant, and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the colon for rectal and bowel examinations, and may be supplemented by enemas in that...
.
- European folklore also claims that planting beans on Good Friday
Good Friday, also called Holy Friday, Black Friday, or Great Friday, is a holiday observed primarily by adherents to Christianity commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus and his death at Calvary...
or during the night brings good luck.
Cultural references
- The name and modern term Fabian
-Given name:*Pope Fabian , saint to whom is dedicated the Chapel of Saints Fabian and Sebastian in Donji Humac on the island of Brač, Dalmatia*Buff Bagwell, , a professional wrestler who briefly performed as "Fabian"...
derives from this particular bean.
- In the 1992 videogame OutRunners
OutRunners is a racing video game developed by AM1 and released by Sega in 1992. It constitutes the third release in the arcade Out Run series and was ported to the Mega Drive by Data East in 1994.-Description:...
, an anthropomorphic broad bean character is featured on billboards and the start of the game called "Broad Bean," a parody of Bibendum (the Michelin man), presumably the mascot of the fictional company sponsoring the race, Sam Spree.
- In the 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs, Hannibal Lecter
Hannibal Lecter, M.D. is a fictional character in a series of novels by author Thomas Harris. Lecter is introduced in the thriller novel Red Dragon as a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer. This novel and its sequel, The Silence of the Lambs, feature Lecter as one of two primary...
mentions that he once ate the liver of a census taker "with some fava beans and a nice ChiantiChianti is a red Italian wine produced in Tuscany. It was historically associated with a squat bottle enclosed in a straw basket, called a fiasco ; however, the fiasco is only used by a few makers of the wine now; most Chianti is bottled in traditionally shaped wine bottles...
." This is Lecter's most famous quote. As a psychiatristA psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry and is certified in treating mental disorders. All psychiatrists are trained in diagnostic evaluation and in psychotherapy...
, he would know that he had named three of the "forbidden foods" for patients taking MAO inhibitors.
- Frederick E Rose (London) Ltd v William H Pim Junior & Co Ltd
Frederick E Rose Ltd v William H Pim Junior & Co Ltd [1953] 2 QB 450 is an English contract law case concerning rectification of contractual documents and interpreting contracts in English law.-Facts:...
[1953] 2 QB 450, an English contract lawEnglish contract law is an influential body of law regulating the law of contract that operates in England and Wales. Its doctrines form the basis of contract law across the Commonwealth, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand contract law, India and South Africa, as well as the United States and...
case, where the two litigants had both mistaken feveroles with ordinary horse beans.
- The Pythagorean
Pythagoreanism is a term used for the esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were much influenced by mathematics and probably a very inspirational source for Plato and Platonism....
code prohibited the consumption or even touching of any sort of bean.
External links