University of Nebraska at Omaha
Encyclopedia
The University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) is a four-year state university located in Omaha, Nebraska, USA. Founded in 1908 as Omaha University, the institution became the public Municipal University of Omaha in 1931. It assumed its current name in 1968 following a merger into the University of Nebraska. The institution has a strong tradition of serving commuter students from within Omaha, but in recent years has developed student housing to better serve students from Nebraska, the United States, and the world for whom the commute is not convenient. On October 8, 2008, the University of Nebraska at Omaha celebrated its 100th year of existence.

Omaha University

The original Omaha University was founded in 1908 in the Kountze Place
Kountze Place
The Kountze Place neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska is a historically significant community on the city's north end. Today the neighborhood is home to several buildings and homes listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located between North 16th Avenue on the east to North 30th...

 neighborhood of North Omaha. The first classes were located in the Redick Mansion
Redick Mansion
The Redick Mansion, also known as the Mayne Mansion and Redick Hall, was located at 3612 North 24th Street in North Omaha, Nebraska. It served as the first home of Omaha University, now known as the University of Nebraska at Omaha, from 1909 through 1917...

, once at North 24th and Pratt Streets, from 1909 through 1917. Established a few blocks north of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, most of the early faculty were recruited from Seminary teachers, as well as the faculty of Bellevue College. There were 26 students in the first year, most of whom graduated from Omaha High School
Omaha Central High School
Omaha Central High School, originally known as Omaha High School, was founded in 1859.The current building, located in Downtown Omaha, Nebraska, was designed by John Latenser, Sr. and built between 1900 and 1912...

. Three of the University's first four presidents were ordained Presbyterian ministers. Two other buildings on the original campus included Jacobs Hall, a gymnasium erected in 1910, and Joslyn Hall, a classroom building erected in 1917.

Jacobs Hall was a gym
Gym
The word γυμνάσιον was used in Ancient Greece, that mean a locality for both physical and intellectual education of young men...

nasium facing North 24th Street that was built in 1910 with $14,000 received from the sale of land contributed by Lillian Maul. The land, the first donation to the University, was near the present West Dodge campus of the university. It was the first new building constructed on the university campus. Joslyn Hall was built with funds contributed by a well-known Omahan, George A. Joslyn. Donating $25,000 toward the building, Joslyn stipulated the school identify another $25,000 in a year. The building was located just north of Redick Hall and was finished in January 1917. Joslyn Hall had three stories and a basement with a total of thirty classrooms that accommodated 750 students. The building included chemistry and physics laboratories, an auditorium and music department. Redick Hall was sold and moved in February 1917, to Minnesota where it became a resort.

In the early 1920s a proposed "magnificent campus" was slated for development between 21st and 25th Avenues, bounded by Kountze Park and the Carter Lake Park. In 1927, businessmen formed the North Omaha Activities Association in order to redevelop Saratoga School
Saratoga School
Saratoga Elementary School is located at 2504 Meredith Avenue in the Saratoga neighborhood of North Omaha, Nebraska. Currently housing two major programs to nearly 300 students in grades pre-kindergarten through grade six, the school was originally founded in 1866 and was one of the first public...

's playing field into a football field for the University's football team. With new bleachers built to accommodate a crowd of a thousand, the Saratoga Field was home to OU's football team until 1951. The school also served as OU's science call from 1917 to 1926.

Dr. Milo Bail became president of Omaha University in 1948 and served until 1965. During that time Omaha hotel magnate Eugene C. Eppley
Eugene C. Eppley
Eugene C. Eppley, , also known as Gene, was a hotel magnate in Omaha, Nebraska. Eppley is credited with single-handedly building one of the most successful hotel empires, by the 1950s the largest privately owned hotel chain in the United States.-Career:Eppley was born in Akron, Ohio and was...

