A
viceroy is a royal official who runs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the
monarchA monarch is the person who heads a monarchy, a form of government in which the country or entity usually ruled or controlled by an individual who usually rules for life or until abdication...
. The term derives from the Latin prefix
vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word
roi, meaning king. His province or larger territory is called a
viceroyalty. The relative adjective is
viceregal. A
vicereine is a woman in a viceregal position, or a viceroy's wife.
The etymological allusion to the royal
styleA style of office, or honorific, is a legal, official, or recognized title, in other words a term which by tradition or law precedes a reference to a person who holds a post, or which is used to refer to the political office itself. An honorific can also be awarded to an individual in a personal...
can create the perception that the office ranks higher than
governor-generalA governor-general, also known as governor general, is a vice-regal representative of a monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription...
and
lord lieutenantThe title Lord Lieutenant is given to the British monarch's personal representatives in the United Kingdom, usually in a county or similar circumscription, with varying tasks throughout history. Usually a retired local notable, senior military officer, peer or business person is given the post...
, even in cases when it is a synonym for that administrative rank and not necessarily ranked above "provincial" (lieutenant-) governors.
In some cases, the title (and the office, when the title is permanently attached to the job) is reserved for members of the ruling dynasty. It was not uncommon for potential heirs to the throne to obtain such a post (or an equivalent one, without the viceregal style) as a test and learning stage, not unlike the even loftier "associations to the throne", such as the Roman
consortium imperiiConsortium imperii is a Latin term dating from the Roman dominate, denoting the sharing of imperial authority between two or more emperors, hence designated as consors imperii, i.e. "partner in imperium", either as formal equals or in subordination; the junior is then often the senior's designated...
or the
CaesarsCaesar , Latin: Caesar , is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator...
in Emperor Diocletian's original
TetrarchyThe term Tetrarchy describes any system of government where power is divided among four individuals, but usually refers to the tetrarchy instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 293, marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire...
.
Portuguese Empire
From 1505 to 1896
Portuguese IndiaPortuguese India was the aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India.The government started in 1505, six years after the discovery of sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida, then settled at Kochi...
- the name "India" including all Portuguese possessions in the
Indian OceanThe Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by South Asia ; on the west by Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean...
, from
southern AfricaSouthern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. Within the region are numerous territories, including the Republic of South Africa ; nowadays, the simpler term South Africa is generally reserved for the country in English.-UN...
to
Southeast AsiaManila
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh City
Kuala Lumpur
Singapore
Yangon
Bandung
Hanoi
Surabaya
Taichung
Kaohsiung
Medan|-|}...
, until 1752- was governed either by a Viceroy (Portuguese
Vice-Rei) or Governor, from its headquarters in
GoaGoa is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located on the west coast of India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast.Panaji is...
since 1510. The government started six years after the discovery of sea route to India by
Vasco da GamaDom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India...
, in 1505, under first Viceroy
Francisco de AlmeidaDom Francisco de Almeida , also known as "the Great Dom Francisco" , was a Portuguese nobleman, soldier and explorer. He distinguished himself as a counsellor to King John II of Portugal and later in the wars against the Moors and in the conquest of Granada in 1492...
(b.1450–d.1510). Initially, King
Manuel I of PortugalManuel I , the Fortunate , 14th king of Portugal and the Algarves was the son of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu, , by his wife, Infanta Beatriz of Portugal.His mother was the granddaughter of King John I of...
tried a power distribution with three governors in different areas of jurisdiction, however the post was centered by governor
Afonso de AlbuquerqueAfonso de Albuquerque was a Portuguese fidalgo, or nobleman, a naval general officer whose military and administrative activities as second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian ocean...
(1509-1515), who became plenipotentiary, and remained so. The duration in office was, as in Spain, of only three years, possibly given the power represented: in the sixteenth century of the thirty-four governors of India, only six had longer mandates.
Under the monarchy, the government of Portuguese India ranged from 'Governor' and 'Viceroy'. The title of Viceroy being awarded to members of the nobility, was extinguished after 1835. From 1896 until 1961 there were only Governors. Viceroys,
Governors(-general)A governor-general, also known as governor general, is a vice-regal representative of a monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription...
and Governing Commissions were many times interleaved as the form of government until the last Viceroy Afonso Henriques,
Duke of OportoDuke of Porto was an aristocratic Portuguese title with the status of royal dukedom, associated with the Portuguese royal house, created in 1833, by Queen Maria II of Portugal for herself, in honor of the city of Oporto, due its loyalty to the liberal cause she represented.From then on, this title...
