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United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
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The United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories documents countries that, according to the United Nations, are non-decolonized. The list was initially prepared in 1946 pursuant to Article XI of the United Nations Charter, and has been updated by the General Assembly on recommendation of the Special Committee on Decolonization and its predecessors. Only permanently inhabited territories are considered for inclusion in this list, excluding many remote atolls (e.g., Clipperton Island and Kingman Reef) and Southern Ocean territories (e.g., French Southern and Antarctic Lands and Heard Island and McDonald Islands) list draws its origins from the period of colonialism and the Charter's concept of non-self-governing territories.

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The United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories documents countries that, according to the United Nations, are non-decolonized. The list was initially prepared in 1946 pursuant to Article XI of the United Nations Charter, and has been updated by the General Assembly on recommendation of the Special Committee on Decolonization and its predecessors. Only permanently inhabited territories are considered for inclusion in this list, excluding many remote atolls (e.g., Clipperton Island and Kingman Reef) and Southern Ocean territories (e.g., French Southern and Antarctic Lands and Heard Island and McDonald Islands)
History
The list draws its origins from the period of colonialism and the Charter's concept of non-self-governing territories. Thus, Western Sahara was initially included in 1963 by Moroccan demand when it was a Spanish colony. The same can be said about the situation of Namibia (removed upon its independence in 1990), which was seen, due to its former status as a mandate territory, as a vestige of German colonial legacy in Africa. A set of criteria for determining whether a territory is to be considered "non-self-governing" was established in General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV) of 1960.
Also in 1960, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 1514 (XV), promulgating the "Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples", which declared that all remaining non-self-governing territories and trust territories were entitled to self-determination and independence. The following year, the General Assembly established the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (sometimes referred to as the Special Committee on Decolonization, or the "Committee of 24" because for much of its history the committee was composed of 24 members), which reviews the situation in non-self-governing territories each year and reports to the General Assembly.
Criticism
The list remains controversial. One reason for this is the fact that it includes many dependencies that, some contend, have democratically chosen to maintain their territorial status, and rejected independence (or in some cases the territory periodically organizes referenda, as in the United States Virgin Islands, but there is insufficient voter participation). Other non-self-determining areas (most of the French overseas territories) are excluded. Another criticism is that a number of the listed territories, such as Bermuda, consider themselves completely autonomous and self-governing, with the "administering Power" retaining a limited number of responsibilities such as defense and diplomacy. On the other hand, territories that have achieved a status described by the administering countries as internally self-governing—such as Puerto Rico, the Netherlands Antilles and the Cook Islands—have been removed from the list by vote of the General Assembly. In 1972, Hong Kong (then administered by the United Kingdom) and Macau (then administered by Portugal) were removed from the list at the request of the People's Republic of China, which had just been recognized as holding China's seat at the United Nations. Many critics charge the Committee that drafts this list with using it as a political instrument.
Some territories that have been annexed and incorporated into the legal framework of the controlling state (such as the overseas departments of France) are considered by the UN to have been decolonized, since they then no longer constitute "non-self-governing" entities; their populations are assumed to have agreed to merge with the former parent state. However, in 1961, the General Assembly voted to end this treatment for the then-"overseas provinces" of Portugal such as Angola and Mozambique, which were active foci of United Nations attention until they attained independence in the mid-1970s.
On December 2, 1986, New Caledonia, then a territoire d'outre-mer, was reinstated on the list of non-self-governing territories, an action that caused protest from France. New Caledonia is the only French-administered territory presently on the list, although it has enjoyed the status of a collectivité sui generis since 1999. Its Territorial Congress holds the right, active since the 1998 Nouméa Accord, to call for a referendum on independence after 2014.
In response to attempts at decolonizing Tokelau, New Zealand journalist Michael Field wrote in 2004: "The UN [...] is anxious to rid the world of the last remaining vestiges of colonialism by the end of the decade. It has a list of 16 territories around the world, virtually none of which wants to be independent to any degree". Tokelau is seen by some as a case in point. Field further notes that Patuki Isaako, who was head of Tokelau's government at the time of a UN seminar on decolonization in 2004, informed the United Nations that his country had no wish to be decolonized, and that Tokelauans had opposed the idea of decolonization ever since the first visit by UN officials in 1976. In 2006, a UN-supervised referendum on decolonization was held in Tokelau, where voters rejected the offer of self-government. When the first referendum failed, a second was held in 2007, and Tokelauans rejected it again. This led New Zealand politician and former diplomat John Hayes, on behalf of the National Party, to state that "Tokelau did the right thing to resist pressure from [the New Zealand government and] the United Nations to pursue self-government".
