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Tyumen is a city in Urals Federal District in Russia, located on the Tura River east of Moscow. It is the administrative center and the largest city of Tyumen Oblast in the Urals Federal District. Population: 590,800 (2008 est.);
Tyumen was the first Russian outpost in Siberia; it was founded in 16th century to support Russian expansion to Siberia. Since its foundation, Tyumen has always been an important settlement. Located at the crossing of water and land routes, the town rapidly developed from a small military settlement to a large commercial and industrial city.
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Tyumen is a city in Urals Federal District in Russia, located on the Tura River east of Moscow. It is the administrative center and the largest city of Tyumen Oblast in the Urals Federal District. Population: 590,800 (2008 est.);
Tyumen was the first Russian outpost in Siberia; it was founded in 16th century to support Russian expansion to Siberia. Since its foundation, Tyumen has always been an important settlement. Located at the crossing of water and land routes, the town rapidly developed from a small military settlement to a large commercial and industrial city. The city core, the Old Tyumen, retains many historic buildings illustrating the city's development during the 18th-20th centuries.
Today Tyumen is one of the most important business centres of Russia, and is of importance in the nation's in politics, education and culture.
The capital of a vast oil-rich region stretching from the Kazakh border to the Arctic Ocean, Tyumen is an important transportation hub and industrial center of its region,
and the home to many companies active in Russia's oil and gas industry.
Tyumen is also a destination for a fair number of tourists, in particular from Germany. Tyumen's population draws from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions.
History
Tyumen was the first Russian town in Siberia.
The Tyumen area, originally part of the Siberia Khanate (in other sources, Kaganate) was annexed to Russia by a Cossack Yermak Timofeyevich in 1585, and the next year by the order of tsar Feodor I of Russia on the 29th of July 1586 Tyumen Burg was founded on the site of the Tatar town of Chimgi-Tura by the voivodes Vasiliy Borisov Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy.
The site where Tyumen was founded corresponded to the so called "Tyumen Portage" on the historical trade route from Central Asia to the Volga region, for the control over which South Siberian nomads had fought for centuries. As a result, the early Russian settlers' was often attacked by Tatar and Kalmyk hordes, and until the middle of the 17th century Streltsy and Cossacks made up the majority of Tyumen population. But as the threat of raids gradually came down with time, the number of craftsmen living in Tyumen started growing.
At the beginning of the 18th century Tyumen became an important center of trade between Siberia and China in the east and Central Russia in the west, as well as a a town of numerous craftsmen: leather goods makers, blacksmiths, and others. In 1763, about 7,000 people lived in Tyumen.
In the 19th century the town's development continued. In 1836, the first steam boat of Siberia was built in Tyumen. In 1862 telegraph came to Tyumen, and in 1864 first water mains were laid. But the real prosperity came to Tyumen with the Transsiberian Railway in 1885. For some years, Tyumen was Russia's easternmost railhead, and the site of transhipment of cargos between the railway and the river boats (which could sail down the Tyumen River, Tobol, Irtysh, and eventually into the Ob River). This finally made
Tyumen finally the principal trade and industrial center of the West Siberia.
By the end of the 19th century Tyumen's population counted over 30,000 dwellers, surpassing that of its northern rival Tobolsk,
and then during the first part of the 20th century Tyumen bit by bit took away from Tobolsk the functions of regional administrative center. Finally, on August 14, 1944 Tyumen finally became the capital of extensive Tyumen Oblast (often translated into English as "Tyumen Province" or "Tyumen Region").
The 20th century was both hard and lucky for Tyumen.
During the Russian Civil War Tyumen was first controlled by Admiral Alexander Kolchak and his Siberian White Army, but on the 5th of January of 1918 the town was taken by the Red Army.
During the 1930s Tyumen became a major Siberian industrial city of the Soviet Union. By the start of WWII, steamboats, cargo ships, furniture, fur and leather clothing were all produced in Tyumen.
