Valvular heart disease: Facts, Discussion Forum, and Encyclopedia Article

Valvular heart disease

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	Valvular heart disease
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	Topics Valvular heart disease Topic Home Valvular heart disease is any disease process involving one or more of the valves of the heart Heart valve In anatomy, the heart valves maintain the unidirectional flow of blood in the heart by opening and closing depending on the difference in pressure on each side.... (the aortic Aortic valve The aortic valve is one of the heart valve of the heart. It lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.... and mitral valves Mitral valve The mitral valve is a dual-flap heart valve in the heart that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle . The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are known collectively as the atrioventricular valves because they lie between the atria and the ventricles of the heart and control the flow of blood.... on the left and the pulmonary Pulmonary valve The pulmonary valve, is the heart valves of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonic valve opens in cardiac cycle, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery.... and tricuspid valves on the right). Valve problems may be congenital (inborn) or acquired (due to another cause later in life). Treatment may be with medication but often (depending on the severity) involves valve repair or replacement Valve replacement Valve replacement surgery is the replacement of one or more of the heart valves with either an artificial heart valve or a bioprosthesis .There are four procedures:... (insertion of an artificial heart valve Artificial heart valve An artificial heart valve is a device which is implanted in the heart of patients who suffer from valvular diseases in their heart. When one or two of the four heart valves of the heart have a malfunction, the choice is normally to replace the natural valve with an artificial valve.... ). Specific situations include those where additional demands are made on the circulation, such as in pregnancy Valvular heart disease and pregnancy The evaluation of individuals with valvular heart disease who are or wish to become pregnant is a difficult issue. Issues that have to be address are the risks during pregnancy to the mother and the developing fetus.... . le class="wikitable">
Valve involved	Stenotic disease	Insufficiency disease
Aortic valve	Aortic valve stenosis Aortic valve stenosis Aortic valve stenosis is a valvular heart disease caused by the incomplete opening of the aortic valve.The aortic valve controls the direction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta....	Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency , also known as aortic regurgitation , is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle....
Mitral valve	Mitral valve stenosis	Mitral insufficiency
Tricuspid valve	Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid valve stenosis is a valvular heart disease which results in the narrowing of the orifice of the tricuspid valve of the heart. It's relatively a rare condition....	Tricuspid insufficiency Tricuspid insufficiency Tricuspid insufficiency, a valvular heart disease also called Tricuspid regurgitation, refers to the failure of the heart's tricuspid valve to close properly during systole....
Pulmonary valve	Pulmonary valve stenosis Pulmonary valve stenosis Pulmonary valve stenosis is a valvular heart disease in which outflow of blood from the right ventricle of the heart is obstructed at the level of the pulmonic valve....	Pulmonary insufficiency

Heart valve dysplasia

Heart valve dysplasia is a congenital heart defect which in dogs and cats affects the aortic, pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid heart valves. Pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis are discussed separately....
is an error in the development of any of the heart valves, and a common cause of congenital heart defects in humans as well as animals; tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect which is classically understood to involve four anatomical abnormalities . It is the most common Cyanosis heart defect, representing 55-70%, and the most common cause of blue baby syndrome....
is a congenital heart defect with four abnormalities, one of which is stenosis of the pulmonary valve.

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Encyclopedia

Valvular heart disease is any disease process involving one or more of the valves of the heart

Heart valve

In anatomy, the heart valves maintain the unidirectional flow of blood in the heart by opening and closing depending on the difference in pressure on each side....
(the aortic

Aortic valve

The aortic valve is one of the heart valve of the heart. It lies between the left ventricle and the aorta....
and mitral valves

Mitral valve

The mitral valve is a dual-flap heart valve in the heart that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle . The mitral valve and the tricuspid valve are known collectively as the atrioventricular valves because they lie between the atria and the ventricles of the heart and control the flow of blood....
on the left and the pulmonary

Pulmonary valve

The pulmonary valve, is the heart valves of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonic valve opens in cardiac cycle, when the pressure in the right ventricle rises above the pressure in the pulmonary artery....
and tricuspid valves on the right). Valve problems may be congenital (inborn) or acquired (due to another cause later in life). Treatment may be with medication but often (depending on the severity) involves valve repair or replacement

Valve replacement

Valve replacement surgery is the replacement of one or more of the heart valves with either an artificial heart valve or a bioprosthesis .There are four procedures:...
(insertion of an artificial heart valve

Artificial heart valve

An artificial heart valve is a device which is implanted in the heart of patients who suffer from valvular diseases in their heart. When one or two of the four heart valves of the heart have a malfunction, the choice is normally to replace the natural valve with an artificial valve....
). Specific situations include those where additional demands are made on the circulation, such as in pregnancy

Valvular heart disease and pregnancy

The evaluation of individuals with valvular heart disease who are or wish to become pregnant is a difficult issue. Issues that have to be address are the risks during pregnancy to the mother and the developing fetus....
.

