United States circuit court

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United States circuit court

The United States circuit courts were the original intermediate level courts of the United States federal court system. They were established by the Judiciary Act of 1789

Judiciary Act of 1789

The United States Judiciary Act of 1789 was a landmark statute adopted on September 24, 1789 in the first session of the First United States Congress establishing the United States federal courts....
. They had trial court jurisdiction over civil suits of diversity jurisdiction

Diversity jurisdiction

In United States law, diversity jurisdiction is a concept used in civil procedure to refer to the situation in which a U.S. United States district court has subject matter jurisdiction to hear a civil case because the parties are "diverse" in citizenship, which generally indicates that they are citizens of different U.S....
and major federal crimes. They also had appellate jurisdiction

Appellate jurisdiction

Appellate jurisdiction is the power of a court to review decisions and change outcomes of decisions of lower courts. Most appellate jurisdiction is legislatively created, and may consist of appeals by leave of the appellate court or by right....
over the United States district court

United States district court

The United States district courts are the general trial courts of the United States federal court system. Both Civil law and Criminal law cases are filed in the district court, which is a court of law, Equity , and admiralty....
s. The Judiciary Act of 1891

Judiciary Act of 1891

The Judiciary Act of 1891 , also known as the Evarts Act after its primary sponsor, Senator William M. Evarts, created the United States courts of appeals, and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the United States district court and United States circuit court courts to these appellate courts....
(26 Stat. 826, also known as the Evarts Act) transferred their appellate jurisdiction to the newly created United States circuit courts of appeals, which are now known as the United States courts of appeals.

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The United States circuit courts were the original intermediate level courts of the United States federal court system. They were established by the Judiciary Act of 1789

Judiciary Act of 1789

Diversity jurisdiction

Appellate jurisdiction

United States district court

Judiciary Act of 1891

Organization

Although the federal judicial districts

United States federal judicial district

For purposes of the United States federal court system, United States Congress has divided the United States into judicial districts. There is at least one district in each U.S....
were grouped into circuits, the circuit courts convened separately in each district and were designated by the name of the district (for example, the "U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Massachusetts"), not by the name or number of the circuit. The designation of circuits served only for the purpose of designating the districts in which a particular Supreme Court justice, and later a circuit judge, would sit on the circuit court. The circuit court districts were usually, but not always, the same as the districts established for the district courts.

Each circuit court was composed initially of two Supreme Court justices and the district judge of the district, although in 1793 Congress provided that a quorum of one justice and one district judge could hold a court. After 1802, only one justice was assigned to each circuit, and a quorum could consist of a single justice or judge. This "circuit riding" arrangement meant that the Supreme Court justices spent the majority of the year traveling to each district within their circuit to conduct trials, and spent far less time assembled at the capital to hear appeals. The burden of circuit riding was somewhat alleviated by the appointment of circuit judges under the Circuit Judges Act of 1869, but not abolished until the creation of the intermediate courts of appeals in 1891.

In 1801, Congress created the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia

United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia

The United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia is a former United States federal court, which existed from 1801 to 1863....
, a "circuit court" for the District of Columbia. This court had the same original jurisdiction and powers as the United States circuit courts but, unlike those courts, it continued to have its own judges even after the repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801, and had appellate jurisdiction over justices of the peace and other "local" courts of the District. The District of Columbia was not enumerated among the federal "circuits" at the time. This court was abolished in 1863.

Judges

Although any district court judge could be authorized to act as a circuit judge, only fifty judges solely designated as circuit court judges were ever appointed. These can be broadly categorized into four groups:

Judges appointed pursuant to the Midnight Judges Act on or after February 20, 1801, and thereafter removed from office with the repeal of that Act on July 1, 1802.
Judges appointed to the D.C. Circuit, abolished on March 3, 1863
Judges appointed after 1869 pursuant to the Circuit Judges Act of 1869; those in office on June 16, 1891 were transferred to the newly created United States courts of appeals
United States court of appeals

The United States courts of appeals are the intermediate Court of Appealss of the United States federal court system. A court of appeals decides appeals from the United States district courts within its United States federal judicial circuit, and in some instances from other designated federal courts and administrative agency....
by operation of law
Operation of law

The phrase "by operation of law" is a legal term that indicates that a right or liability has been created for a party, irrespective of the intent of that party, because it is dictated by existing legal principles....
, that is, without action on the part of the President.
One judge appointed to the California circuit, established in 1855 and abolished on March 3, 1863.

