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Ulysses probe
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Ulysses is a robotic space probe designed to study the Sun at all latitudes. The spacecraft, named for the Latin translation of "Odysseus" after Dante's Inferno, was launched October 6, 1990 from the Space Shuttle Discovery (mission STS-41) as a joint venture of NASA and the European Space Agency. It was originally scheduled for launch in 1986 aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. The spacecraft was equipped with instruments to characterize fields, particles, and dust, and was powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG).
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Encyclopedia
Ulysses is a robotic space probe designed to study the Sun at all latitudes. The spacecraft, named for the Latin translation of "Odysseus" after Dante's Inferno, was launched October 6, 1990 from the Space Shuttle Discovery (mission STS-41) as a joint venture of NASA and the European Space Agency. It was originally scheduled for launch in 1986 aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. The spacecraft was equipped with instruments to characterize fields, particles, and dust, and was powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG). By February 2008, the power output from the RTG, which is generated by heat from the radioactive decay of plutonium-238, dwindled to the point where it was insufficient to power some critical internal heaters to keep the spacecraft's attitude control hydrazine fuel from freezing.
The nominal end of mission date was supposed to have been July 1, 2008. Nevertheless mission operations are continuing past this date, the cessation of mission operations and deactivation or hibernation of the spacecraft will probably be determined by when the attitude control fuel freezes or depleted whichever occurs first.
Mission
Planning
Until Ulysses, the Sun was only observed from low solar latitudes. The Earth's orbit defines the ecliptic plane, which differs from the Sun's equatorial plane by only 7.25 degrees. Even spacecraft directly orbiting the Sun do so in planes close to the ecliptic because a direct launch into a high inclination solar orbit would require a prohibitively large launch vehicle.
Several spacecraft (Mariner 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyagers 1 and 2) had performed gravity assist manoeuvres in the 1970s. Those manoeuvres were to reach other planets also orbiting close to the ecliptic, so they were mostly in-plane changes. However, gravity assists are not limited to in-plane maneuvers; a suitable flyby of Jupiter could produce a significant plane change. An Out-Of-The-Ecliptic mission (OOE) was thereby proposed. See article Pioneer H.
Originally, two spacecraft were to be built by NASA and ESA, as the International Solar Polar Mission. One would be sent over Jupiter, then under the Sun. The other would fly under Jupiter, then over the Sun. This would provide simultaneous coverage. Due to cutbacks, the US spacecraft was canceled in 1981. One spacecraft was designed, and the project recast as Ulysses, due to the indirect and untried flight path. NASA would provide the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) and launch services, ESA would build the spacecraft assigned to Astrium GmbH, Friedrichshafen, Germany (formerly Dornier Systems). The instruments would be split into teams from universities and research institutes in Europe and the United States. This process provided the 10 instruments on board.
The changes delayed launch from February 1983 to May 1986 where it was to be deployed by the Space Shuttle Challenger, however, the Challenger disaster pushed the date to October 1990.
Launch
Ulysses was deployed into low-Earth orbit from the Space Shuttle Discovery. From there, it was propelled on a trajectory to Jupiter by a combination of solid rocket motors. This upper stage consisted of a two-stage Boeing IUS (Inertial Upper Stage), plus a McDonnell Douglas PAM-S (Payload Assist Module-Special). The IUS was inertially stabilised and actively guided during its burn. The PAM-S was unguided and it and the Ulysses spacecraft was spun up to 80 rpm for stability at the start of its burn. On burnout of the PAM-S, the motor and spacecraft stack was yo-yo despun (weights deployed at the end of cables) to below 8pm prior to separation of the spacecraft. On leaving Earth, the spacecraft became the fastest ever artificially-accelerated object, and held that title until the New Horizons probe was launched.
On its way to Jupiter the spacecraft was in an elliptical Hohmann transfer orbit with perihelion near 1 AU and aphelion near 5 AU, Jupiter's distance from the sun. At this time Ulysses had a low orbital inclination to the ecliptic.
Jupiter swing-by
It arrived at Jupiter February 8, 1992 for a swing-by maneuver that increased its inclination to the ecliptic by 80.2 degrees. The giant planet's gravity bent the spacecraft's flight path downward and away from the ecliptic plane. This put it into a final orbit around the Sun that would take it past the Sun's north and south poles.