During World War II, known as the Great Patriotic War in Russia, Lenin's body was secretly moved from its Moscow mausoleum to a disguised tomb located in what is now the Tyumen State Agriculture Academy (former Tyumen Agriculture Institute). Over 20,000 Tyumen townspeople were sent to the front lines between 1941 and 1945, and over 6,000 of them perished. (Exact casualty count for Tymen's natives is uncertain, since official data also include soldiers who died in hospitals in Tyumen).
At the same time, the hard times of WWII pushed forward the development of Tyumen, as in the winter of 1941 twenty-two factories were evacuated to Tyumen from the European part of the Soviet Union, and at the spring of 1942 they all were put into operation. Also, throughout the entire war Tyumen was "hospital city", where thousands of wounded soldiers were treated. Both these facts boosted the city's economy and population.
After the discovery of rich oil and gas fields in the Tyumen Oblast in the 1960th Tyumen became the capital of the Soviet oil industry, and the second time in that century experienced an economic and population boom. While most of the oil and gas fields were hundreds of kilometers to the north of the city, in places such as Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk, Tyumen was the closest large (and railway-connected) city to them, as well as the administrative capital of the oblast (province) where they were located, which made it the natural site for numerous oil related services and factories that were founded and grew in Tyumen between 1963 and 1985. Tens thousands of experts and skilled workers from the entire USSR came to work and live in Tyumen.
But the oil boom brought not only prosperity, but also numerous problems. In a space of just a few years town population rose several folds, while the development city services was lagging behind. As the city started to grow rapidly without much advance planing, it experienced great disbalance in its social sphere and infrastructure, and this disbalance has been with Tyumen up to the present days.
Governance
Tyumen is the capital of the Tyumen Province (Oblast) and Tyumen Municipal District.
Local government
The legislative authority of Tyumen is the City Council (Duma).
In addition to legislative activities the City Council appoints the Head of the Tyumen City Administration, who is the chief executive officer of the city.
Regional government
Tyumen is the administrative center of Tyumen Oblast, and all government bodies of the region are located here:
- is the legislature of Tyumen Oblast. It also confirms the appointment of the Governor of Tyumen Oblast, nominated by the President of the Russian Federation;
- - Head of the executive authority of Tyumen Oblast;
- - Executive authority of Tyumen Oblast;
Geography
Scope
Historically Tyumen occupied a small area on the high bank of the Tura River around the foundation site of the city. The city was mainly built up with single- and two-storey wooden buildings, and surrounded by a number of villages. With time, the territory of the city was both developed and extended by including surrounding settlements.
To this day, when viewed from above, the city looks like a big village with clusters of tall buildings stuck in randomly over the total city area over 235 kmē (with the old city borders).
Various atlas and gazetteers often give the geographic coordinates for Tyumen as 57° 09'N 65°32'E, which is probably the rounding (to minutes of latitude and longitude) of the location of
the City Hall (which sits at 57°09'11"N; 65°32'00"E). The actual point ( 57°09'00"N, 65°32'00"E) is near the crossing of Kuznetsova St. and Yalutorovskay St., and is not thought of by the citizens as a place of any special importance.
There are at least three more places playing the role of Tyumen center depending on the situation:
1) Historic Square (57°09'47"N; 65°31'13"E). Located at this square are the marker marking the site of the foundation of Tyumen (57°09'51"N; 65°31'06"E), the historic building of the City Council (57° 09'47"N; 65°31'10"E), a WWII Memorial with Eternal flame (57° 09'48"N; 65°31'09"E), and the memorial cross to the founder of the city ataman Yermak (57°09'46"N; 65°31'15"E). Most of the events related to Tyumen's history took place in this area.
2) Central Square (57° 09'10"N 65°32'28"E). Located at this square are the Regional Council, the Office of the Governor, the Central Post Office (the Kilometre Zero of the local road system) and the Regional Police Headquarters. This square is the traditional site for events related to various national celebrations and regional events.
3) Maurice Thorez St (Morisa Torisa St) (57° 08'45"N 65°32'41"E). This is the transportation center of the Tyumen City. Most of the city's major roads meet together at this short (several hundred meters long) street. These days it often forms somewhat of a bottleneck for city traffic.
Status
Tyumen has the status of a City. It is the administrative center of Tyumenskiy District and of Tyumen Province (Tyumen Oblast).