Three circuit court judges, Samuel M. Blatchford, David Josiah Brewer

David Josiah Brewer

David Josiah Brewer, LL.D , was an United States of America jurist....
, and William Burnham Woods

William Burnham Woods

William Burnham Woods was an United States of America jurist, politician, and soldier....
, were later appointed to the United States Supreme Court.

Circuit court judges appointed pursuant to the Midnight Judges Act:

Judge	Circuit	Began service	Ended service	Appointed by
Richard Bassett Richard Bassett Richard Bassett was an United States lawyer and politician from Dover, Delaware, in Kent County, Delaware, Delaware. He was a veteran of the American Revolution, a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention, and a member of the United States Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as Governor of Delaware, and as United St...	Third	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
Egbert Benson Egbert Benson Egbert Benson was a lawyer, jurist and politician from Red Hook, New York. He represented New York in the Continental Congress, Annapolis Convention, and the United States House of Representatives; and served as the first Attorney General of the State of New York and Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court....	Second	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
Benjamin Bourne Benjamin Bourne Benjamin Bourne was an United States jurist and politician from Bristol, Rhode Island. He represented Rhode Island in the United States House of Representatives and served as a judge in both the federal district and federal appellate courts....	First	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
Joseph Clay, Jr. Joseph Clay (Georgia) Joseph Clay was a soldier and public official from Georgia.Born in England, he immigrated to the United States and in 1760 settled in Savannah, Georgia....	Fifth	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
William Griffith William Griffith (New Jersey attorney) William Griffith was a United States federal judge.Griffith was born in Boundbrook, New Jersey. He read law in 1788. He was in private practice of law in Burlington, New Jersey from 1789 to 1801....	Third	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
Dominic Augustin Hall	Fifth	January 26, 1802	July 1, 1802	Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States....
Edward Harris Edward Harris (North Carolina) Edward Harris was a North Carolina lawyer, politician, and judge.Born in Iredell County, North Carolina, Harris read law to enter the bar in 1791, and thereafter engaged in private practice in New Bern, North Carolina....	Fifth	May 3, 1802	July 1, 1802	Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States....
Samuel Hitchcock Samuel Hitchcock Samuel Hitchcock was an attorney and judge in Vermont.Hitchcock was born in Brimfield, Massachusetts and attended Harvard College in 1777. He engaged in private practice in Burlington, Vermont, from 1786-87, and was then the state's attorney for Chittenden County, Vermont until 1790, when he became the first Attorney General of Vermont unt...	Second	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
Henry Potter Henry Potter (judge) Henry Potter was the longest serving United States federal judge to sit on a single court, and the longest serving active judge. He served on the United States circuit court for the Fifth Circuit from May 1801 until April 1802, and then served through various redistricting schemes of the United States District Court for the District of North...	Fifth	January 26, 1802	April 7, 1802	Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States....
Philip Barton Key	Fourth	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
John A. Lowell John Lowell Hon. John Lowell , born in Newburyport, Massachusetts; the son of Rev. John Lowell and Sarah Champney. John Lowell was a respected lawyer, selectman, jurist, delegate to Congress, and federal judge....	First	February 20, 1801	May 6, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
Charles Magill Charles Magill (Virginia) Charles Magill was a Virginia lawyer, politician, and judge.Magill was born in County Kerry, Ireland. He was a Colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War....	Fourth	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
Jeremiah Smith Jeremiah Smith Jeremiah Smith was an United States lawyer, jurist and politician from Exeter, New Hampshire. Born in 1759 in Peterborough, New Hampshire, he represented New Hampshire in the United States House of Representatives and served as Governor of New Hampshire in 1809 and 1810....	First	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
George Keith Taylor George Keith Taylor George Keith Taylor was a United States federal judge.Taylor was born in Petersburg, Virginia. College of William and Mary. Private practice, Petersburg, Virginia, -1795....	Fourth	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
William McClung William McClung William McClung is a former United States federal judge.McClung was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia. Read law. He graduated from Washington College in 1785....	Sixth	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
William Tilghman William Tilghman William Tilghman was an American lawyer, jurist and statesman from Maryland. He served as the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania State Supreme Court from 1805 to 1827....	Third	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
Oliver Wolcott, Jr. Oliver Wolcott, Jr. Oliver Wolcott Jr. was United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1795 to 1800 and List of Governors of Connecticut of Connecticut from 1817 to 1827....	Second	February 20, 1801	July 1, 1802	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....