In May 2008, the United Nations' Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged colonial powers "to complete the decolonization process in every one of the remaining 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories". This led the New Zealand Herald to comment that the United Nations was "apparently frustrated by two failed attempts to get Tokelau to vote for independence from New Zealand".
Another point of controversy the criteria set down in 1960 by Resolution 1541 (XV), which only focused on colonies of the Western World, namely Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States. Of the 111 members who joined the UN between 1960 and 2008, 41 were never included on the list. Of those 41 in 1960, eight (mostly Arab) were ruled by the "Western" countries but 12 were ruled by the Soviet Union (now Russia), six by Yugoslavia (now dissolved), two by Czechoslovakia (now dissolved), one by Ethiopia, one by Pakistan, and 11 by themselves, namely Andorra, Bhutan, Germany, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Mongolia (still claimed by the Republic of China), Oman, People's Democratic Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, San Marino, and Switzerland. Hindsight consideration of the list as incomplete often results in criticism from independence activists for Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization members like Tibet, which sees China as another colonial power.
Current entries
| Continent | Country name | Main administering country | Status | Other claimants | Population | Area / km2 | Area / mi2 | See also |
|---|
| Africa * | * | * | Multiple regions, provinces, and prefectures * | (SADR) * | 393,831 | 266,000 | 102,700 | Foreign relations of Western Sahara * | | Atlantic Ocean | and dependencies | | Overseas territory | None | 7,601 | 413 | 159.5 | Politics of Saint Helena | | Atlantic Ocean |  | | Overseas territory | None | 66,536 (listed as 6,997) | 53.3 | 20.6 | Politics of Bermuda | | Atlantic Ocean | | | Overseas territory |  | 3,140 | 12,200 | 4,700 | Sovereignty of the Falkland Islands | | Caribbean Sea |  | | Overseas territory | None | 14,108 | 102 | 39.4 | Politics of Anguilla | | Caribbean Sea | | | Overseas territory | None | 24,041 | 153 | 59.1 | Politics of the British Virgin Islands | | Caribbean Sea | | | Overseas territory | None | 47,862 | 262 | 101.2 | Foreign relations of the Cayman Islands | | Caribbean Sea |  | | Overseas territory | None | 5,079 | 102 | 39.4 | | | Caribbean Sea | | | Overseas territory | None | 22,352 | 430. | 166.0 | Politics of the Turks and Caicos Islands | | Caribbean Sea | | | Unincorporated organized territory | None | 109,840 | 346.36 | 133.730 | Politics of the United States Virgin Islands | | Europe |  | | Overseas territory |  | 28,002 | 6.5 | 2.5 | Disputed status of Gibraltar | | Pacific Ocean |  | | Unincorporated unorganized territory | None | 64,827 | 199 | 76.8 | Politics of American Samoa | | Pacific Ocean |  | | Unincorporated organized territory | None | 175,877 | 541.3 | 209.0 | Politics of Guam | | Pacific Ocean |  |  | Sui Generis Collectivity | Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front | 224,824 | 19,060 | 7,359 | Politics of New Caledonia | | Pacific Ocean | | | Overseas territory | None | 48 | 47 | 18.1 | Politics of the Pitcairn Islands | | Pacific Ocean | | | Self-administering territory | None | 1,433 | 10. | 3.9 | Politics of Tokelau | |
Former entries The following territories have all been on the List of Non-Self-Governing Territories in the past. The date, former administering/colonial power (where not obvious from the name), and reason for removal from the List are given for each.