Topography
Tyumen covers an area of 90,7 square miles (235 km2). Its primary geographical feature is the Tura River, which crosses the city from the north-west to the south-east.
The river is navigable downstream of the city. The left bank of Tura is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills. The Tura is fairly shallow river with extensive marshlands along its shores.
The river floods during the snow melting season in the spring; the flood usually peaks in the second half of May, when the river becomes 8-10 times wider than during the late-summer low water season. The city is protected from flooding by a dike which can withstand floods up to 8 meters high.. The highest ever flood water level in Tyumen was 9.15 m, recorded in 1979; more recently, in 2007, the water level of 7.76 was recorded. In the spring 2005 a flood higher than the "critical" 8 m mark was expected, but apparently that did not happen.
Climate
Tyumen has a humid continental climate climate (Koppen climate classification Dfb) with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, cold winters. The weather in town is very changeable, and the temperature in town is always higher then in the surrounding area by few degrees and town area attract more precipitation. The average temperature of January is , with the record low of (February 1951). The average temperatire of July , with the record high of .
The average annual precipitation is 457 mm; the wettest year on record was 1943, with 581 mm, and he driest, 1917 with only 231 mm..
Districts
There are four Administrative Districts in Tyumen City:
- Central Administrative District;
- Leninskiy Administrative District;
- Kalininskiy Administrative District;
- Vostochniy (Eastern) Administrative District (created on 21 of March 2008, when it was separated from Leninskiy Administrative District).
Demography
Tyumen's population grew steady throughout the 16th and 19th centuries, until the Trans Siberian Rail road was built in the end of 19th century through it. After this significant event town growth boosted greatly and Tyumen rapidly became the largest town in region (approx 30 000 dwellers in the beginning of 20 Century). Until start of WWII Tyumen grow steady, but in the 1941 it was almost doubled because of workers of evacuee factories from Central Russia (population count raised up to 150 000). Next sudden change in population happen in 60th because of discovering reach oil and gas fields in the West Siberia. The Tyumen town which was not planned to be over 250 000 dwellers for less then ten years reached almost 500 000 dwellers due to migration. After that town came into stable period which last until 1988 when due economic depression in USSR Tyumen lost its attraction. In the 1989 town population was 476,869 (1989 Census). After 5-6 years of depression caused by fall of the USSR Tyumen again became a major economic center and it's population number start slowly raising and in the 2002 tyumen population was [3]510,719 (2002 Census);[2] and kept growing mainly due to migration and joining surrounding settlements into Tyumen city borders. In accordance to regional statistic department report in the 2008 there were 588 600 dwellers in Tyumen.
Ethnic groups
The most of the population of Tyumen belong to White ethnic group the second place took Asian Ethnic group.
While the total count of nationalities living in Tyumen is over 100, due of region economic specific the most of population belong to the following nationalities coming from the traditional regions of Oil and Gas production:
Religion
From its foundation Tyumen was a religion center.
As of 2009, there are over ten operational Orthodox temples (both new built and historical), 2 mosques (new built), 1 synagogue, 1 Roman Catholic Church in Tyumen.
Orthodox Christianity
While the state religion of Russian Empire was Orthodoxy this religion historically prevailed in Tyumen.
In 1616, Trinity Monastery (Troitskiy Monastery - rus) was established in Tyumen by Nifont of Kazan. In 1709-1711, this monastery was rebuilt in stone by the order of Filofey Leschinsky the first Metropolitan of Siberia.
In the 1761 the Tyumen Religious School was established.
Overall, from 1708 to 1885, twelve stone Orthodox temples of different size and two monasteries were constructed in Tyumen.
During the Soviet times two of temples were completely destroyed, but the rest remained and to the 2008 most of them are accessible and returned to the operational state. At the Start of the year 2009 one of destroyed temples is restoring in double size at the new location, another is under discussion.
Some operational temples are still under restoration. Tyumen Religious School was reopened in 1997 and are in operation.
