Upper Sind Frontier District
Encyclopedia
Upper Sind Frontier District was a district of the Bombay Presidency
Bombay Presidency
The Bombay Presidency was a province of British India. It was established in the 17th century as a trading post for the English East India Company, but later grew to encompass much of western and central India, as well as parts of post-partition Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula.At its greatest...

 during British Rule
British Raj
British Raj was the British rule in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947; The term can also refer to the period of dominion...

. The district was the northernmost portion of Sind
Sindh
Sindh historically referred to as Ba'ab-ul-Islam , is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran". Though Muslims form the largest religious group in Sindh, a good number of Christians, Zoroastrians and Hindus can...

 and lay between 27°56' and 28° 27' N. and 68° and 69° 44' E., with an area of 2621 square miles (6,788.4 km²). It was bounded on the north and west by the Dera Ghazi Khan District
Dera Ghazi Khan District
Dera Ghazi Khan is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The district covers an area of 5,306 m² and it is a long narrow strip of country, 198 m...

 of the Punjab
Punjab (British India)
Punjab was a province of British India, it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule. With the end of British rule in 1947 the province was split between West Punjab, which went to Pakistan, and East Punjab, which went to India...

 and by Baluchistan
Balochistan (Pakistan)
Balochistan is one of the four provinces or federating units of Pakistan. With an area of 134,051 mi2 or , it is the largest province of Pakistan, constituting approximately 44% of the total land mass of Pakistan. According to the 1998 population census, Balochistan had a population of...

 ; on the south by Sukkur District
Sukkur District
Sukkur district is a district in Sindh Province in Pakistan. It is divided into 4 administrative strata , namely; Sukkur City, Rohri, Saleh Pat and Pano Aqil. Among them Sukkur city and new Sukkur are urban centre while Pano Aqil is famous for having one of largest military cantonment of the country...

; and on the east by the river Indus.

Terrain

The district was described by the Imperial Gazetteer of India as follows:
The District consists of a narrow strip of level plain covered in parts with dense jungle, which, prior to the construction of the Kashmor embankment in 1879-80, was exposed to annual
inundations. The embankment now keeps out the physical aspects. flood-water, and cultivation is general. The greatest length from east to west is 114 miles (183.5 km), and the maximum breadth from
north to south 20 miles (32.2 km). The land itself lies from 170 to 273 feet (83.2 m) above sea-level, being highest on its eastern side near the river Indus, whence it slopes downwards to the west. The south-east extremity of the District consists of high mountains, part of the Kirthar range, the highest peak being Miangun (5,100 ft). These hills and the adjacent flood-swept plain are sparsely inhabited. The northern border of the District is skirted by the Bugti hills, part of the Sulaiman Mountains
Sulaiman Mountains
The Sulaiman Mountains are a major geological feature of southeastern Afghanistan and northern Balochistan province of Pakistan. In Pakistan, it forms the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau where the Indus River separates it from the Asian Subcontient...

. Geologically, the District consists of alluvial deposits and desert.

Climate

The climate is remarkable for its intense heat, the greatest in India, its variations in temperature, and the smallness of the rainfall. The hot season extends from April to October. For the remainder of the year the weather is cold and agreeable. In November and March the temperature rises considerably in the daytime, but in the winter nights cold is severe and frost. is frequent. Cool nights are experienced
in April and May, after which the full force of the heat is felt, the nights being oppressive and the humidity generally over 70 per cent.

During the five years 1900-4, the maximum temperature recorded was 126 °F (52.2 °C), the minimum on the same day being 88 °F (31.1 °C). Shade temperatures over 120 °F (48.9 °C) are frequently recorded, and sometimes the thermometer does not fall below 90 °F (32.2 °C) for several successive days. After August the nights become cooler, the north-west wind sets in, and by the middle of October the temperature falls considerably. The annual rainfall averages about 3 inches.

Demography

The District contained one town, Jacobabad
Jacobabad
Jacobabad or Yaqubabad is the capital city of Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. The city is also the administrative centre of Jacobabad Taluka, an administrative subdivision of the district, the city is subdivided into 8 Union Councils...

 and 390 villages, according to the 1872 census it has a population of 115,050, in 1881 145,180., in 1891 174,548 - according to the 1901 census the population was 232,045 (89 persons per square mile). The increase was due to immigration from Baluchistan and the Punjab, to fresh lands having been brought under cultivation, and to changes in the area of the District amounting to an addition of about 500 square miles (1,295 km²). According to the 1901 census, the chief language was Sindi, which was spoken by 165,110 persons, or 71 per cent of the total. Baluchi and Siraiki were also spoken in all parts of the District. Muslims formed 90 per cent of the total population and Hindus 9 per cent.

Administration

The district, headquartered at the city of Jacobabad, was subdivided into 5 talukas
Tehsil
A Tehsil or Tahsil/Tahasil , also known as Taluk and Mandal, is an administrative division of some country/countries of South Asia....

:
  • Jacobabad Taluka
    Jacobabad Taluka
    Jacobabad Taluka is an administrative subdivision of Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan. It is subdivided into 15 Union Councils, 8 of which comprise the capital Jacobabad-History:...

  • Thul
    Thul
    Thul is the a town of Jacobabad District in the Sindh Province of Pakistan. It is located at 28°14'0N 68°46'0E at an altitude of 59 metres ....

  • Kandhkot
    Kandhkot
    Kandhkot is the chief city of Kandhkot Taluka, Kashmore District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city is a major hub for the grain and cattle industry. The Anaj mandi of Kandhkot is said to be the second largest grain market of Asia. Kandhkot has its own gas and oil fields...

  • Kashmor
  • Shahdadpur
    Shahdadpur
    Shahdadpur is a city in Sindh, a province of Pakistan. It is located at 27°51'N and 67°64'E. The historical city of al-Mansura is situated about 19 km south-east of Shahdadpur. The shrines of Sohni and Mehinwal, from the Sohni Mahiwal story, are located in and near to the city, the shrine of Sohni...

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