Unitaid
Encyclopedia
UNITAID is an international facility for the purchase of drugs against HIV/AIDS, Malaria
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus Plasmodium. The disease results from the multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases...

 and Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...

. It was founded in September 2006 on the initiative of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

 and France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

, and is to a great part financed by so called innovative development financing mechanisms, namely a solidarity levy on air line tickets.

Hosted by the WHO
Who
Who may refer to:* Who , an English-language pronoun* who , a Unix command* Who?, one of the Five Ws in journalism- Art and entertainment :* Who? , a 1958 novel by Algis Budrys...

 in Geneva
Geneva
Geneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...

, the organization's principal strength is the negotiation of low prices for drugs on the basis of its strong financial means. UNITAID does not have its own programs for the distribution of medication but supports programs by its partner organizations such as The Global Fund, the Clinton Foundation
Clinton Foundation
The William J. Clinton Foundation is a foundation established by former President of the United States Bill Clinton with the stated mission to "strengthen the capacity of people throughout the world to meet the challenges of global interdependence." The Foundation focuses on four critical areas:...

 Health Access Initiative, or the WHO
Who
Who may refer to:* Who , an English-language pronoun* who , a Unix command* Who?, one of the Five Ws in journalism- Art and entertainment :* Who? , a 1958 novel by Algis Budrys...

.

Due to a growing number of Member States (29 as of 2008) UNITAID's budget has exceeded US$ 1.3 billion out of which at least 85% must be distributed to low-income countries.

History

The political actions towards the establishment of UNITAID had been preceded by two major reports on innovative financing: The Report of the Technical Group on Innovative Financing Mechanisms was formulated upon request by the Heads of State of Brazil, Chile, France and Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...

 and was published in September 2004; the Landau-report originated in a request by French President Jacques Chirac
Jacques Chirac
Jacques René Chirac is a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He previously served as Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to 1988 , and as Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995.After completing his studies of the DEA's degree at the...

 and was issued in December 2004. Both documents present various opportunities for innovative financing mechanisms while equally stressing the advantages (stability and predictability) of tax-based models.

After these documents had been published, the countries involved in the process tried to turn the international community's attention on innovative development financing. For instance, in February 2005 a joint statement was published by Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

, Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...

, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

, and Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...

 offering ideas for the financing of the Millennium Development Goals
Millennium Development Goals
The Millennium Development Goals are eight international development goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015...

 (MDGs); in September of the same year a declaration was announced at a UN-meeting on the MDGs in New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...

, asking for further examination of innovative sources of financing; this again was followed by an international conference on “Solidarity and Globalization: innovative financing for development and against pandemics”, held between February 28 and March 1, 2006 in Paris.

In the follow-up of this conference, a pilot group on innovative financing of 44 countries was established, and France decided to introduce a solidarity tax on airline tickets, which entered into force on 1 July 2006. Finally, on 17 September 2006, UNITAID was founded by Brazil, Chile, France, Norway and the United Kingdom - while not all of them use air ticket taxation to fulfill their commitment to UNITAID.

Since then, more countries have joined the initiative, among them notably 18 African countries that contribute to UNITAID's funds since February 2007.

On 28 September 2009 UNITAID launched a global ‘Thank you’ campaign to highlight achievements in global health thanks to the steady support of its contributors.

In March 2010 the MassiveGood
MassiveGood
MassiveGood is the Millennium Foundation’s fundraising project which was launched in the United States on March 4, 2010. MassiveGood will also be available later in 2010 in the UK, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Spain...

 initiative was unveiled; it collects funds for UNITAID by giving travelers the option to make a small donation each time they book a flight online. The US, UK, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Spain participate in MassiveGood.

Activities and achievements

UNITAID's primary goal is to ensure access to drugs against the most deadly global diseases - HIV/AIDS, Malaria
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus Plasmodium. The disease results from the multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases...

 and Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...

.
In this context, UNITAID's secondary goals are:
  • to negotiate low prices for already existing forms of medication and to purchase them in high quantities; and
  • to incite the development and mass production of special drugs that do not yet exist or are not yet affordable, such as specifically dosed (paediatric) treatment for HIV/AIDS-infected children or medication for people that have become resistant to standard treatment (so called "Second-line" drugs).


In 2008, UNITAID began to investigate the creation of a "patent
Patent
A patent is a form of intellectual property. It consists of a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for the public disclosure of an invention....

 pool" to hold patents of AIDS drugs so that they could be manufactured cheaply for use in developing countries. The creation of such a pool was authorized by UNITAID's board in December 2009, and the pool will open for business in October 2010 as a Swiss foundation.