(b.1865-d.1920) in 1896.
For two centuries the governors held the jurisdiction over all Portuguese possessions in the
Indian OceanThe Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by South Asia ; on the west by Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean...
. Only in 1752 Mozambique had its own government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped to administer the territory of
MacauThe Macau Special Administrative Region , commonly known as Macau or Macao , is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong...
,
SolorSolor is a volcanic island located off the eastern tip of Flores island in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia, in the Solor Archipelago. The island supports a small population that has been whaling for hundreds of years. They speak the languages of Adonara and Lamaholot. There are at least five...
and
TimorTimor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia, north of the Timor Sea. It is divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, belonging to the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara....
, being then confined to a small territorial expression in Malabar:
GoaGoa is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located on the west coast of India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast.Panaji is...
,
DamanDaman may refer to:*Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence, a Hindi movie starring Raveena Tandon*Daman, India, a city in India*Daman District, India*Daman and Diu, a formerly-Portuguese territory of India*Daman District, Afghanistan*Daman, Afghanistan...
,
DiuDiu or DIU may mean or stand for:* Diu, India, city in India, and the related** Battle of Diu** the IATA code for the Diu Airportas well as:* Diu , a Cantonese profanity.* Dresden International University, Germany...
, Nagar Haveli and
DadraDadra refers to two separate but originally linked concepts in Hindustani classical music.-Dadra tala:This is a Hindustani classical tala , consisting of six beats in two equal divisions of three...
. Portugal lost the last two enclaves in 1954, and finally the remaining three in December of 1961, when they were occupied by the India (although Portugal only recognized the occupation after the Carnation Revolution in 1975). Thus ended, after four and a half centuries of Portuguese rule, the Portuguese state of India.
Colonial
BrazilBrazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the fifth largest country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the fifth most populous country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean...
, 1714–1808. Since 1714 Governors-General of Brazil were titled "Viceroys". With the arrival of the Portuguese Royal Family in Brazil in 1808 due to the
Napoleonic WarsThe Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts declared against Napoleon's French Empire and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played...
, the office of Viceroy ceased to exist, due to the presence of the Queen and of the Prince Regent in the colony. Brazil remained the seat of the Portuguese Empire until 1821, but when the Portuguese Court returned to Portugal the colonial office of Viceroy was not re-established, given that Brazil had been elevated to the rank of a kingdom, and a new State, the
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves had been proclaimed in 1815. Thus, when the Royal Family returned to Lisbon, Prince Dom Pedro was left behind to govern Brazil with the rank of Regent, as Viceroy was perceived as being a colonial title and Brazil was no longer a colony since the proclamation of the United Kingdom. Prince Regent Dom Pedro would proclaim Brazil's independence in 1822, becoming the first Emperor of the newly formed Empire of Brazil.
British Empire and Commonwealth
From 1858 (when the British crown took over the role of the
British East India CompanyThe East India Company was an early English joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but that ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent and China...
, which had appointed governors-general since 20 October 1774, and maintained its last incumbent) to 1947, the height of the
British RajThe British Raj was the British colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947; it can also refer to the period of dominion, and even the region under the rule...
, the British colonial
GovernorA governor is a governing official, usually the executive of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state...
of India was also known as the Viceroy of India. Only the last incumbent was connected to royalty:
Louis Mountbatten, 1st Viscount Mountbatten of BurmaAdmiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma KG, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, DSO, PC was a British admiral and statesman and an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh...
(21 February – 15 August 1947).
The
Lord Lieutenant of IrelandThe Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , also known as the Judiciar in the early mediaeval period and as the Lord Deputy as late as the 17th century, was the King's representative and head of the Irish executive during the Lordship of Ireland , the Kingdom of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great...
was also sometimes referred to as a British viceroy or in the Irish language
Tánaiste-Ri, literally 'deputy king'.
The title itself and the derived
adjectiveIn grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or pronoun's referent...