Other religions
Nevertheless of Orthodoxy predominance, in the different times there were also constructed temples of Islam, Catholicism and Judaism. Unfortunately only the Catholic church remained safe in its historical state. The Tyumen Mosque was completely destroyed and it's restoration at historical place was considered unfair. The Tyumen synagogue remains collapsed just after year 2000 and the building was reconstructed anew at the same place.
At the start of XX century there also was strong Old Believers community in Tyumen.
All four up mentioned religions are running a different number of their cultural center throughout the town.
There are also several other creeds in town, but their flock is few in number.
Interesting Facts:
Tyumen Trinity Monastery was built by the special permission of Peter I of Russia due construction of stone buildings outside of Saint Petersburg was prohibited at the time.
Church of Saviour Uncreated was visited by the Crown prince of Russian Empire Alexandr afterward Alexander (Aleksandr) II Nikolaevich - Liberator during his Siberian tour before enthronement.
Economy
Tyumen is an important service center for the gas and oil industries in Russia.
Due to its advantageous location at the crossing of the Motor, Rail, Water and Air way and its moderate climate Tyumen was an ideal base town for servicing the oil and gas industry of the West Siberia. As the result today Tyumen is the center of industry, science, culture, education and medicine.
A world level oil and gas companies such as Gazprom, LUKoil and Gazpromneft, TNK-BP, Shell have their representative offices in Tyumen.
There are numerous, factories, engineering companies (KCA DEUTAG and Schlumberger), design institutes shipyard and other oil servicing companies located in Tyumen.
Tyumen is one of the Russian towns which have it's own Technopark. UTair is also based in Tyumen.
Town has a quite good selection of recreational activities of all kinds for any ages.
There are three universities and several tens of colleges in Tyumen.
Town is one of the Medical Centers of the Russian Federation so it's population can receive most of high tech medical services locally without need to go to Moscow or elsewhere.
Cityscape
Historically Tyumen's was mainly built-up with one and two-storeyed lumber buildings begirt with a number of villages. To the date from above town looks like a big village with clusters of tall buildings stuck in randomly. The following specific areas can be marked out:
Historical center at the high bank - this territory is the mix of old brick and lumber historical merchant houses and buildings of different purpose with regular low level houses and early soviet architecture.
Bukharskaya Sloboda - a Historic dormitory area at the low bank of Tura river . This territory is predominantly built-up with very old one-two storey lumber buildings forming a specific provincial view from Historical Center of the town (prevail muslim population).
Low bank Dormitories - this clusters of standard 9 stock buildings built-up at the man-made grounds east to Bukharskaya Sloboda - Zareka and Vatutina.
City Center - the territory at east of the Historical town built-up between 1948 and 1978 with predominance of 4-5 storey buildings. Most of the earlier buildings in this area had individual design, but the later built in rectangular style. In this area concentrated most of the political and business activities of the town.
New Center - the modern territory almost at the center of the town built-up over demolished lumber houses and industrial area. In this part prevail tall buildings. Mix of the Dormitory area and business centers.
Old Dormitories - this areas built-up with standard 5 stock blocks of flats constructed in the 60th-70th at the ex west and east extremities, now they actually are in the town center. While there are almost no difference in architecture this areas are most green part of the town and have the best social infrastructure to other town parts.
New dormitories - the clusters of standard tall buildings constructed after year 1980 at the south and south-east extremity of Tyumen. This territories are actually the worst place to live in the city while they are remote, badly planned and had very poor social infrastructure. The only pro of this areas is better ecology if compare to city center.
Architecture
Tyumen is too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style and frankly speaking it has no style at all.
The town bult up was not planned for many tenth of years and because of it now it's architecture is a crazy mix of buldings of different age, style and leveling.
Tyumen's nickname is the Capital of Villages because the most of its the territory built up by lumber houses. But most of the people who visited Tyumen as well as a considerable part of it's core dwellers mistakenly consider it's a modern high-rise town due of tall buildings concentrated along all town arterial roads.
Many of wooden buildings located in historical part of the city had cultural value:
Wooden art of building
Historic Brick Buildings
Early Soviet time Architecture
Later Soviet time Architecture
Old Style Imitation
Modern Architecture
Parks and gardens
There are many parks and Gardens of different size located around the Tyumen making town landscape green and fresh. Some of this parks also has sport anf entertaining components.