UNITAID is not administering the distribution of drugs itself but seeks partnerships with other organizations. It will then only provide the resources for the purchase of the drugs in question. As a consequence, its activities are mainly focused on the identification of current needs by potential recipients, on the negotiation of long-term contracts with pharmaceutical companies both in the developed and the developing world, and the maintenance of relations to major actors in the field, such as UNICEF, WHO
Who
Who may refer to:* Who , an English-language pronoun* who , a Unix command* Who?, one of the Five Ws in journalism- Art and entertainment :* Who? , a 1958 novel by Algis Budrys...

, the Clinton Foundation
Clinton Foundation
The William J. Clinton Foundation is a foundation established by former President of the United States Bill Clinton with the stated mission to "strengthen the capacity of people throughout the world to meet the challenges of global interdependence." The Foundation focuses on four critical areas:...

 Health Access Initiative (greater than US$25 million), The Global Fund against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the Stop TB Partnership
Stop TB Partnership
The Stop TB Partnership was established in 2000 to eliminate tuberculosis as a public health problem. Its 1000 partner organizations include international, nongovernmental and governmental organizations and patient groups...

, and the Global Drug Facility/Green Light Committee.

Despite its relatively short history, UNITAID has already set in motion various projects and has funded existing programs. Some examples are:
  • Anti-retroviral treatment (achieved price reduction: 40%) for 100,000 AIDS-infected children in 34 Asian and African countries by the end of 2007 (partner: Clinton Foundation)
  • Funding of the treatment for 150,000 children suffering from Tuberculosis from September 2007 on (partners: Stop TB Partnership
    Stop TB Partnership
    The Stop TB Partnership was established in 2000 to eliminate tuberculosis as a public health problem. Its 1000 partner organizations include international, nongovernmental and governmental organizations and patient groups...

     and the Global Drug Facility)
  • Funding of artemisinin-based
    Artemisinin
    Artemisinin , also known as Qinghaosu , and its derivatives are a group of drugs that possess the most rapid action of all current drugs against falciparum malaria. Treatments containing an artemisinin derivative are now standard treatment worldwide for falciparum malaria...

     combination therapies against Malaria in 19 countries (partners: UNICEF and The Global Fund)
  • UNITAID provides money for a WHO program for the prequalification of drugs and will help UNICEF supply pregnant women with HIV test kits and special anti-retroviral treatment


UNITAID also funds the EXPAND-TB
EXPAND-TB
EXPAND-TB is a UNITAID-funded project launched in 2009, which aims to increase access to tuberculosis diagnostic tests in 27 endemic countries....

 project, which aims to expand and excelerate access to diagnostic tests for patients with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis is defined as TB that is resistant at least to isoniazid and rifampicin , the two most powerful first-line anti-TB drugs...

 (MDR-TB). Partners include World Health Organization (WHO), Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics
Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics
FIND 501 is a non-profit foundation that develops and implements new diagnostic tests for infectious and neglected diseases in developing countries...

, Stop TB Partnership
Stop TB Partnership
The Stop TB Partnership was established in 2000 to eliminate tuberculosis as a public health problem. Its 1000 partner organizations include international, nongovernmental and governmental organizations and patient groups...

 Global Laboratory Initiative (GLI) and Global Drug Facility (GDF).

Criticisms

Unitaid's patent pool has been criticised on the grounds that it is duplicative of many other public and private HIV R&D initiatives. Despite causing less than four per cent of mortality in less developed countries, HIV/AIDS already consumes around 40 per cent of all global health funding for R&D, suggesting that Unitaid's focus on HIV is a mispriotisation of scarce resources.

Structure

Due to its restricted scope of action, UNITAID has a concise inner structure:
  • The President is UNITAID's official representative. On 3 March 2007, French Foreign Minister Philippe Douste-Blazy
    Philippe Douste-Blazy
    Philippe Douste-Blazy is a French centre-right politician. He served as Minister for Health , Minister of Culture and Foreign Minister in the cabinet of Dominique de Villepin .Douste-Blazy is also a cardiologist and Christian Democrat politician from Lourdes...

     was elected president of UNITAID for a two-year term.
  • The Secretariat is located at Geneva, in the WHO-facilities, and is responsible for the day-to-day work of the organization. On 4 May 2007, Dr. Jorge Antonio Zepeda Bermudez (Brazil) took office as the UNITAID Executive Secretary.
  • The Board is the decision-making body of UNITAID. It decides on how the money is spent and which partnerships are being concluded; it also sets the main objectives for the future and decides on action plans. The board has ten members, including five representatives from the founding countries (Brazil, Chile, France, Norway and the United Kingdom), one from Africa chosen by the African Union
    African Union
    The African Union is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only all-African state not in the AU is Morocco. Established on 9 July 2002, the AU was formed as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity...