Types

Valve involved	Stenotic disease	Insufficiency disease
Aortic valve	Aortic valve stenosis Aortic valve stenosis Aortic valve stenosis is a valvular heart disease caused by the incomplete opening of the aortic valve.The aortic valve controls the direction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta....	Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency Aortic insufficiency , also known as aortic regurgitation , is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle....
Mitral valve	Mitral valve stenosis	Mitral insufficiency
Tricuspid valve	Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid valve stenosis Tricuspid valve stenosis is a valvular heart disease which results in the narrowing of the orifice of the tricuspid valve of the heart. It's relatively a rare condition....	Tricuspid insufficiency Tricuspid insufficiency Tricuspid insufficiency, a valvular heart disease also called Tricuspid regurgitation, refers to the failure of the heart's tricuspid valve to close properly during systole....
Pulmonary valve	Pulmonary valve stenosis Pulmonary valve stenosis Pulmonary valve stenosis is a valvular heart disease in which outflow of blood from the right ventricle of the heart is obstructed at the level of the pulmonic valve....	Pulmonary insufficiency

Heart valve dysplasia

Tetralogy of Fallot

Ebstein's anomaly

Ebstein's anomaly is a congenital heart defect in which the opening of the tricuspid valve is displaced towards the apex of the right ventricle of the heart....
is an abnormality of the tricuspid valve.

Rheumatic fever

Rheumatic fever

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease disease which may develop two to three weeks after a Group A streptococcal infection . It is believed to be caused by antibody cross-reactivity and can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain....
was in the past a common cause of valvular heart disease (referred to as "rheumatic heart disease"). Inflammation of the heart valves due to any cause is called endocarditis

Endocarditis

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. It usually involves the heart valves . Other structures which may be involved include the interventricular septum, the chordae tendinae, the mural endocardium, or even on intracardiac devices....
; this is usually due to bacterial infection but may also be due to cancer

Cancer

Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cell display uncontrolled growth , invasion , and sometimes metastasis . These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, do not invade or metastasize....
(marantic endocarditis

Marantic endocarditis

Marantic endocarditis, also known as non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis , is the deposition of small sterile vegetation s on heart valve leaflets....
), certain autoimmune conditions (Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Libman-Sacks endocarditis is a form of nonbacterial endocarditis that is seen in lupus erythematosus. It is the most common cardiac manifestation of lupus....
) and hypereosinophilic syndrome

Hypereosinophilic syndrome

The hypereosinophilic syndrome is a disease process characterized by a persistently elevated eosinophil count in the blood for at least six months without any recognizable cause after a careful workup, with evidence of involvement of either the heart, nervous system, or bone marrow....
(Loeffler endocarditis

Loeffler endocarditis

Loeffler endocarditis, a form of endocarditis, is one of the two forms of hypereosinophilic syndrome. It is a restricive cardiomyopathy characterized eosinophilia and eosinophilic penetration leading to the fibrotic thickening of portions of the heart and commonly has large mural thrombi....
). Certain medications have been associated with valvular heart disease, most prominently ergotamine

Ergotamine

Ergotamine is an ergopeptine and part of the ergot family of alkaloids; it is structurally and biochemically closely related to ergoline. It possesses structural similarity to several neurotransmitters, and has biological activity as a vasoconstrictor....
derivatives pergolide

Pergolide

Pergolide is an ergoline-based dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.Parkinson's disease is associated with low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain....
and cabergoline

Cabergoline

Cabergoline , an ergot derivative, is a potent dopamine Receptor agonist on D2 receptors. It also acts on dopamine receptors in lactophilic hypothalamus Cell to suppress prolactin production in the pituitary gland....
.