Vatican Secret Archives

[[File:Coat of arms of the Holy See.svg|thumb|upright|Coat of arms of the Holy See]] The '''Vatican Secret Archives''' ({{lang-la|Archivum Secretum Vaticanum}}), located in [[Vatican City]], is the central repository for all of the acts [[promulgated]] by the [[Holy See]]. The [[Pope]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], having primal incumbency until death, owns the archives until the next appointed Papal successor. The [[archive]]s also contain the [[state paper]]s, correspondence, [[pope|papal]] account books, and many other documents which the church has accumulated over the centuries. In the 17th century, under the orders of [[Pope Paul V]], the Secret Archives were separated from the [[Vatican Library]], where scholars had some very limited access to them, and remained absolutely closed to outsiders until 1881, when [[Pope Leo XIII]] opened them to researchers, of whom now more than a thousand examine its documents each year. The use of the word "secret" in the title "Vatican Secret Archives" does not denote the modern meaning of confidentiality. Instead, it indicates that the archives are the Pope's personal property, not belonging to those of any particular department of the [[Roman Curia]] or the [[Holy See]]. The word "secret" was generally used in this sense as also reflected in phrases such as "secret servants", "secret cupbearer", "secret carver", much like an esteemed position of honor and regard comparable to a [[VIP]]. ==Extent== The Vatican Secret Archives have been estimated to contain {{convert|52|mi|km}} of shelving, and there are 35,000 volumes in the selective ''catalogue'' alone. "Indexes must be consulted in the Index Room and replaced in their original location. Publication of the indexes, in part or as a whole, is forbidden." The Archives support their own photographic and conservation studios. According to the website of the Archives, the oldest surviving document dates back to the end of the eighth century. "Transfers and political upheavals nearly caused the total loss of all the archival material preceding [[Innocent III]]." From 1198 onwards, more complete archives exist, though documentation is a little scanty before the 13th century. Since that time, the documentation includes items such as [[Henry VIII of England]]'s request for a marriage annulment, and letters from [[Michelangelo]]. ==Access== The entrance to the Archives, adjacent to the [[Vatican Library]], is approached through the Porta di S. Anna in via di Porta Angelica ([[rione]] of [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]]). New underground storage space was added in 1980. There is no generic browsing, and researchers must ask for the precise document they wish to see, identifying it either by consulting the indices and must be granted an expressed written permission authorized by a ranking prelate for perusement. Even then, not many requests are granted entrance as the application process is long and rigorous. The current Archivist is [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Raffaele Farina]]. Cardinals [[Jorge María Mejía]] and [[Luigi Poggi]] are "Archivisti [[Emeritus|Emeriti]]" (former Archivists). ==Opening of the archives== Customarily, documents are made available to the public after a period of 75 years. * 1883: [[Pope Leo XIII]] opened archives dated 1815 or earlier. * 1924: Documents up to the end of the pontificate of [[Pope Gregory XVI|Gregory XVI]] (June 1, 1846) were released. * 1966: Documents from the pontificate of [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]] (1846–78). (The opening of this material was originally planned during the pontificate of [[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]].) * 1978: Documents from the pontificate of Leo XIII (1878–1903). * 1985: Documents from the pontificates of [[Pope Pius X|Pius X]] (1903–14) and [[Pope Benedict XV|Benedict XV]] (1914–22). * 2002 (effective from 2003): Documents from the historical archives of the [[Secretariat of State (Vatican)|Secretariat of State]] (''Second Section'') pertaining to the Holy See's relations with Germany during the pontificate of [[Pope Pius XI]] (1922–39). The reason for this exceptional action was "to put an end to unjust and thoughtless speculation." * 2006: All documents from the pontificate of