Vegetative reproduction

Vegetative Reproduction

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Vegetative reproduction

Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction is reproduction which does not involve meiosis, ploidy reduction, or fertilization. Only one parent is involved in asexual reproduction....
for plants, and is also called vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication, or vegetative cloning. It is a process by which new plant

Plant

Plants are Life organisms belonging to the Kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae....
"individuals" arise or are obtained without production of seed

Seed

A seed is a small Plant embryogenesis plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some Food storage. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant....
s or spore

Spore

In biology, a spore is a reproduction structure that is adapted for biological dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions....
s.

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Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction

Plant

Seed

Spore

In biology, a spore is a reproduction structure that is adapted for biological dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions....
s. It is both a natural process in many plant species (as well as non-plant organisms such as bacteria and fungi) and one used or encouraged by horticulturists

Horticulture

'Horticulture' is the industry and science of plant cultivation. Horticulturists work and conduct research in the disciplines of plant propagation and cultivation, Crop , plant breeding and genetic engineering, plant biochemistry, and plant physiology....
to obtain quantities of economically valuable plants.

Natural vegetative reproduction is mostly a process

Process

Process may refer to:Biology*Process , a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body* Biological processScience and technnology*Process , a computer program or an instance of a program running concurrently with other programs...
found in herbaceous and wood

Wood

Wood is an organic material; in the strict sense wood is produced as secondary xylem in the stems of woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs, etc....
y perennial

Perennial plant

A perennial plant or perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. When used by gardeners or horticulturalists, this term applies specifically to perennial herbaceous plants....
plants, and typically involves structural modifications of the stem

Plant stem

A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaf, inflorescence , conifer cones or other stems etc....
, although any horizontal, underground part of a plant (whether stem or a root

Root

In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial root or aerating ....
) can contribute to vegetative reproduction of a plant. And, in a few species (such as Kalanchoë
Kalanchoe

Kalanchoe, also written Kalanch?e or Kalancho?, is a genus of about 125 species of tropical, succulent flowering plants in the Family Crassulaceae, mainly native to the Old World but with a few species now growing wild in the New World following introduction....
shown at right), leaves

Leaf

In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant Organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin, to expose the cells containing chloroplast to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues....
are involved in vegetative reproduction. Most plant species that survive and significantly expand by vegetative reproduction would be perennial almost by definition, since specialized organs of vegetative reproduction, like seeds of annuals, serve to survive season

Season

A season is one of the major divisions of the year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in weather.Seasons result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and the Axial tilt....
ally harsh conditions. A plant that persists in a location through vegetative reproduction of individuals over a long period of time constitutes a clonal colony

Clonal colony

A clonal colony or genet is a group of genetically identical individuals that have grown in a given location, all originating vegetative reproduction from a single ancestor....
.

In a sense, this process is not one of "reproduction" but one of survival and expansion of biomass of the individual. When an individual organism

Organism

In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole....
increases in size via cell multiplication and remains intact, the process is called "vegetative growth". However, in vegetative reproduction, the new plants that result are new individuals in almost every respect except genetic. And of considerable interest is how this process appears to reset the aging clock

Plant senescence

Plant senescence is the study of aging in plants. It is a heavily studied subject just as it is in the other kingdoms of life. Plants, just like other forms of organisms, seem to have both unintended and programmed aging....
.

Natural vegetative structures

The rhizome
Rhizome

In botany, a rhizome is a characteristically horizontal plant stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes....
is a modified underground stem serving as an organ of vegetative reproduction, e. g. Polypody.

Prostrate aerial stems, called runners or stolon
Stolon

Stolons are horizontal plant stems which grow at the soil surface or below ground. They form new plants at the ends or at the Node s. Stolons are often called runners....
s are important vegetative reproduction organs in some species, such as the strawberry

Strawberry

Fragaria is the name of a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits....
, numerous grasses

Poaceae

Poaceae or Gramineae is a family in the Class Liliopsida of the Magnoliophyta. Plants of this family are usually called grasses; the shrub- or tree-like plants in this family are called bamboo ....
, and some fern

Fern

A fern is any one of a group of about 20,000 species of plants classified in the phylum or division Pteridophyta, also known as Filicophyta....
s.

Adventitious
Adventitious

Adventitious, in botany, refers to structures that develop in an unusual place, and in medicine, it refers to conditions acquired after birth. This article discusses adventitious roots, buds and shoots, which are very common in vascular plants....
buds form on roots near the ground surface, on damaged stems (as on the stumps of cut trees), or on old roots. These develop into above-ground stems and leaves.

A form of budding called suckering
Basal shoot

A basal shoot, root sprout, adventitious shoot, water sprout or sucker is a shoot or cane which grows from a bud at the base of a tree or shrub or from its roots....
is the reproduction or regeneration

Regeneration (biology)

In biology, an organism is said to regenerate a lost or damaged part if the part regrows so that the original function is restored.Regenerative capacity is inversely related to complexity: in general, the more complex an animal is the less regeneration it is capable of....
of a plant by shoots that arise from an existing root system

Root system

In mathematics, a root system is a configuration of vector spaces in a Euclidean space satisfying certain geometrical properties. The concept is fundamental in the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras....
. Species that characteristically produce suckers include Elm

Elm

Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae. Elms first appeared in the Miocene period about 40 million years ago....
(Ulmus), Dandelion (Taraxacum), and members of the Rose

Rose

A rose is a perennial plant flower shrub or vine of the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, that contains over 100 species and comes in a variety of colors....
Family (Rosa).