Society and culture
Accent
The phenomenon of Tyumen is accent absence. During all it's history Tyumen language environment was never isolated long enough to form any kind of accent. As a merchant town Tyumen permanently kept in contact with Russian capital territories and always received many people from all over the country. This fact furthered the preservation of literary language and to the present day people in Tyumen speak Russian completely the same as the people in Saint Petersburg or in Tver. Very few slang words are in use, but all this worlds not only the Tyumen, but the whole Siberian specials.
Leisure and entertainment
To the date Tyumen has the range of entertainment features for the all ages. There are many cinemas include two world class stereo, and clubs. Tyumen has it's own Theater of the Drama and the Comedy Since 1858. There is very professional Puppet Show and pretty good Angazhement Youth Theater. The Tyumen Music Hall is one of the most common grounds for the tours of Russian and World class Music Stars. Tyumen Circus is the most contemporary in the Siberia and one of the best in the whole Russia.
Tyumen offers a great variety of cuisine in it's numerous restaurants a bars.
There are some annual event taking place in town such as Student's Spring Music show and Day of The Town Show.
There are 62 restaurants, 78 bars, 224 cafe, 157 snack bars in Tyumen. Only ten percent of this number related to any local regional or international systems. The following systems represented in Tyumen (network size in brackets):
Locals: Maxim (21), "Panteleev & K" (12), "Imperia Vkusa" (6).
Regional and International:Pizza Mia (2);UniverFood; RestUnion (4); Pishka; Rosinter Restaurants - includes Il Patio, Siberian Crown,
Sushi Planet, MacDonalds (7).
Literature and film
Tyumen has not been the setting for too many works of literature however there were some poets and writers in the town history.
A writer closely associated with the city is the children's writer Vladislav Krapivin. A famous Russian writer Mikhail M. Prishvin spent hist youth in Tyumen as well. Viktor L. Strogalschikov one of the modern Russian writers is also living in Tyumen.
A modern Russian producer Konstantin V. Odegov was born and studied in Tyumen. Tyumen was also a scene for few episodes in Russian films.
Museums and Art Galleries
There are numerous museums and art galleries in Tyumen. Most know are the Tyumen Museum of Local Lore and the Tyumen Fine Art Gallery which were merged last year by local government decision.
Some of the Tyumen Museums:
- Tyumen Museum of Local Lore (Several exhibition halls)
- Museum of Geology
- Museum of the Fine Arts
- Museum of Kolokolnikov estate (Several exhibition halls)
- House of Merchant Masharov
- Medical History Museum
- Museum of Tyumen Agricultural Academy (includes - local Lore exhibition, Museum of anatomy; Museum of soil science)
Music
Music always attracted attention of Tyumen dwellers. Town has it's own philharmonic orchestra and Tyumen Music hall has steady auditory. While performing Russian tours Music Starts will visit the Tyumen without fail.
Sport
For many years Tyumen was the source for the Soviet and the Russian sport reserve.
Many of famous soviet and Russian sportsmen started their carrier in Tyumen youth sport include soviet cycle racing stars Sergey Uslamin Yuriy Korotkih and Oleg Polovnikov.
There are some in current Russian national team.
Today Tyumen offer a number of sport activities for all ages. There are numerous sport and fitness clubs around the town.
Tyumen has National Level Soccer Team, Hockey team and Futsal team.
There are three all season ice arenas, a soccer field (amateurish fields are not counted), a ski centre, a hippodrome, a shooting range, several tennis-court include in the open and all season, three Olympic sized pools. In winter time parks for the cross country skiing are awailable around the town.
Transport
Railways
Tyumen Rail Station was founded in 1885. Currently Station Administratively belongs to the Tyumen Division of Sverdlovskaya Rail Road.
Station is located in the very center of the Tyumen city in 15 minutes walk south from the city hall.
Station services suburban, intercity and international passenger traffic.
At the regional level the station services three directions to Ekaterinburg, to Omsk and to Tobolsk. Railroad to Ekaterinburg electrified since 1980.