The size and shape of the orbit were adjusted to a much smaller degree so that aphelion remained at approximately 5 AU, Jupiter's distance from the sun, and perihelion was somewhat greater than 1 AU, the Earth's distance from the sun.
Solar northern polar regions
Between 1994 and 1995 it explored both the northern solar polar regions.
Comet Hyakutake
On May 1, 1996, the spacecraft unexpectedly crossed the ion tail of Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2), revealing the tail to be at least 3.8 AU in length.
Solar southern polar regions
Between 2000 and 2001 it explored the southern solar polar regions, which gave many unexpected results. In particular the southern magnetic pole was found to be much more dynamic and without any fixed clear location. It is, of course, wrong to say that the Sun has no magnetic south pole. The Sun is not a magnetic monopole; the pole is merely more diffusely located than the north pole.
Jupiter
Ulysses approached aphelion in 2003/2004 and made further distant observations of Jupiter.
Comet McNaught-Hartley
Encounter with a comet tail happened again in 2004 when Ulysses flew through the ion tailings of Comet McNaught-Hartley. A coronal mass ejection carried the cometary material to Ulysses.
Comet McNaught
In 2007 Ulysses passed through the tail of Comet McNaught. The results were surprisingly different from its pass through Hyakutake's tail, with the measured solar wind velocity dropping from approximately 700 kilometers per second to less than 400 kilometers per second.
Extended mission
ESA's Science Programme Committee approved the fourth extension of the Ulysses mission to March 2009 thereby allowing it to operate over the Sun's poles for the third time in 2007 and 2008. After it became clear that the power output from the spacecraft's RTG would be insufficient to operate science instruments and keep the attitude control fuel, hydrazine, from freezing, instrument power sharing was initiated. Up until then, the most important instruments had been kept online constantly, whilst others were deactivated. When the probe neared the sun, its power-hungry heaters were turned off and all instruments were turned on.
On February 22, 2008, 17 years 4 months after the launch of the spacecraft, ESA and NASA announced that mission operations for Ulysses would be likely to cease within a few months.
On April 12, 2008 NASA announced that the end date will be July 1, 2008. The spacecraft operated successfully for over four times its design life. A component within the last remaining working chain of X-band downlink sub-system failed on January 15, 2008. The other chain in the X-band sub-system had previously failed in 2003.
Downlink to Earth resumed on S-band, but the beamwidth of the high gain antenna on S-band is not as narrow as on X – so the downlink signal is much weaker, thereby reducing the achievable data rate. As the spacecraft travels on its outbound trajectory to the orbit of Jupiter, the downlink signal will eventually fall below the receiving capability of even the largest antennas (70m in diameter) of the Deep Space Network. Even before the downlink signal is lost, the hydrazine attitude control fuel on-board the spacecraft will likely freeze, as the radioisotope thermal generators fail to generate enough power for the heaters to combat the cold of space. Once the hydrazine freezes, the spacecraft will no longer be able to maneuver to keep its high gain antenna pointing towards Earth, and the downlink signal will then be lost in a matter of days. The failure of the X-band communications sub-system hastens this, because the coldest part of the fuel pipework was routed over the X-band TWTAs which, when one of them was operating, kept this part of the pipework sufficiently warm.
The previously announced mission end date of July 1, 2008 came and went but mission operations is continuing albeit in a reduced capacity. The availability of science data gathering is limited to only when Ulysses is in contact with a ground station due to the deteriorating S-band downlink margin no longer being able to support simultaneous real-time data and tape recorder playback . When the spacecraft is out of contact with a ground station, the S-band transmitter is switched off and the power is diverted to keep the internal heaters to add to the warming of the hydrazine. The eventual date of mission cessation will probably be determined by when the hydrazine freezes or when it is depleted.
Results
During cruise phases, Ulysses provided unique data. As the only spacecraft out of the ecliptic with a gamma-ray instrument, Ulysses was an important part of the InterPlanetary Network (IPN). The IPN detects gamma ray bursts (GRBs); since gamma rays cannot be focused with mirrors, it was very difficult to locate GRBs with enough accuracy to study them further. Instead, several spacecraft can locate the burst through triangulation (or, more specifically, multilateration). Each spacecraft has a gamma-ray detector, with readouts noted in tiny fractions of a second. By comparing the arrival times of gamma showers with the separations of the spacecraft, a location can be determined, for follow-up with other telescopes. Because gamma rays travel at the speed of light, wide separations are needed. Typically, a determination came from comparing: one of several spacecraft orbiting the Earth, an inner-Solar-system probe (to Mars, Venus, or an asteroid), and Ulysses. When Ulysses crossed the ecliptic twice per orbit, many GRB determinations lost accuracy.