Change of status
| Continent | Country name | Main administering country | Status | Administering country before change | Population | Area / km2 | Area / mi2 | Year of change | See also |
|---|
| Africa | Cameroons Trust Territory: Northern Cameroons |  | Adamawa and Taraba states | | | | | 1961 | Politics of Nigeria | | Africa | Cameroons Trust Territory: Southern Cameroons |  | Northwest and Southwest provinces | | | | | 1961 | Politics of Cameroon | | Africa | Ifni |  | Tiznit wilaya, Souss-Massa-Draâ region |  | | | | 1969 | Politics of Morocco | | Africa | São João Baptista de Ajuda |  | Ouidah commune, Atlantique department |  | | | | 1961 | Politics of Benin | | Africa | South West Africa, which gained independence in 1990 |  | |  | 2,088,669 | 825,418 | 318,696 | 1966 | Foreign relations of Namibia | | Arctic Ocean |  |  | Home rule in national union with Denmark |  | 57,564 | 2,166,086 | 836,330.5 | 1954 | Politics of Greenland | | Asia | French Establishments in India |  | Puducherry union territory |  | 973,829 | 492 | 190.0 | 1947 | Pondicherry Legislative Assembly | | Asia | Goa and Dependencies |  | Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, and Goa union territories |  | | | | 1961 | Politics of India | | Asia |  | | Special administrative region | | 7,018,636 | 1,092 | 421.6 | 1972 | Politics of Hong Kong | | Asia | and Dependencies | | Special administrative region |  | 545,674 | 28.2 | 10.89 | 1972 | Politics of Macau | | Atlantic Ocean | | | Overseas region |  | 7,044 | 242 | 93.4 | 1947 | Politics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon | | Caribbean Sea | Guadeloupe and Dependencies |  | Overseas region |  | 408,000 | 1,628 | 628.6 | 1947 | Politics of Guadeloupe | | Caribbean Sea | | | Overseas region |  | 401,000 | 1,128 | 435.5 | 1947 | Politics of Martinique | | Caribbean Sea | | | Constituent country | | 225,369 | 960 | 371 | 1951 | Politics of the Netherlands Antilles | | Caribbean Sea |  | | Unincorporated organized commonwealth | | 3,958,128 | 8,870 | 3,420 | 1952 | Political status of Puerto Rico | | Indian Ocean | | | Territory |  | 596 | 14 | 5.4 | 1984 | Shire of Cocos | | Indian Ocean | , which gained independence from Indonesia in 2002 | | | | 1,108,777 | 15,007 | 5,794.2 | 1975 | Politics of East Timor | | Indian Ocean | Réunion |  | Overseas region |  | 793,000 | 2,512 | 969.9 | 1947 | Politics of Réunion | | North America |  | | State | | 683,478 | 1,700,130. | 656,424 | 1959 | Government of Alaska | | North America | | | Part of Colón and Panama provinces | | | | | 1947 | Politics of Panama | | Pacific Ocean | | | Associated state |  | 12,271 | 236.7 | 93.39 | 1965 | Politics of the Cook Islands | | Pacific Ocean | French Establishments in Oceania |  | and overseas collectivities |  | 298,256 | 4,441 | 1,714.7 | 1947 | Politics of French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna | | Pacific Ocean |  | | State | | 1,283,388 | 28,311 | 10,930.9 | 1959 | Politics of Hawaii | | Pacific Ocean | New Caledonia, which returned to the list in 1986 |  | Sui Generis Collectivity |  | 224,824 | 19,060 | 7,359 | 1947 | Politics of New Caledonia | | Pacific Ocean | Island |  | Associated state |  | 1,444 | 260 | 100.4 | 1974 | Politics of Niue | | Pacific Ocean | | | state | | | | | 1963 | Politics of Malaysia | | Pacific Ocean | | | | | 107,665 | 702 | 271 | 1990 | Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia | | Pacific Ocean | | | | | 63,174 | 181.3 | 70.00 | 1990 | Politics of the Marshall Islands | | Pacific Ocean | | | Unincorporated organized commonwealth | | 86,616 | 477 | 184.2 | 1990 | Politics of the Northern Mariana Islands | | Pacific Ocean | | | | | 21,093 | 458 | 184 | 1994 | Politics of Palau | | Pacific Ocean |  |  | State | | | | | 1963 | Politics of Malaysia | | Pacific Ocean | , which gained independence from Malaysia in 1965 |  | State of Malaysia 1963—1965, became independent in 1965 | | 4,608,167 | 692.7 | 267.5 | 1963 | Foreign relations of Singapore | | South America | French Guiana |  | Overseas region |  | 209,000 | 83,534 | 32,253 | 1947 | Politics of French Guiana | | South America | , which gained independence in 1975 |  | | | 475,996 | 163,270 | 63,038.9 | 1951 | Politics of Suriname |
Independence
Sources
See also
External links
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