    , one from Asia (South Korea
    South Korea
    The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...

    ), two from the civil society (NGOs and communities of people living with the diseases) and one from the WHO.

Members

  • Benin
    Benin
    Benin , officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. Its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin is where a majority of the population is located...

  • Brazil
    Brazil
    Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

  • Burkina Faso
    Burkina Faso
    Burkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...

  • Cameroon
    Cameroon
    Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...

  • Central African Republic
    Central African Republic
    The Central African Republic , is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Chad in the north, Sudan in the north east, South Sudan in the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo in the south, and Cameroon in the west. The CAR covers a land area of about ,...

  • Chile
    Chile
    Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...

  • Democratic Republic of Congo
  • Côte d'Ivoire
    Côte d'Ivoire
    The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire or Ivory Coast is a country in West Africa. It has an area of , and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be...

  • Cyprus
    Cyprus
    Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the...

  • France
    France
    The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

  • Gambia
  • Guinea
    Guinea
    Guinea , officially the Republic of Guinea , is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea , it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbour Guinea-Bissau. Guinea is divided into eight administrative regions and subdivided into thirty-three prefectures...

  • Jordan
    Jordan
    Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...

  • Liberia
    Liberia
    Liberia , officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Sierra Leone on the west, Guinea on the north and Côte d'Ivoire on the east. Liberia's coastline is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the more sparsely populated inland consists of forests that open...

  • Luxembourg
    Luxembourg
    Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland in the south...

  • Madagascar
    Madagascar
    The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...

  • Mali
    Mali
    Mali , officially the Republic of Mali , is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with...

  • Mauritius
    Mauritius
    Mauritius , officially the Republic of Mauritius is an island nation off the southeast coast of the African continent in the southwest Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar...

  • Morocco
    Morocco
    Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...

  • Namibia
    Namibia
    Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...

  • Niger
    Niger
    Niger , officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east...

  • Norway
    Norway
    Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...

  • Republic of Korea
  • São Tomé and Príncipe
    São Tomé and Príncipe
    São Tomé and Príncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two islands: São Tomé and Príncipe, located about apart and about , respectively, off...

  • Senegal
    Senegal
    Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal , is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north...

  • South Africa
    South Africa
    The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...

  • Spain
    Spain
    Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...

  • Togo
    Togo
    Togo, officially the Togolese Republic , is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately...

  • United Kingdom
    United Kingdom
    The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...


  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation


Contributions through air line ticket taxes come from Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, France, Madagascar, Mauritius, Niger and the Republic of Korea. Norway allocates part of its tax on carbon dioxide emissions from air travel to UNITAID. Regular budget contributions come from Brazil, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Spain, the United Kingdom and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The other member countries have pledged to support Unitaid in the future.

See also

  • The Global Fund
  • WHO
    Who
    Who may refer to:* Who , an English-language pronoun* who , a Unix command* Who?, one of the Five Ws in journalism- Art and entertainment :* Who? , a 1958 novel by Algis Budrys...

  • UNICEF
  • Clinton Foundation
    Clinton Foundation
    The William J. Clinton Foundation is a foundation established by former President of the United States Bill Clinton with the stated mission to "strengthen the capacity of people throughout the world to meet the challenges of global interdependence." The Foundation focuses on four critical areas:...

  • Stop TB Partnership
    Stop TB Partnership
    The Stop TB Partnership was established in 2000 to eliminate tuberculosis as a public health problem. Its 1000 partner organizations include international, nongovernmental and governmental organizations and patient groups...

  • UNAIDS
  • The Millennium Foundation
    Millennium Foundation
    The Millennium Foundation for Innovative Finance for Health is an independent, non-profit Swiss organization, established in November 2008 in order to create new ways to finance health systems in low- and middle-income countries...

  • MassiveGood
    MassiveGood
    MassiveGood is the Millennium Foundation’s fundraising project which was launched in the United States on March 4, 2010. MassiveGood will also be available later in 2010 in the UK, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Spain...

  • Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics
    Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics
    FIND 501 is a non-profit foundation that develops and implements new diagnostic tests for infectious and neglected diseases in developing countries...


External links

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