's foundation
Eppley Foundation
The Eugene C. Eppley Foundation was founded in Omaha, Nebraska. Founded by Omaha hotel magnate Eugene C. Eppley, the foundation was the leading benefactor for several charities and institutions in the Midwestern United States...

 gave more than $1.2 million to the university. After Eppley's passing, the Eppley Foundation donated another $50,000 to recruit distinguished professors. The Eppley Administration Building
Eugene C. Eppley Administration Building
The Eugene C. Eppley Administration Building is located at 600 South 42nd Street on the University of Nebraska at Omaha north campus in Omaha, Nebraska.-History:...

, designed by John Latenser, Sr.
John Latenser, Sr.
John Latenser, Sr. was a Liechtenstein-born American architect whose influential public works in Omaha, Nebraska numbered in the dozens. His original name was Johann Laternser....

, at the University of Nebraska at Omaha was named in recognition of the Foundation's giving. In 1952 the national Silver Wings
Silver Wings
Silver Wings is a student, professional organization dedicated to developing civilians' leadership skills and providing service to their community...

 student organization was founded at UO. In June 1964 Jacobs and Joslyn Halls were the last two original OU buildings at 24th & Pratt Streets to be demolished. In 1976 the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
The Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library is a library on the campus of the University of Nebraska Omaha. The Library serves as the primary source of academic research information for the UNO community through its collections, services, innovative use of emerging technologies, exhibit and event...

 replaced the Eppley Library.

The University moved from the North Omaha campus to its present main location at 60th and Dodge Street
Dodge Street
Dodge Street is the main east–west street in Omaha, Nebraska. Numbered as U.S. Route 6, the street starts in Downtown Omaha and connects to West Dodge Road around 78th Street. From there it continues westward through the remainder of Douglas County....

 in 1938. The old campus buildings were used as apartments and offices, and were demolished to make way for a 12-story Omaha Housing Authority
Omaha Housing Authority
Omaha Housing Authority, or OHA, is the government agency responsible for providing public housing in Omaha, Nebraska. It is the parent organization of Housing in Omaha, Inc., a nonprofit housing developer for low-income housing.-About:...

 apartment building for the elderly, which was completed in 1965.

Academics

UNO is classified as a doctoral/research university in the latest Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education
The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education is a framework for classifying, or grouping, colleges and universities in the United States. The primary purpose of the framework is for educational research and analysis, where it is often important to identify groups of roughly...

. UNO is the home of the Peter Kiewit Institute
Peter Kiewit Institute
The Peter Kiewit Institute is a facility in Omaha, Nebraska that houses academic programs from both the University of Nebraska-Lincoln's College of Engineering and the University of Nebraska at Omaha's College of Information Science and Technology....

 a $70 million state-of-the-art computer science facility and engineering facility, making it one of the premier computer science, management information systems (MIS) and bioinformatics programs in the region. PKI houses UNO's College of Information Science and Technology, UNL's College of Engineering and Technology, and the Holland Computing Center, which houses the Firefly supercomputer
Firefly (computer)
The Firefly computer is a high-performance computer cluster housed at the Holland Computing Center located inside of the Peter Kiewit Institute at the University of Nebraska at Omaha.-Specifications:...

. The College of Information Science and Technology offers undergraduate/graduate degrees in Computer Science, Management Information Systems, Bioinformatics (graduate degree offered in collaboration with UNMC's Pathology's graduate program), Information Assurance, and Information Technology Innovation.

The College of Business Administration's Masters in Business Administration students ranked in the top 5% nationally, while the undergraduate students ranked in the top 15% on a most recent standardized exam on business topics conducted by the Educational Testing Service
Educational Testing Service
Educational Testing Service , founded in 1947, is the world's largest private nonprofit educational testing and assessment organization...

.

UNO maintains a widely regarded online film journal called the Journal of Religion and Film.

Modern Campus

Currently the University of Nebraska Omaha has two campuses: North Campus (Dodge Street) and South Campus (Pacific Street) which are separated by Elmwood Park, both in Midtown Omaha. UNO also operates the Kaneko-UNO Library, located at 12th and Jones streets in downtown Omaha. The Kaneko-UNO focuses on stimulating creativity and offers research scientists, business leaders, teachers, visual artists, and students access to resources and materials they might not find in their day-to-day environment.