Additional discoveries:
- Ulysses discovered that the Sun's magnetic field interacts with the Solar system in a more complex fashion than previously believed.
- Ulysses discovered that dust coming into the solar system from deep space was 30 times more abundant than previously expected.
- In 2007-2008 Ulysses determined that the magnetic field emanating from the sun's poles is much weaker than previously observed.
Spacecraft
The spacecraft body is roughly a box, approximately 3.2 × 3.3 × 2.1 m in size. The box mounted the 1.65 m dish antenna and the RTG power source. The box was divided into noisy and quiet sections. The noisy section abutted the RTG; the quiet section housed the instrument electronics. Particularly "loud" components, such as the preamps for the radio dipole, were mounted outside the structure entirely, and the box acted as a Faraday cage.
Ulysses is spin-stabilised about its z-axis which roughly coincides with the axis of the dish antenna. The RTG, whip antennas, and instrument boom are placed to stabilize this axis. Spin is nominally 5 rpm. Inside the body is a hydrazine fuel tank. Hydrazine monopropellant was used for course corrections inbound to Jupiter, and is now used exclusively to repoint the spin axis (and thus, the antenna) at Earth. The spacecraft is controlled by eight thrusters, in two blocks. Thrusters are pulsed in the time domain to perform rotation or translation. Four Sun sensors detected orientation. For fine attitude control, the S-band antenna feed is mounted slightly off-axis. This offset feed combined with the spacecraft spin introduces an oscillation to an S-band radio signal transmitted from Earth when received on-board the spacecraft. The amplitude and phase of this oscillation is proportional to the oriention of the spin axis relative to the Earth direction. This method of determining the relative orientation is called CONSCAN and was widely employed in early infra-red guided missiles.
The spacecraft uses S-band for uplinked commands and downlinked telemetry, through dual redundant 5-watt transceivers. The spacecraft used X-band for science return (downlink only), using dual 20W TWTAs until the failure the last remaining TWTA in January 2008. Both bands use the dish antenna with prime-focus feeds, unlike the Cassegrain feeds of most other spacecraft dishes.
Dual tape recorders, each of approximately 45 megabit capacity, store science data between the nominal 8-hour communications sessions during the prime and extended mission phases.
The spacecraft is designed to withstand both the heat of the inner solar system and the cold at Jupiter distance. Extensive blanketing and electric heaters protect against cold.
Total mass at launch was 366.7 kg of which 33.5 kg was hydrazine (used for attitude control and orbit correction).
Instruments
Radio/Plasma antennas. Two beryllium-copper antennas unreeled outwards from the body, perpendicular to the RTG and spin axis. Together this dipole spanned 72 meters. A third antenna, of hollow beryllium-copper, deployed from the body, along the spin axis opposite the dish. It was a monopole antenna, 7.5 meters long. These measured radio waves generated by plasma releases, or the plasma itself as it passed over the spacecraft. This receiver ensemble was sensitive from dc to 1 MHz.
Experiment Boom. A third type of boom, shorter and much more rigid, extended from the last side of the spacecraft, opposite the RTG. This was a hollow carbon-fiber tube, of 50 mm diameter. It can be seen in the photo as the silver rod stowed alongside the body. It carried four types of instruments. A solid-state X-ray instrument, which was composed of two silicon detectors to study X-rays from solar flares and Jupiter's aurorae. The GRB experiment consisted of two CsI scintillator crystals with photomultipliers. Two different magnetometers were mounted: a vector helium magnetometer and a fluxgate magnetometer. A two axis magnetic search coil antenna measured AC magnetic fields.
Body-Mounted Instruments. Detectors for electrons, ions, neutral gas, dust, and cosmic rays were mounted on the spacecraft body around the quiet section.
- SWOOPS (Solar Wind Observations Over the Poles of the Sun) measures positive ions and electrons.
Lastly, the radio communications link could be used to search for gravitational waves (through Doppler shifts) and to probe the Sun's atmosphere through occultation. No gravitational waves were detected.
Total instrument mass is 55 kg.
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