"vice-regal" are used in some Commonwealth realms (generally in a technically incorrect way, as formerly in British India) to refer to the function of the governor general (and in Canada, provincial
lieutenant governorA lieutenant governor or lieutenant-governor is a high officer of state, whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction, but often the deputy or lieutenant to or ranking under a governor - a "second-in-command." In many Commonwealth of Nations states, lieutenant governors are usually deputy heads...
s, and in Australia, state
governorsThe Governors of the Australian states are the representatives in the six states of Australia of Australia's monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The Governors perform the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level...
) as representatives of
the CrownThe Crown is a corporation sole that in certain countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, as well as in any provincial or state sub-divisions thereof, represents the legal embodiment of executive government...
. This usage may reflect the direct relationship between a governor general and the Crown and a governor general's exercise of all royal powers and functions under the Balfour Declaration of 1926.
Other colonial viceroyalties
- New France
New France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Britain in 1763...
, in present Canada, after a single Governor (24 July 1534–15 January 1541 Jacques CartierJacques Cartier was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw...
) had Lieutenants-generalLieutenant General of New France was the military post that governed early New France from 1598 until 1627. Before 1598, the office was briefly occupied from 1541 to 1543. The office was replaced by the title of Governor of New France in 1627...
and Viceroys 15 January 1541–September 1543 Jean François de la Rocquet, sieur de RobervalleJean-François de La Rocque de Roberval was a French nobleman and adventurer who, through his friendship with King Francis, became the first Lieutenant General of New France. As a corsair he attacked towns and shipping throughout the Spanish Main, from Cuba to Colombia...
(b. c.1500–d. 1560), after September 1543–3 January 1578 Abandonment again 3 January 1578–February 1606 Troilus de Mesgouez, marquis de la Roche-Mesgouez (d. 1606) (viceroy and from 12 January 1598, lieutenant-general), February 1606–1614 Jean de Biencourt, sieur de Poutrincourt, baron de St. JustJean de Biencourt was a member of the French nobility best remembered as a commander of the French colonial empire responsible for establishing the first permanent settlement in the North American territory that became known as Acadia...
(b. 1557–d. 1615); next a series of Viceroys (resident in France) 8 October 1611–1672, later Governors and Governors-general.
- In Italian Viceré: The highest colonial representatives in the "federation" of Italian East Africa
Italian East Africa was a short-lived Italian colony in Africa consisting of Ethiopia and the established colonies of Italian Somaliland and Eritrea held in the name of Victor Emmanuel III of the Kingdom of Italy. In August 1940, British Somaliland was conquered and annexed to Italian East Africa...
(six provinces, each under a governor; together EthiopiaEthiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast. Its size is 1,100,000 km² with an...
, EritreaEritrea , officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen...
and Italian SomalilandItalian Somaliland was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy from the 1880s until 1941 in the territory of the modern-day Northeast African nation of Somalia.-History:...
) were no longer styled "High Commissioner", but "Viceroy and Governor-general" from 5 May 1936, when fascist forces temporarily occupied EthiopiaEthiopia , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country situated in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the northeast. Its size is 1,100,000 km² with an...
, until 27 November 1941, when the last Italian administrator surrendered to the Allies. The Italian King Victor EmmanuelVictor Emmanuel may refer to:*Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia*Victor Emmanuel II of Italy*Victor Emmanuel III of Italy*Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples*Vittorio Emanuele OrlandoSee also*Víctor Manuel, Spanish singer...
claimed the title of "Emperor of EthiopiaThe Emperor of Ethiopia was the hereditary ruler of Ethiopia until the abolition of the monarchy in 1974. The Emperor was the head of state and head of government, with ultimate executive, judicial and legislative power in that country...
" (Nəgusä nägäst, "King of Kings") and declared himself to be a successor to the Nəgusä nägäst, even though Emperor Haile Selassie IH.I.M. Emperor Haile Selassie I , born Tafari Makonnen, was Ethiopia's regent from 1916 to 1930 and Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974...
continued to hold this title while in exile, and resumed his actual, physical throne on 5 May 1941.
Other domestic viceroys, including personal unions
- During the rule of the House of Hanover in Britain, the German principality of Hanover was run by a group of ministers. However, the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor. The first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was Otto I, crowned in 962. The last was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during...
meant that Hanover was incorporated into the British EmpireThe British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was...