Another type of a vegetative reproduction is the production of bulb

Bulb

A bulb is an underground vertical shoot that has modified leaf that are used as food storage organs by a dormancy plant.A bulb's leaf bases generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable the plant to survive adverse conditions....
s. Plants like onion

Onion

Onion is a term used for many plants in the genus Allium. They are known by the common name "onion" but, used without qualifiers, it usually refers to Allium cepa....
(Allium cepa), hyacinth (Hyacinth), narcissus (Narcissus) and tulip

Tulip

Tulipa, commonly called tulip, is a genus of about 150 species of bulbous flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. The native range of the species includes southern Europe, north Africa, and Asia from Anatolia and Iran in the west to northeast of China....
s (Tulipa) reproduce by forming bulbs.

Other plants like potato

Potato

The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial plant Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae family. The word potato may refer to the plant itself as well....
es (Solanum tuberosum) and dahlia

Dahlia

Dahlia is a genus of bushy, tuberous root, perennial plants native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. There are at least 36 species of Dahlia....
(Dahlia) reproduce by a method similar to bulbs: they produce tuber

Tuber

Tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients. They are used by plants to overwinter and regrow the next year and as a means of asexual reproduction....
s.

Gladioli

Gladiolus

Gladiolus is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family . Sometimes called the sword lily, the most widely-used English language common name for these plants is simply gladiolus ....
and crocus

Crocus

Crocus is a genus of perennial plant flowering plants, native to a large area from coastal and subalpine areas of central and southern Europe , North Africa and the Middle East, across Central Asia to western China....
es (Crocus) reproduce by forming a bulb-like structure called a corm

Corm

A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant Plant stem that serves as a storage organ used by some plants to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat ....
.

Exceptions

Vegetative propagation is usually considered a cloning method. However, there are several cases where vegetatively propagated plants are not genetically identical. Rooted stem cuttings of thornless blackberries will revert to thorny type because the adventitious shoot develops from a cell that is genetically thorny. Thornless blackberry is a chimera

Chimera (plant)

Chimeras in botany are usually single organisms composed of two genetically different types of tissue. They occur in plants, on the same general basis as with Chimera ....
, with the epidermal layers genetically thornless but the tissue beneath it genetically thorny. Leaf cutting propagation of certain chimeral variegated plants, such as snake plant, will produce mainly nonvariegated plants.

Grafting

Grafting

Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely used in agriculture and horticulture where the tissues of one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of another....
is often not a complete cloning method because sexual seedlings are used as rootstocks. In that case only the top of the plant is clonal. In some crops, particularly apples, the rootstocks are vegetatively propagated so the entire graft can be clonal if the scion and rootstock are both clones.

Apomixis
Apomixis

In botany, apomixis is asexual reproduction, without fertilization. In plants with independent gametophytes , apomixis refers to the formation of sporophytes by parthenogenesis of gametophyte cells....
is a type of asexual reproduction involving unfertilized seeds. Hawkweed

Hawkweed

Hawkweed refers to any species in the very large genus Hieracium and its segregate genus Pilosella, in the sunflower family .They are common perennial plant, occurring worldwide ....
(Hieracium), dandelion (Taraxacum), some Citrus

Citrus

Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of the world....
(Citrus) and Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis) all use this form of asexual reproduction. Bulbils are sometimes formed in the flowers of garlic

Garlic

Allium sativum L., commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, and chive....
. The leafy crown of a pineapple

Pineapple

Pineapple is the common name for an edible tropical plant and also its fruit. It is native to the southern part of Brazil, and Paraguay. This herbaceous plant perennial plant grows to tall with 30 or more trough-shaped and pointed leaves long, surrounding a thick plant stem....
fruit will root to form a new plant. These cases would not be vegetative reproduction because normally reproductive parts were involved. They would be considered asexual reproduction however. Vegetative reproduction involves only vegetative structures, i.e. roots, stems or leaves.

Horticultural aspects

Man-made methods of vegetative reproduction are usually enhancements of natural processes, but range from simple cloning

Cloning

Cloning in biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce Asexual Reproduction....
such as rooting of cuttings to grafting

Grafting

Plant tissue culture

Plant tissue culture is a practice used to propagate plants under sterile conditions, often to produce clonings of a plant. Different techniques in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods of propagation, including:...
. It is very commonly practised to propagate cultivar

Cultivar

A cultivar is a cultivated plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics; it is usually distinct from similar plants and when Plant propagation it retains those characteristics....
s with individual desirable characteristics. Fruit tree propagation

Fruit tree propagation

Fruit tree propagation is usually carried out through asexual reproduction by grafting or budding the desired variety onto a suitable rootstock....
is frequently performed by budding or grafting desirable cultivars (clone

Cloning

Rootstock

A rootstock is a plant, and sometimes just the stump, which already has an established, healthy root, used for grafting a cutting or budding from another plant....
s that are also clones, propagated by layering

Layering

Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial Plant stem grow roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant....
.