Direct international passenger directions(Trans-Siberian Railway): Poland, Germany, China, Mongolia.
Additional stations within city territory: Tyumen North, Tyumen yard, Voynovka yard.
General Information:
- Traffic flow per year - over 10 million passengers.
- Platforms number - 4;
- Platform type - open (to be reconstruction into sheltered in 2009)
- Railway tracks number - 9
Tyumen Station Passenger Terminal Data:
- Open - 24/365
- Waiting rooms total capacity - 1500 passengers;
- Space of total - 8300 m2;
- Booking hall space - 1790 m2;
- Number of ticket windows - 11;
- Payment terminals - yes;
- Invalid carriages capable - yes;
- Security: regular police, armed guard, video surveillance, video recording
Buses
Urban transport:
Total number of routes (last estimate in 2005) - 64
Total Number of trolleybus rotes - 3 (2008)
To the start of 2008 public transportation of Tyumen includes 350 route buses, about 30 route trolleybuses, and over 500 taxi.
The specific of Tyumen public transportation it that at the same time in town operating big municapal transport organisation and numerous private holders include single buses owners. The private holders amount is over of 1/3 of total rote buses number in town.
The private park mostly consist of old German route buses took off the lines in Germany due new regulations get in power.
Municipal buses park is mostly of Russian origin. It was greatly upgraded during last 5 years and to the year 2008 about half of the municapal buses are new comfortable models suitable for transporting invalid carriges.
Incontrary to the situation with buses trolley buses are gradually disappearing from Tyumen streets while their lines require too much upkeep and this type of transport often causes jams at the overloaded city streets due accidental diconnections at crossings.
Suburban and intercity transport
Since 1972 in Tyumen operating Bus Station servicing suburban and intercity passenger traffic. Station was greatly extended in 2006-2008.
Air
Tyumen is served by the international Roschino Airport located 13 km west of the city.
The airport can handle larger aircraft including: Tu-154, B-737, IL-76, IL-86.
City has a regular service to the large number of Russian towns include such important as:
There are also weekly or biweekly flights to the following international locations:
Roads
Tyumen town has very difficult road scheme. The town cut in pieces by Tura river Tyumneka River and Trans-Siberian Rail road creating several isolated zones. The communication between this zones executed by 7 bridges, one footbridge, 5 flyovers and 5 foot crossings.
In addition to up mentioned difficulties Tyumen Road network was planned in the soviet time and in it's current state it is capable to operate normally only in the scheme which includes public transportation only. Compact planning of city center prevent central roads expansion and wide stream of cars coming from the city perephery moves slower and slower as it approaches town center. To the date town road network overpopulated by private transport of about three times to it's maximum capacity and this lead to the numerous traffic jams, stubs and finally high level of accident rate.
Since 2002 city and regional authorities undertaking numerous initiatives to improve Tyumen road network, but due anticipatory growth of private cars fleet they all had only short term effect. To the date a complex transport infrastructure reconstruction project is running by Regional Administration, but due world financial crisis it has indefinite future...
- The total length of the city roads - 262 km (Jan 2009)
- The total number of the cars - 151 000 (Jan. 2008)
Education
Higher Education
Tyumen is town of students. The great boost to Tyumen Education development was given in the 1964 when the Tyumen Industrial Institute was founded to supply oil industry by qualified local workforce. Many academies of the different discipleines was founded in Tyumen since this date and now the Higher Education is one of the major economic activities of the Tyumen town. There are over 10 academies include three universities in the town and several tenth of colleges. In the educational year of 2008-2009 5 largest Academies of Tyumen all together count over 110 000 students.
Important note - the most of studens are not counted in the city population due they are non-residents of the Tyumen city by the Russian law.
Secondary Education
There are over one hundred secondary schools in Tyumen. Especally should be notified that to the 2008 Tyumen is the only town in Russia but Moscow has it's branch in.
Libraries
There are about 50 public libraties in Tyumen. In addition there are several corporate libraries integrated into public libraries book exchange system. The Tyumen special is the which has about 2 670 000 unic units of issue in its stock .
Sister cities
Famous people born in or not far from Tyumen:
External links
See also
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