Judges of the D.C. Circuit:

Judge	Circuit	Began service	Ended service	Appointed by
Allen Bowie Duckett Allen Bowie Duckett Allen Bowie Duckett was a Maryland and a United States federal judge.Born in Prince George's County, Maryland, Duckett graduated from Princeton University in 1790, and read law to enter the Bar....	D.C.	March 17, 1806	July 19, 1809	Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States....
James Dunlop James Dunlop (judge) James Dunlop , was a United States federal judge.Dunlop was born in Georgetown, District of Columbia, which was then part of Maryland, but was ceded to the District of Columbia by the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801....	D.C.	February 3, 1846 November 27, 1855	November 27, 1855 March 3, 1863	James K. Polk James K. Polk James Knox Polk was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1845 to March 4, 1849. He was 49 years old at the time of his inauguration, making him the youngest President up to that time.... Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857, an Politics of the United States and lawyer.... (as chief judge)
William Cranch William Cranch William Cranch was an United States judge and the second Supreme Court of the United States Reporter of Decisions of the United States Supreme Court and nephew of John Adams....	D.C.	February 28, 1801 February 24, 1806	February 24, 1806 September 1, 1855	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms.... Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States.... (as chief judge)
Nicholas Battalle Fitzhugh Nicholas Battalle Fitzhugh Nicholas Battalle Fitzhugh was a United States federal judge.Fitzhugh was born in King George County, Virginia. He was in private practice of law in Fairfax County, Virginia -1790, 1791-1802]] from 1802 to 1803....	D.C.	November 25, 1803	December 31, 1814	Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States....
James Markham Marshall James Markham Marshall James Markham Marshall was a United States federal judge.Marshall was born in Fauquier County, Virginia. Read law. He was a Captain, 1st Virginia Artillery in 1779....	D.C.	March 3, 1801	November 16, 1803	John Adams John Adams John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
William Kilty William Kilty William Kilty was a United States federal judge.Kilty was born in London, England. Read law. College of St. Omer, France. He was a Surgeon's Mate, 4th Maryland Regiment from 1778 to 1780....	D.C.	January 26, 1802	January 27, 1806	Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States.... (as chief judge)
William Matthew Merrick William Matthew Merrick William Matthew Merrick was a United States Circuit Court judge for the District of Columbia and congressman from the Maryland's 5th congressional district of the state of Maryland....	D.C.	December 14, 1855	March 3, 1863	Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857, an Politics of the United States and lawyer....
James Sewall Morsell James Sewall Morsell James Sewall Morsell was a United States federal judge.Morsell was born in Calvert County, Maryland. Private practice, Georgetown, District of Columbia, -1815....	D.C.	January 11, 1815	March 3, 1863	James Madison James Madison James Madison was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States....
Buckner Thruston Buckner Thruston Buckner Thruston was a Democratic-Republican Party United States Senate from Kentucky.Born in Petsoe Parish, Virginia in Gloucester County, Virginia, Thruston graduated from William and Mary College at Williamsburg, Virginia....	D.C.	December 14, 1809	August 30, 1845	James Madison James Madison James Madison was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States....

Circuit court judges appointed pursuant to the 1869 Act:

Judge	Circuit	Began service	Ended service	Appointed by
Marcus Wilson Acheson Marcus Wilson Acheson Marcus Wilson Acheson was a United States federal judge.Acheson was born in Washington, Pennsylvania. He received a B.A. from Washington College in 1845....	Third	February 3, 1891	June 16, 1891	Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. Harrison was born in North Bend, Ohio, and at age 21 moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, where he became a prominent state politician....
John Baxter John Baxter (North Carolina politician) John Baxter was a United States federal judge.Baxter was born in Rutherford County, North Carolina. He read law in 1841. He was a Merchant, South Carolina from 1835 to 1839....	Sixth	December 13, 1877	April 2, 1886	Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes was an Politics of the United States, Law of the United States, Military of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States ....
Samuel M. Blatchford	Second	March 4, 1878	March 22, 1882	Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes was an Politics of the United States, Law of the United States, Military of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States ....
Hugh Lennox Bond Hugh Lennox Bond Hugh Lennox Bond was a United States federal judge.Bond was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He graduated from University of the City of New York in 1848....	Fourth	July 13, 1870	June 16, 1891	Ulysses Grant
David Josiah Brewer David Josiah Brewer David Josiah Brewer, LL.D , was an United States of America jurist....	Eighth	March 31, 1884	January 6, 1890	Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur Chester Alan Arthur was an Politics of the United States who served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States....
Henry Clay Caldwell Henry Clay Caldwell Henry Clay Caldwell was a jurist and soldier. He was buried in Oakland Cemetery, Little Rock, AR....	Eighth	March 4, 1890	June 16, 1891	Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. Harrison was born in North Bend, Ohio, and at age 21 moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, where he became a prominent state politician....
LeBaron Bradford Colt	First	July 5, 1884	June 16, 1891	Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur Chester Alan Arthur was an Politics of the United States who served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States....
John Forrest Dillon John Forrest Dillon John Forrest Dillon was an United States jurist who served on both Federal government of the United States#Judicial Branch and Iowa state courts, and who authored a highly influential treatise on the power of U.S....	Eighth	December 22, 1869	September 1, 1879	Ulysses Grant
Thomas Drummond Thomas Drummond (judge) Thomas Drummond , was a United States federal judge.Born in Bristol Mills, Maine, Drummond graduated from Bowdoin College in 1830, and read law to enter the Bar in 1833....	Seventh	December 22, 1869	July 18, 1884	Ulysses Grant
Halmer Hull Emmons Halmer Hull Emmons Halmer Hull Emmons was a United States federal judge.Emmons was born in Keesville, New York. Read law. He was in private practice of law in Keesville, New York in 1837....	Sixth	January 17, 1870	May 14, 1877	Ulysses Grant
Walter Quintin Gresham	Seventh	December 9, 1884	June 16, 1891	Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur Chester Alan Arthur was an Politics of the United States who served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States....
Howell Edmunds Jackson Howell Edmunds Jackson Howell Edmunds Jackson was an United States of America jurist and politics. He served on the United States Supreme Court, in the U.S. Senate, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, and the Tennessee House of Representatives....	Sixth	April 12, 1886	June 16, 1891	Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland Stephen Grover Cleveland was both the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States. Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents....
Alexander Smith Johnson	Second	December 15, 1875	January 26, 1878	Ulysses Grant
Emile Henry Lacombe Emile Henry Lacombe Emile Henry Lacombe January 29, 1846 - November 28, 1924 was a judge in the United States.Lacombe obtained undergraduate and law degrees from Columbia College of Columbia University in New York City and engaged in the private practice of law in New York for many years....	Second	February 28, 1888	June 16, 1891	Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland Stephen Grover Cleveland was both the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States. Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms and therefore is the only individual to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents....
John Lowell John Lowell Hon. John Lowell , born in Newburyport, Massachusetts; the son of Rev. John Lowell and Sarah Champney. John Lowell was a respected lawyer, selectman, jurist, delegate to Congress, and federal judge....	First	December 18, 1878	May 1, 1884	Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes was an Politics of the United States, Law of the United States, Military of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States ....
George Washington McCrary	Eighth	December 9, 1879	March 18, 1884	Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes was an Politics of the United States, Law of the United States, Military of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States ....
William McKennan William McKennan William McKennan was a United States federal judge.McKennan was born in Washington, Pennsylvania. Yale College. He graduated from Washington College in 1833....	Third	December 22, 1869	January 3, 1891	Ulysses Grant
Don Albert Pardee Don Albert Pardee Don Albert Pardee was a United States federal judge.Pardee was born in Wadsworth, Ohio. He read law in 1859. He was in private practice of law in Medina County, Ohio from 1859 to 1861....	Fifth	May 13, 1881	June 16, 1891	James A. Garfield
Lorenzo Sawyer Lorenzo Sawyer Lorenzo Sawyer was an United States lawyer and judge who was appointed the Supreme Court of California in 1860 and served as its Chief Justice from 1868?70....	Ninth	January 10, 1870	June 16, 1891	Ulysses Grant
George Foster Shepley	First	December 22, 1869	July 20, 1878	Ulysses Grant
William James Wallace William James Wallace William James Wallace was a United States federal courts judge in the United States.A native of Syracuse, New York, Wallace attended Syracuse University and obtained a law degree from Hamilton College....	Second	April 6, 1882	June 16, 1891	Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur Chester Alan Arthur was an Politics of the United States who served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States....
Lewis Bartholomew Woodruff Lewis Bartholomew Woodruff Lewis Bartholomew Woodruff was a United States federal judge.Woodruff was born in Litchfield, Connecticut. He received a B.A. from Yale College in 1830....	Second	December 22, 1869	September 10, 1875	Ulysses Grant
William Burnham Woods William Burnham Woods William Burnham Woods was an United States of America jurist, politician, and soldier....	Fifth	December 22, 1869	December 23, 1880	Ulysses Grant

Circuit court judge of California:

Judge	Circuit	Began service	Ended service	Appointed by
Matthew Hall McAllister Matthew Hall McAllister Matthew Hall McAllister was an American attorney, politician, and judge in Georgia and California.Born in Savannah, Georgia, McAllister attended Princeton University, and then read law in 1820 to enter the State Bar of Georgia....	California	March 3, 1855	January 12, 1863	Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857, an Politics of the United States and lawyer....

United States circuit court

Organization

Judges

See also

External links