In horticulture, a "cutting" is a branch that has been cut off from a mother plant

Plant

Plants are Life organisms belonging to the Kingdom Plantae. They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae....
below an internode and then rooted, often with the help of a rooting liquid or powder containing hormones

Plant hormone

Plant hormones are chemicals that regulate plant growth. Plant hormones are signal molecules produced within the plant, and occur in extremely low concentrations....
. When a full root has formed and leaves begin to sprout anew, the clone is a self-sufficient plant, genetically identical to the mother plant. Examples are cutting from the stems of blackberries

BlackBerry

The BlackBerry is a wireless handheld device introduced in 1999 as a two-way pager. In 2002, the more commonly known smartphone BlackBerry was released, which supports push e-mail, mobile telephone, text messaging, internet faxing, web browsing and other wireless information services as well as a multi-touch interface....
(Rubus occidentalis), cutting from leaves of African violets (Saintpaulia), and cutting the stems of verbenas (Verbena) to create new plants. A related form of regeneration is that of grafting

Grafting

Nursery (horticulture)

A nursery is a place where plants are plant propagation and grown to usable size. There are retail nurseries which sell to the general public, wholesale nurseries which sell only to...
now sell trees that can produce four or more varieties of apple

APPLE

This article is about the satellite APPLE. For the fruit apple, see Apple. For other uses see Apple .The Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment , was an experimental communication satellite with a C-Band transponder launched by Indian Space Research Organisation satellite on June 19, 1981 by Ariane 1, a launch vehicle of the European Spac...
s (Malus spp.) from stems grafted to a common rootstock.

Cultivated plants propagated by vegetative methods

A number of commonly cultivated plants are propagated by vegetative means rather than by seeds. This is a listing of such plants:

Apple

APPLE

Avocado

The avocado , also known as palta or aguacate , butter pear or alligator pear, is a tree native to Mexico, South America and Central America, classified in the flowering plant family Lauraceae....

Banana

File:Banana and cross section.jpgBanana is the common name for a fruit and also the herbaceous plants of the genus Musa which produce this commonly eaten fruit....

Cacao

Cacao , or the cocoa plant, is a small evergreen tree in the family Sterculiaceae , native to the deep tropical region of the Americas. There are two prominent competing hypotheses about the origins of the original wild Theobroma cacao tree....

Canna

Canna (plant)

Canna is a genus of approximately twenty species of flowering plants. The closest living relations to cannas are the other plant families of the order Zingiberales, that is the gingers, bananas, Marantaceae, heliconias, strelitzias, etc....

Cannabis

Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes three putative species, Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica Lam., and Cannabis ruderalis Janisch....

Citrus

Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of the world....
(lemon

Lemon

The lemon is the common name for Citrus limon. The reproductive tissue surrounds the seed of the angiosperm lemon tree. The lemon is used for culinary and nonculinary purposes throughout the world....
, orange

Orange (fruit)

An orange?specifically, the sweet orange?is the citrus Citrus sinensis and its fruit. The orange is a Hybrid of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between pomelo and tangerine ....
, grapefruit

Grapefruit

The grapefruit is a subtropics citrus tree grown for its bitter fruit which was originally named the "forbidden fruit" of Barbados.These evergreen trees are usually found at around 5-6 m tall, although they can reach 13-15 m ....
)

Date

Fig

FIG

FIG may refer to* F?d?ration Internationale de Gymnastique* International Federation of Surveyors...

Grapes

Manioc (cassava)

Nut crops (walnut

Walnut

Walnuts are plants in the family Juglandaceae. They are deciduous trees, 10–40 meter s tall , with pinnate leaves 200?900 millimetres long , with 5–25 leaflets; the shoots have chambered pith, a character shared with the wingnut but not the hickory in the same family....
, pecan

Pecan

The Pecan is a species of hickory, native to south-central North America, in the United States from southern Iowa, Illinois and Indiana east to western Kentucky, North Carolina and western Tennessee, south through Georgia , Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas ; and in Mexico from Coahuila south to Jalisco and Veracr...
)

Pineapple

Pear

The pear is an edible pome fruit produced by a tree of genus Pyrus . The pear is classified within Maloideae, a subfamily within Rosaceae. The apple , which it resembles in floral structure, is also a member of this subfamily....

Poplar

Populus is a genus of between 25?35 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere....

Potato

The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial plant Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae family. The word potato may refer to the plant itself as well....

Strawberry

Fragaria is the name of a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as strawberries for their edible fruits....

Sugar cane

Tea

Tea refers to the agricultural products of the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of the Camellia sinensis plant, prepared and cured by various methods....

Vanilla

Vanilla is a flavoring derived from orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. Etymologically, vanilla derives from the Spanish language word "", little pod....

Willow

Willows, sallows, and osiers form the genus Salix, around 400 species of deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere....

Vegetative reproduction

Natural vegetative structures

Exceptions

Horticultural aspects

Cultivated plants propagated by vegetative methods

See also