North Campus

The North Campus is the largest and primary campus for the University of Nebraska at Omaha.
The following colleges and their associated facilities are located on the North Campus:
  • College of Arts and Sciences
  • College of Communication, Fine Arts, and Media
  • College of Education
  • College of Public Affairs and Community Service
  • Graduate Studies
  • International Studies
  • Service-Learning Academy


Additionally, the North Campus is also the home to the Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
The Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library is a library on the campus of the University of Nebraska Omaha. The Library serves as the primary source of academic research information for the UNO community through its collections, services, innovative use of emerging technologies, exhibit and event...

, the Strauss Performing Arts Center, the UNO Art Gallery, and the Black Box Theater, a state-of-the-art facility utilizing mobile seating units to allow for a customizable and trans-formative space.

University Village and Maverick Village student housing complexes, each composed of multiple variably sized buildings, are spread across the western edge of the North Campus (Additional housing is also present on South Campus).

The HPER (Health, Physical Education, and Recreation) building is a recently renovated complex that houses the Athletic Department for the Division I Nebraska-Omaha Mavericks as well as student fitness areas. Attached is the Sapp Field House and Al F. Caniglia Field
Al F. Caniglia Field
Al F. Caniglia Field, is a stadium located on the campus of the University of Nebraska at Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska. It seats 9,500 fans and was the home of the NCAA Division II college football UNO Mavericks football and track teams.- History :...

. The Pep Bowl is located near Caniglia Field.

South Campus

The South Campus houses the primary facilities for the College of Business Administration and the College of Information Science and Technology, which includes the Peter Kiewit Institute
Peter Kiewit Institute
The Peter Kiewit Institute is a facility in Omaha, Nebraska that houses academic programs from both the University of Nebraska-Lincoln's College of Engineering and the University of Nebraska at Omaha's College of Information Science and Technology....

 and the Firefly supercomputer
Firefly (computer)
The Firefly computer is a high-performance computer cluster housed at the Holland Computing Center located inside of the Peter Kiewit Institute at the University of Nebraska at Omaha.-Specifications:...

. The Scott Technology Center incubator, which aims to assist start-up enterprises that offer products which are cutting-edge, high risk, and are of high quality scientific, technology or engineering nature, is also located on the South Campus. The Scott Data Center and Scott Conference Center are other features of South Campus.

Additional on-campus housing is provided on the South Campus via Scott Hall, and the multiple units which comprise Scott Village and Scott Court. UNO plans to expand the South Campus via Aksarben Village
Aksarben Village
Aksarben Village is a new million sq ft mixed-use development located on the land of the old Ak-sar-ben coliseum and horse track in Midtown Omaha, Nebraska. There is over of space for research and business office and of retail and entertainment space. There are over 500 housing units and a 135...

. UNO has also recently purchased property south of Center Street, with possible intentions of developing further on-campus housing and for on-campus athletic facilities.

Athletics

Nebraska-Omaha's sports teams have been nicknamed the Mavericks since 1971. The university currently operates 14 intercollegiate athletic programs which are currently in transition to NCAA Division I status and set to join The Summit League. In the process UNO has abandoned its football and wrestling programs. Wrestling had been the school's most successful sport with national championships
NCAA Wrestling Team Championship
The NCAA Wrestling Team Championship was first officially awarded in 1929 and began to be continuously awarded on an annual basis in 1934 except during World War II 1943-1945. In 1928 and from 1931 to 1933, there was only an unofficial title. Oklahoma A&M, now Oklahoma State, won the 1928, 1931...

 in 1991, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2011. The Nebraska–Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey team competes in the Division I Western Collegiate Hockey Association
Western Collegiate Hockey Association
The Western Collegiate Hockey Association is a college athletic conference which operates over a wide area of the Midwestern and Western United States. It participates in the NCAA's Division I as an ice hockey-only conference....