. During the Regency of George, Prince of WalesThe Regency era in the United Kingdom is the period between 1811 — when King George III was deemed unfit to rule and his son the Prince of Wales, later George IV, was instated to be his proxy as Prince Regent — and 1820 — when George IV became King on the death of his father.The term "Regency era"...
, and the reigns of George IVGeorge IV was the king of Hanover and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from the death of his father, George III, on 29 January 1820 until his own death ten years later...
and William IVWilliam IV was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death on 20 June 1837...
, their younger brother AdolphusThe Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge , was the tenth child and seventh son of George III and Queen Charlotte. He held the title of Duke of Cambridge from 1801 until his death. He also served as Viceroy of Hanover on behalf of his brothers George IV and William IV...
was Viceroy (1814–1837). Hanover left the Empire in 1837 and became independent under another brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of CumberlandErnest Augustus I was king of Hanover from 1837, and from 1799 Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale in the Peerage of Great Britain. He was the fifth son and eighth child of King George III of the United Kingdom and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.Ernest had a short military career, during which...
. Queen VictoriaVictoria was the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837, and the first Empress of India of the British Raj from 1 May 1876, until her death...
, as a woman, could not inherit Hanover.
- Corsica
Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia....
had one, 1406–c.1420: Vincentello d'Istria, Count and Viceroy (nominally for Aragon).
- Napoleon I Bonaparte created his adoptive stepson, Eugène de Beauharnais
Eugène Rose de Beauharnais, Prince Français, Prince of Venice, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy, Hereditary Grand Duke of Frankfurt, 1st Duke of Leuchtenberg and 1st Prince of Eichstätt ad personam was the first child and only son of the future French emperor Napoleon's first wife, Joséphine...
, Viceroi d'Italie in his kingdom of Italy (in personal union with his French Empire), and the same Prince later Prince of Venice, i.e. heir apparent to that royal crown, while excluded from the French imperial throne which was reserved for his son by the empress, a born Habsburg archduchess).
- The Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic...
combined the territories of Lombardy and Venetia into the Kingdom of Lombardy and Venetia, under the Austrian Habsburgs. The kingKing may be a title for a head of state.King may also refer to:-Places:* King, Ontario, Canada* King, Indiana, United States* King, North Carolina, United States* King, Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States...
was the Austrian Emperor, locally represented by a viceroy: Francis Joseph ruled over the Kingdom but his younger brother MaximilianMaximilian I of Mexico was a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg-Lorraine. After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico, during the Second Mexican Empire, with the backing of Napoleon III of France and a group of Mexican monarchists on 10 April 1864...
, who later became Emperor of Mexico, served as his viceroy in MilanMilan in Italy, is the capital of the region of Lombardia and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while the urban area is the fifth largest in the E.U. with an estimated population of 4.3 million...
(1857-1859).
- Viceroy of Norway
The Viceroy of Norway was the appointed head of the Norwegian Government in the absence of the King. His role was essentially that of the Governor-general, which has led to confusion as to who filled which office...
, during the Union between Sweden and NorwayThe Union between Sweden and Norway , was the union of the kingdoms of Sweden and Norway between 1814 and 1905, when they were united under one monarch in a personal union, following the Treaty of Kiel, the declaration of Norwegian independence from Denmark, a brief war with Sweden, the Convention...
.
- Under the Romanov Emperors of Russia
Russia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
:
- Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
, while in personal union under the Emperors of Russia as Kings (styled Tsar; 20 June 1815–5 November 1916), had only one Viceroy, 9 December 1815–1 December 1830: Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich RomanovConstantine Pavlovich Romanov , grand duke and tsesarevich of Russia, was prepared by his grandmother, Catherine the Great, to become an emperor of a would-be restored Byzantine Empire. Although he was never crowned, he is sometimes listed among the Russian emperors as Constantine I...
(b. 1779–d. 1831)
- Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaidjan and Georgia; first under Governors in Tbilisi 1802–1844) had Viceroys of Transcaucasia:
- 1845–1853: Mikhail Semyonovich Prince Vorontsov
Prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov , was a Russian prince and field-marshal, renowned for his success in the Napoleonic wars, and most famous for leading the Russian invasion of the Caucasus from 1844 to 1853....
(b. 1782–d. 1856).