Pope Pius XI. ==Archivists of the Holy Roman Church== * [[Agostino Ciasca]] (19 May 1891 – 4 July 1893) * [[Luigi Galimberti]] (25 June 1894 – 7 May 1896) * [[Francesco Segna]] (4 July 1896 – 13 January 1908) * [[Francesco Salesio Della Volpe]] (26 October 1908 – 26 January 1911) * [[Mariano Rampolla|Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro]] (1912 – 16 December 1913) * [[Francesco di Paola Cassetta]] (14 February 1914–1917) * [[Francis Aidan Gasquet]] (28 November 1917 – 5 April 1929) * [[Franz Ehrle]] (17 April 1929 – 31 March 1934) * [[Giovanni Mercati]] (15 June 1936 – 23 August 1957) * [[Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant]] (14 September 1957 – 27 March 1971) * [[Antonio Samore]] (25 January 1974 – 3 February 1983) * [[Alfons Stickler]] (8 September 1983 – 1 July 1988) * [[Antonio María Javierre Ortas]] (1 July 1988 – 24 January 1992) * [[Luigi Poggi]] (9 April 1992 – 7 March 1998) * [[Jorge María Mejía]] (7 March 1998 – 24 November 2003) * [[Jean-Louis Tauran]] (24 November 2003 – 1 September 2007) * [[Raffaele Farina]] (1 September 2007 – ''present'') ===Prefects of the Vatican Secret Archives=== * Giuseppe Garampi (9 September 1751 – 27 January 1772) * Mario Zampini (1772–82) * Gaetano Marini (1782–1815) * Callisto Marini (1782–1822) * Marino Marini (1815–55) * [[Augustin Theiner]], [[Order of Saint Augustine|O.S.A.]] (6 December 1855 – June 1870) * [[Giuseppe Cardoni]] (8 June 1870 – March 1873) * [[Carlo Cristofori]] (14 April 1873 – 13 January 1877) * Francesco Rosi Bernardini (17 January 1877 – June 1879) * [[Joseph Hergenröther]] (9 June 1879 – 3 October 1890) * [[Agostino Ciasca]], [[Hermits of St. Augustine|O.S.A.]] (13 June 1891 – July 1892) * [[Luigi Tripepi]] (19 September 1892-May 1894) * Peter Wenzel (28 July 1894 – 24 May 1909) * Mariano Ugolini (29 May 1909 – June 1925) * Angelo Mercati (22 May 1925 – October 1955) * Martino Giusti (1955 – April 1984) * Josef Metzler, [[Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate|O.M.I.]] (24 May 1984–1996) * [[Raffaele Farina]] (25 May 1997 – 25 June 2007) * [[Sergio Pagano]], [[Barnabites|B.]] (7 January 1997 – ''present'') ==Other Holy See archives== There are other Holy See archives in Rome, since each department of the [[Roman Curia]] has its own archives. The word "secret" in its modern sense can be applied to some of the material kept by the [[Apostolic Penitentiary]], when it concerns matters of the [[internal forum]]; but registers of the rescripts that it issued up to 1564 have been deposited in the Vatican Secret Archives and are open for consultation by qualified scholars. Half of these have already been put in digital form for easier consultation. The confidentiality of the material means that, in spite of the centuries that have passed since 1564, special rules apply to its publication. ==See also== * ''[[Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale]]'' (Acts and Documents of the Holy See relative to the [[Second World War]]) * ''[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]]'' * [[Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] * [[Chinon Parchment]] * [[Henry Denifle]], sub-archivist at the Vatican (1883–1905) * [[Pontifical secret]] * [[Relations between Catholicism and Judaism]] * [[Vatican Film Library]], which contains microfilmed versions of some of the documents from the Archives, in [[St. Louis, Missouri]] == Further reading == {{refbegin|indent=yes}} : {{aut|[[Maria Luisa Ambrosini|Ambrosini, Maria Luisa]]}}. ''The Secret Archives of the Vatican.'' Boston: Little, Brown, 1969 (republished 1996). ISBN 0-7607-0125-3 : {{cite book |author={{aut|Blouin, Francis X.}} et al. |year=1998 |title=Vatican Archives: An Inventory and Guide to Historical Documentation of the Holy See |publisher=New York, [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-509552-9 }} : {{aut|[[Ludwig von Pastor|Pastor, Ludwig von]]}}. [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/ow/e6724ad0fd3deb06.html ''The history of the popes, from the close of the Middle Ages: (drawn from the secret archives of the Vatican and other original sources'')]. from [[WorldCat]]. Reprints: [http://www.periodicals.com/stock_e/p/ttl14805.html Periodicals Service Company (New York) and Schmidt Periodicals GmbH (Germany)] : {{aut|Borromeo, Agostino}}. ''L'inquisizione : atti del Simposio internazionale, Città del Vaticano'' ( ''The inquisition: actions of the international Symposium, Vatican City''), [[Vatican Library|Biblioteca apostolica vaticana]], 2003. ISBN 88-210-0761-8 {{refend}} ==External links== * [http://www.archiviosegretovaticano.va/?lang=en Vatican Secret Archive Official Web Site], including a history of the Secret Archives * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15286a.htm The Vatican Palace, as a Scientific Institute], ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08061a.htm Roman Historical Institutes], ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01696a.htm Ecclesiastical Archives], ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' * [http://www.catholic-forum.com/SAINTS/ncd00741.htm Archives of the Holy See], ''New Catholic Dictionary'', 1910 edition * [http://www.umich.edu/~bhl/bhl/projects/vatican University of Michigan Vatican Archives Project], a detailed history, description and catalogue of archives * [http://www.rotten.com/library/religion/secret-archives-vatican Secret Archives of the Vatican], article from ''[[Rotten.com]]'' * [http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/1999/9905/9905arc1.cfm Palazzo del Sant'Uffizio: The Opening of the Roman Inquisition's Central Archive] by Anne Jacobson Schutte, ''Perspectives Online'', Published by the American Historical Association, May 1999 * [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/11/1118_vaticanmain.html Inside the Vatican], ''[[National Geographic]]'', April 8, 2004 * [http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/facts/fm0039.html An interview with Sergio Pagano, prefect of the Vatican Secret Archives], January 18, 2005. [http://asv.vatican.va/en/pers/prefetto.htm Sergio Pagano] ===News articles=== * [http://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/jp2inqui.htm Inquisition Requires Calm, Objective Analysis, EWTN Library], from ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'', November 11, 1998. Address of Pope John Paul II to the participants of the [[International Symposium on the Inquisition]] at the Vatican, October 31, 1998. In attendance was the internationally renowned historian [[Carlo Ginzburg]]. In 1979, Ginzburg sent [http://listserv.muohio.edu/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind9804c&L=archives&T=0&P=19671 a letter] to the then–newly-elected [[Pope John Paul II]], asking that the [[archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|archives of the Holy office]] (the [[Roman Inquisition]]) be opened. Cardinal Ratzinger, now [[Pope Benedict XVI]], credited Ginzburg, and his 1979 letter, as having been instrumental in the Vatican's decision to open these archives. * [http://zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=27071 Vatican to Open Archives Tied to a Key Era in Germany], ''[[Zenit News Agency]]'', October 29, 2002 * [https://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=19460 Vatican to computerize archives from the Holy Office, Inquisition], ''[[Catholic World News]]'', December 5, 2002. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3809983.stm Vatican 'dispels Inquisition myths'], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', June 15, 2004 * [http://www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=55349 John Paul II Letter on Inquisition Symposium], ''[[Zenit News Agency]]'', June 15, 2004 * [http://www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=55860 Scrutinizing the Inquisition; an "exposé of the tortures and injustices committed by various national Inquisitions..."], ''Zenit News Agency'', June 24, 2004 * [http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0500535.htm Jewish group threatens to sue Vatican for access to archives], ''Catholic News Service'', January 28, 2005 * [http://www.cathnews.com/news/609/104.php Vatican's secret archives now open to scholars], ''CathNews'', September 19, 2006 * [http://www.newsvine.com/_news/2006/10/12/398813-new-insights-into-vaticans-diplomacy New Insights into Vatican's Diplomacy] "Documents from newly opened Vatican archives indicate...", ''NewsVine.com'', October 12, 2006 {{Vatican City topics|state=autocollapse}} {{Europe topic|title=European national archives|prefix=National Archives of}} {{coord missing|Vatican City}}