, joining the league in 2010-11, and is the only Division I hockey program in the state. UNO has also added a men's soccer program in 2011, and is only the second division I men's soccer program in the state (the other being Creighton
Creighton Bluejays
The Creighton Bluejays, or Jays, are the athletic teams of Creighton University, a Jesuit/Catholic University located in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Creighton competes in NCAA Division I athletics, competing in the Missouri Valley Conference...

).

Men's sports at UNO include tennis, baseball, basketball, soccer, golf and hockey. Women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and volleyball.

Fraternities/Sororities

Fraternitites:
  • Pi Kappa Alpha
    Pi Kappa Alpha
    Pi Kappa Alpha is a Greek social fraternity with over 230 chapters and colonies and over 250,000 lifetime initiates in the United States and Canada.-History:...

  • Lambda Chi Alpha
    Lambda Chi Alpha
    Lambda Chi Alpha is one of the largest men's secret general fraternities in North America, having initiated more than 280,000 members and held chapters at more than 300 universities. It is a member of the North-American Interfraternity Conference and was founded by Warren A. Cole, while he was a...

  • Sigma Phi Epsilon
    Sigma Phi Epsilon
    Sigma Phi Epsilon , commonly nicknamed SigEp or SPE, is a social college fraternity for male college students in the United States. It was founded on November 1, 1901, at Richmond College , and its national headquarters remains in Richmond, Virginia. It was founded on three principles: Virtue,...

  • Theta Chi
    Theta Chi
    Theta Chi Fraternity is an international college fraternity. It was founded on April 10, 1856 as the Theta Chi Society, at Norwich University, Norwich, Vermont, U.S., and was the 21st of the 71 North-American Interfraternity Conference men's fraternities.-Founding and early years at Norwich:Theta...



Sororities:
  • Chi Omega
    Chi Omega
    Chi Omega is a women's fraternity and the largest member of the National Panhellenic Conference. Chi Omega has 174 active collegiate chapters and over 230 alumnae chapters. Chi Omega's national headquarters is located in Memphis, Tennessee....

  • Alpha Xi Delta
    Alpha Xi Delta
    Alpha Xi Delta is a women's fraternity founded on April 17, 1893 at Lombard College, Galesburg, Illinois. Alpha Xi Delta is one of the oldest women's fraternities as well as one of the ten founding fraternities of the National Panhellenic Conference...

  • Sigma Kappa
    Sigma Kappa
    Sigma Kappa is a sorority founded in 1874 at Colby College in Waterville, Maine. Sigma Kappa was founded by five women: Mary Caffrey Low Carver, Elizabeth Gorham Hoag, Ida Mabel Fuller Pierce, Frances Elliott Mann Hall and Louise Helen Coburn...

  • Zeta Tau Alpha
    Zeta Tau Alpha
    Zeta Tau Alpha is a women's fraternity, founded October 15, 1898 at the State Female Normal School in Farmville, Virginia. The Executive office is located in Indianapolis, Indiana...


Media

KVNO 90.7
KVNO
Classical 90.7 KVNO HD-1 is a 24/7/365 radio station in Omaha, Nebraska. The station broadcasts at 8,900 watts from the heart of the University of Nebraska at Omaha campus...

 FM is produced and broadcast from UNO's North Campus. The station's format is primarily classical music, although approximately 10% of its broadcast time is devoted to athletic and campus events.

MavRadio (HD FM 90.7-2 and online) is a student produced college/indie station also produced and broadcast from UNO's North Campus.

The Gateway is UNO's student newspaper which is published bi-weekly during the spring and fall academic semesters.

Administration

As of 2010, the Chancellor of UNO is John Christensen, Ph.D., and the deans are:
  • College of Arts and Sciences - J. David Boocker, Ph.D.
  • College of Business Administration - Louis G. Pol, Ph.D.
  • College of Communication, Fine Arts and Media - Gail F. Baker, Ph.D.
  • Associate Dean - Mike Hilt, Ph.D.
  • College of Education - Nancy A. Edick, Ed. D.
  • College of Information Science and Technology - Hesham H. Ali, Ph.D.
  • College of Public Affairs and Community Service - Burton J. Reed, Ph.D.
  • Criss Library - Audrey DeFrank, M.L.S. [Acting Dean]
  • Graduate Studies - Deborah S. Smith-Howell, Ph.D.
  • International Studies and Programs - Thomas E. Gouttierre, M.A.