- 1853–1854: Nikolay Andreyevich Read (acting) (b. 1792–d. 1855);
- 1854–1856: Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyev (b. 1794–d. 1866);
- 1856–1862: Prince Aleksandr Ivanovich Baryatinsky
Aleksandr Ivanovich Baryatinsky , Russian General and Field Marshal , Prince, governor of the Caucasus.Baryatinsky entered the school of the ensigns of the Guard in his seventeenth year and, on November 8, 1833, received his commission of cornet in the Life Guards of the future Tsar Alexander II...
(b. 1814–d. 1879);
- 1862–1881: Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich Romanov (b. 1832–d. 1909); next a series of Chief Heads of the Civil Administration of the Caucasus, including several imperial princes, 1882–1905, then again Viceroys:
- 1905–1915: Count Illaryon Ivanovich, Vorontsov-Dashkov (b. 1837–d. 1916);
- 1915–February 1917: Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolayevich Romanov (b. 1837–d. 1929).
- The American Director
An executive director is the senior manager of an organization, company, or corporation. The position is comparable to a chief executive officer or managing director...
(later assuming the title of U.S. Presidential Envoy and Administrator in Iraq) of Coalition Provisional AuthorityThe Coalition Provisional Authority was established as a transitional government following the invasion of Iraq by the United States, United Kingdom and the other members of the Multinational force in Iraq which was formed to oust the government of Saddam Hussein in 2003...
after the 2003 invasion of IraqThe 2003 invasion of Iraq, was led by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia, Denmark, Poland and Spain. Four countries participated with troops during the initial invasion phase, which lasted from March 20 to May 1...
, was referred to by Time Magazine and the Washington Postas a "viceroy".
In fiction
- Nute Gunray
Nute Gunray is a fictional character and supporting villain from the Star Wars universe, played by Silas Carson in the films and comedian Tom Kenny in Star Wars: The Clone Wars...
: A viceroy in the Star WarsStar Wars is an epic space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas. The first film in the franchise was originally released on May 25, 1977, by 20th Century Fox, and became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon, spawning two immediate sequels, released at three-year intervals...
universe.
- Bail Organa: Viceroy of Alderaan
Alderaan is a planet in the universe of Star Wars. It is the home of Princess Leia, Bail Organa and also, in 4000 BBY, Ulic Qel Droma who fought in the Great Sith War...
in the Star Wars universe.
- Reman
In the fictional Star Trek universe, Remans are natives of the planet Remus, resembling bats. They were first introduced in the movie Star Trek Nemesis. According to the film's backstory, they were subjugated ever since the Romulans staked claim and set up their new homeworld in the system...
Viceroy: Praetor Shinzon's henchman in Star Trek Nemesis.
- Roodaka: An evil viceroy and queen of the Visorak in the Bionicle
Bionicle is a toy line from the Lego Group marketed at 7-16 year-olds. The toy line was launched in December 30, 1999 in Europe and June/July 2001 in Canada and the United States. The concept was derived from Lego Group's earlier themes Slizers/Throwbots and Lego RoboRiders. Both of those lines had...
franchise.
- Vayne Carudas Solidor in Final Fantasy XII
is a single-player console role-playing game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 2. Released in 2006, it is the twelfth title in the Final Fantasy series...
- Viceroy of Area 11 (Japan) in Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion
- Clovis La Britannia
- Cornelia Li Britannia
- Calares
- Nunnally Vi Britannia
is a fictional character in the Sunrise anime series, Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion. She is Lelouch Lamperouge's wheelchair-using younger sister. Her real name is . Her seiyū is Kaori Nazuka. In the English dub, she is voiced by Rebecca Forstadt...
- War, Inc.
War, Inc. is a 2008 political satire film starring John Cusack and Hilary Duff and directed by Joshua Seftel. Cusack also co-wrote and produced the film. A working title of the film was Brand Hauser: Stuff Happens...
- Manion Butler: A viceroy in the Dune
In physical geography, a dune is a hill of sand built by aeolian processes. Dunes are subject to different forms and sizes based on their interaction with the wind. Most kinds of dune are longer on the windward side where the sand is pushed up the dune, and a shorter "slip face" in the lee of the...
universe.