Fight song

UNO Fight
We will fight, fight, fight for our Mavericks,
We will fight, fight, fight for our team.
Everyone knows when that old whistle blows,
We will shout, we will yell, we will scream.
GO MAVS!
We will fight, fight, fight for our Mavericks,
we will cheer so all fans will know.
Be it win or lose or draw,
Everyone for Omaha,
We will fight for U-N-O.

Composer, Dr. James Saker

Notable alumni

  • Charles J. Adams
    Charles J. Adams
    Charles J. Adams was a Brigadier General in the United States Air Force.-Biography:Adams was born in Sanpete County, Utah in 1921. He attended the University of Utah and the University of Nebraska at Omaha....

    , United States Air Force Brigadier General
  • Marlin Briscoe
    Marlin Briscoe
    Marlin Oliver Briscoe is a former American collegiate and Professional Football wide receiver/quarterback who played professionally for nine years...

    , first black starting quarterback in modern Professional Football
    Professional football
    In the United States and Canada, the term professional football includes the professional forms of American and Canadian gridiron football. In common usage, it refers to former and existing major football leagues in either country...

     (the American Football League
    American Football League
    The American Football League was a major American Professional Football league that operated from 1960 until 1969, when the established National Football League merged with it. The upstart AFL operated in direct competition with the more established NFL throughout its existence...

    ), attended and played for UNO from 1964-1967.
  • Harold Dow
    Harold Dow
    Harold Dow was an American television news correspondent, journalist, and investigative reporter with CBS News.-Personal life:...

    , CBS News correspondent and investigative reporter
  • Dan Ellis
    Dan Ellis
    Daniel Ellis is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who currently plays for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League...

    , NHL goalie
  • Dick Fletcher
    Dick Fletcher
    Richard R. "Dick" Fletcher was a broadcast meteorologist. He was Chief Meteorologist for WTSP channel 10 in St. Petersburg, Florida, for 28 years at the time of his death on February 26, 2008...

    , Emmy Award-winning television meteorologist
  • Peter Fonda
    Peter Fonda
    Peter Henry Fonda is an American actor. He is the son of Henry Fonda, brother of Jane Fonda, and father of Bridget and Justin Fonda...

    , actor, attended Omaha University, but did not complete his degree.
  • Chuck Hagel
    Chuck Hagel
    Charles Timothy "Chuck" Hagel is a former United States Senator from Nebraska. A member of the Republican Party, he was first elected in 1996 and was reelected in 2002...

    , U.S. Senator
  • Jason Brilz
    Jason Brilz
    Jason Brilz is an American mixed martial artist. He formerly fought for the Ultimate Fighting Championship in the light heavyweight division.-Wrestling career:...

    , mixed-martial artist who fights for the Ultimate Fighting Championship
    Ultimate Fighting Championship
    The Ultimate Fighting Championship is the largest mixed martial arts promotion company in the world that hosts most of the top-ranked fighters in the sport...

    .
  • Jeff Koterba
    Jeff Koterba
    Jeffrey Koterba is an American editorial cartoonist based in Omaha, Nebraska. He has been Omaha World Herald's cartoonist since 1989 and his work is syndicated nationwide to over 400 newspapers by King Features Syndicate.-Biography:...

    , Editorial Cartoonist, Omaha World Herald
  • James J. Lindsay
    James J. Lindsay
    General James Joseph Lindsay is a retired United States Army four star general, and served as the first commander of the United States Special Operations Command.Military career=...

    , United States Army General
  • Zach Miller
    Zach Miller (American football b. 1984)
    Zachary Miller is an American football tight end for the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was born in Wahoo, Nebraska on October 4, 1984, he played quarterback and tight end in college. A three-sport athlete at Bishop Neumann High School in Wahoo, Nebraska he had all-state honors as a senior and also...