- Viceroy Fizzlebottom: A hearty cherub of a man in Bart Simpson's "Work in progress" play. Lisa discovers the play in the episode, "Heart of Darkness
Heart of Darkness is a novella written by Joseph Conrad. Before its 1902 publication, it appeared as a three-part series in Blackwood's Magazine...
."
- Viceroy Throk: An evil and tyrannical viceroy of the Drule Empire in the Vehicle Voltron version of "Voltron: Defender of the Universe".
Non-Western counterparts
As many princely and administrative titles, viceroy is often used, generally unofficially, to render somewhat equivalent titles and offices in non-western cultures.
Ottoman empire
- The khedive
The term Khedive is a title largely equivalent to the English word viceroy. It was first used, without official recognition, by Muhammad Ali Pasha , the Ottoman Wali of Egypt and Sudan...
of Egypt, especially in the dynasty initiated by Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805-1848). This officer established an almost autonomous regime in Egypt, which officially still was under Ottoman rule. Although Mehemet Ali/Muhammad Ali used different symbols to mark his independence from the Sublime Porte, he never openly declared himself independent. Adopting the title of viceroy was yet another way to walk the thin line between challenging the Sultan's power explicitly and respecting his jurisdiction. Muhammad Ali Pasha's son, Ismail Pasha, subsequently received the title of KhediveThe term Khedive is a title largely equivalent to the English word viceroy. It was first used, without official recognition, by Muhammad Ali Pasha , the Ottoman Wali of Egypt and Sudan...
which was almost an equivalent to viceroy.
China
- The "general supervisor-protector" (Zǒngdū
Zǒngdū, usually translated as Governor-General or Viceroy, governed one or more provinces of Qing-dynasty China. One of the most important was the Viceroy of Zhili, since it emcompassed the imperial capital. Yuan Shikai, later president of the Republic of China, held this office...
總督) of imperial China, otherwise translated as Governor General. This officer was the head of a large administrative division directly under the imperial courtAn Imperial Court is the noble court of an empire .For example:*The noble court of an Emperor of China, Emperor of Japan, Emperor of Ethiopia, Emperor of Austria, Emperor of India, Emperor of Persia, etc....
. The divisions were usually two or three provinces. The regions included ZhiliZhili was a northern province in China from the Ming Dynasty until the province was dissolved during the Republic of China in 1928.- History :...
, HuguangHuguang was a province of China during the Yuan and Ming Dynasty. It was partitioned in the Qing Dynasty to become the provinces of Hubei and Hunan....
, LiangjiangThe Viceroy of Liangjiang , fully referred to as the Governor General of the two Yangtze Provinces and surrounding areas; Overseeing Military Affairs, Food Production; Manager of Waterways; Director of Civil Affairs , was one of eight regional viceroys of the Qing Dynasty in China...
, LiangguangLiangguang is a term referring to the province of Guangdong and autonomous region of Guangxi on the southern coast of China. Before 1988, Guangdong province also included what is now the province of Hainan. The names of the two entities form a pair, as they literally mean "Guang-East" and...
, Shangan, MinzheMinzhe was an old geographic and political area of South-East China. It included Fujian province and Zhejiang province....
, Yungui and Sichuan' is a province in Southwestern China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, 四川 , is an abbreviation of 四川路 , or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from 川峡四路 , or "Four circuits of rivers and gorges", named after the division of the...
. Li HongzhangLi Hongzhang , Marquis Suyi of the First Class , GCVO, , also spelled Li Hung-chang, was a Chinese general who ended several major rebellions, and a leading statesman of the late Qing Empire...
was Viceroy of Huguang from 1867 to 1870, and Yuan ShikaiYuan Shikai was an important Chinese general and politician famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the...
was once Viceroy of Zhili.
Sri Lankan and Southeast Asian tradition
- Uparaja
Ouparath, also Ouparaja, or Uparaja, are titles for viceregal positions reserved for of the Buddhist dynasties in Thailand, Cambodia, Burma and Laos, as well as some minor tributary kingdoms of these.-Burma:...
, variations and compounds such as Maha Uparaja.
Sources and references
- Elliott, J. H., Imperial Spain, 1469-1716. London: Edward Arnold, 1963.
- Fisher, Lillian Estelle. Viceregal Administration in the Spanish American Colonies. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1926.
- Harding, C. H., The Spanish Empire in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947.