    , American football player for the Jacksonville Jaguars
    Jacksonville Jaguars
    The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional American football team based in Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. They are currently members of the South Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League...

    .
  • Conor Oberst
    Conor Oberst
    Conor Mullen Oberst is an American singer-songwriter best known for his work in Bright Eyes. He has also played in several other bands, including Desaparecidos, Norman Bailer , Commander Venus, Park Ave., Conor Oberst and the Mystic Valley Band, and Monsters of Folk.-Musical career:Oberst began...

     of Bright Eyes attended UNO, but did not complete his degree.
  • Gene Okerlund
    Gene Okerlund
    Eugene "Mean Gene" Okerlund is a semi-retired American professional wrestling interviewer and announcer. He is best known for his work in the World Wrestling Federation and World Championship Wrestling. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2006 by Hulk Hogan...

    , Wrestling Announcer for notable companies like the AWA
    AWA
    AWA may be an abbreviation for:* Advanced World Alliance , a treaty between individuals instead of nations or tribes* Amalgamated Wireless Australasia Limited , Australian manufacturer of radio and communications equipment...

    , WCW
    World Championship Wrestling
    World Championship Wrestling, Inc. was an American professional wrestling promotion which existed from 1988 to 2001. Based in Atlanta, Georgia, it began as a regional promotion affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance , named Jim Crockett Promotions until November 1988, when Ted Turner and...

     and now WWE
    World Wrestling Entertainment
    World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. is an American publicly traded, privately controlled entertainment company dealing primarily in professional wrestling, with major revenue sources also coming from film, music, product licensing, and direct product sales...

  • Penny Sackett
    Penny Sackett
    Penny Diane Sackett is an American-born Australian astronomer and former director of the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Australian National University...

    , Astronomer and Chief Scientist of Australia
    Office of the Chief Scientist (Australia)
    The Office of the Chief Scientist is part of Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research . Its primary responsibilities are to support the Chief Scientist and the Prime Minister's Science, Engineering and Innovation Council .-Chief Scientist:The Chief Scientist is responsible for...

  • Gerald Theunissen
    Gerald Theunissen
    Gerald Joseph Theunissen, or Jerry Theunissen , is the vice president of Jeff Davis Bank in Jennings, Louisiana, USA, and served as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from District 37 and as the state senator from District 25...

    , banker in Jennings
    Jennings, Louisiana
    Jennings is a small city in and the parish seat of Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana, United States, near Lake Charles. The population was 10,986 at the 2000 census....

    , Louisiana
    Louisiana
    Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties...

    , who served from 1992-2008 in both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature
    Louisiana State Legislature
    The Louisiana State Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is bicameral body, comprising the lower house, the Louisiana House of Representatives with 105 representatives, and the upper house, the Louisiana Senate with 39 senators...

  • Leslie J. Westberg
    Leslie J. Westberg
    Leslie J. Westberg was a Brigadier General in the United States Air Force.-Biography:Westberg was born on June 23, 1920 in Menasha, Wisconsin. He would attend the University of Nebraska at Omaha. Westberg died on January 4, 1997.-Career:Westberg originally enlisted in the United States Army Air...

    , United States Air Force Brigadier General
  • James R. Young
    James R. Young (UP)
    James R. Young is the current President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board for Union Pacific Railroad. Young has a wife, Shirley, and three children.- Youth and education :...

    , Chairman and President of Union Pacific Railroad.

See also

  • Education in North Omaha, Nebraska
  • Nebraska Review
    Nebraska Review
    The Nebraska Review was a leading American literary magazine, based at the University of Nebraska in Omaha, Nebraska. The magazine was founded in 1972 by Richard Duggan and published until 2003.-Notable contributors:*John Addiego*Jacob M...

  • Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
    Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
    The Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library is a library on the campus of the University of Nebraska Omaha. The Library serves as the primary source of academic research information for the UNO community through its collections, services, innovative use of emerging technologies, exhibit and event...


External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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