Tyburn, London

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Tyburn, London

Tyburn was a village in the county of Middlesex

Middlesex

Middlesex , from the Old English Middelseaxe , is one of the 39 Historic counties of England of England and the List of counties of England by area in 1831....
close to the current location of Marble Arch

Marble Arch

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Tyburn was a village in the county of Middlesex

Middlesex

Marble Arch

Marble Arch is a white Carrara marble monument near Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park, London, at the western end of Oxford Street in London, England, near the Marble Arch tube station of the same name....
. It took its name from the Tyburn or Ty Bourne (two brooks)

Tyburn (stream)

The Tyburn is a stream in London, which runs underground from South Hampstead through St. James's Park to meet the River Thames at Pimlico near Vauxhall Bridge....
, a tributary of the River Thames

River Thames

The Thames is a major river flowing through southern England. While best known because its lower reaches flow through central London, the river flows through several other towns and cities, including Oxford, Reading, Berkshire and Windsor, Berkshire....
which is now completely covered over between its source and its outfall into the Thames.

The name was almost universally used in literature to refer to the notorious and uniquely designed gallows, used for centuries as the primary location of the execution of London criminals; see: hanging day

Hanging day

It was a day on which people sentenced to death were hanged ....

History

The village was one of two manor

Manorialism

Manorialism or Seigneurialism was the organizing principle of rural economy and society widely practiced in Middle Ages western and parts of central Europe....
s of the parish

Parish

A parish is a local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in Roman Catholic, Anglican, United Methodist, and Presbyterianism churches....
of Marylebone

Marylebone

Marylebone is an affluent, inner-city area of central London, located within the City of Westminster. It can be pronounced as Marribun or Mar-lee-bone Marylebone is in an area of London that can be roughly defined as the area bounded by Oxford Street to the south, Marylebone Road to the north, Edgware Road to the west and Portland Place to...
, which was itself named after the stream, St Marylebone being a contraction of St Mary's church by the bourne. Tyburn was recorded in the Domesday Book

Domesday Book

The Domesday Book is the record of the great survey of England completed in 1086, executed for William I of England, or William the Conqueror....
and stood approximately at the west end of what is now Oxford Street

Oxford Street

Oxford Street is a major thoroughfare in London, England in the City of Westminster. With over 300 shops, it is Europe's busiest shopping street, as well as the most dense....
at the junction of two Roman road

Roman road

The Roman roads were essential for the growth of the Roman Empire, by enabling the Romans to move Military history of ancient Rome and Roman commerce goods and to communicate news....
s. The predecessors of Oxford Street and Park Lane

Park Lane

Park Lane may refer to:*Park Lane , a road in London, UK*Park Lane , a shopping mall in Halifax, Nova Scotia*Park Lane , a rugby stadium in Greater Manchester, UK...
were roads leading to the village, then called Tyburn Road and Tyburn Lane respectively.

Tyburn had significance from ancient times and was marked by a monument known as Oswulf's Stone, which gave its name to the Ossulstone

Ossulstone

Ossulstone was an ancient Hundred in the south east of the county of Middlesex, England. Its area has been entirely absorbed by the growth of London; and now corresponds to the part of Inner London that is north of the River Thames and, from Outer London, parts of the London boroughs of Barnet, Brent, Ealing, Haringey and Hounslow....
Hundred

Hundred (division)

A hundred is a geographic division formerly used in England, Wales, Denmark, South Australia, some parts of the USA, Germany , Sweden, Finland and Norway, which historically was used to divide a larger region into smaller administrative divisions....
of Middlesex

Middlesex

Middlesex , from the Old English Middelseaxe , is one of the 39 Historic counties of England of England and the List of counties of England by area in 1831....
. The stone was covered over in 1822 when Marble Arch

Marble Arch

Marble Arch is a white Carrara marble monument near Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park, London, at the western end of Oxford Street in London, England, near the Marble Arch tube station of the same name....
was moved to the area, but it was shortly afterwards unearthed and propped up against the Arch. It has not been seen since 1869.

Tyburn gallows

Executions took place at Tyburn

Tyburn

Tyburn may refer to:* Tyburn, London, former village just outside the then boundaries of London that was best known as a place of public execution...
until the 18th century (with the prisoners processed from Newgate Prison

Newgate Prison

Newgate Prison was a prison in London, at the corner of Newgate and Old Bailey just inside the City of London. It was originally located at the site of a gate in the Ancient Rome London Wall....
in the City

City of London

The City of London is a geographically small city status in the United Kingdom within Greater London, England. It is the historic core of London around which, along with Westminster, the modern conurbation grew....
, via St Giles in the Fields

St Giles in the Fields

St Giles in the Fields is a church in the London Borough of Camden, in the West End. It is close to Centre Point and Tottenham Court Road tube station....
and Oxford Street

Oxford Street

Horsemonger Lane Gaol

Horsemonger Lane Gaol was a prison located close to modern-day Newington Causeway in Southwark, south London....
in Southwark

Southwark

Southwark, or the Borough, is an area of south-east London in the London Borough of Southwark, situated 1.5 miles east of Charing Cross....
.

The first recorded execution took place at a site next to the stream in 1196. William Fitz Osbern

William Fitz Osbern (1196)

William Fitz Osbern was a citizen of London who took up the role of the advocate of the poor in a popular uprising in the spring of 1196. The events are significant in that they illustrate how rare popular revolt in late medieval Europe by the poor and peasants in England was in the 12th century, and how quickly and easily it was suppres...
, the populist leader of the London tax riots was cornered in the church of St Mary le Bow. He was dragged naked behind a horse to Tyburn, where he was hanged.

In 1571, the "Tyburn Tree" was erected near the modern Marble Arch

Marble Arch

Marble Arch is a white Carrara marble monument near Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park, London, at the western end of Oxford Street in London, England, near the Marble Arch tube station of the same name....
. The "Tree" or "Triple Tree" was a novel form of gallows

Gallows

A gallows is a frame, typically wooden, used for execution by hanging.A gallows can take several forms.*the simplest form resembles an inverted "L", with a single upright and a horizontal beam to which the rope noose would be attached....
, comprising a horizontal wooden triangle supported by three legs (an arrangement known as a "three legged mare" or "three legged stool"). Several felons could thus be hanged at once, and so the gallows was occasionally used for mass executions, such as that on June 23, 1649 when 24 prisoners – 23 men and one woman – were hanged simultaneously, having been conveyed there in eight carts.

The Tree stood in the middle of the roadway, providing a major landmark in west London and presenting a very obvious symbol of the law to travellers. After executions, the bodies would be buried nearby or in later times removed for dissection

Dissection

Dissection is usually the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the function and relationships of its components....
by anatomists

Anatomy

Anatomy is a branch of biology that is the consideration of the body plan. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy and plant anatomy ....
.

The first victim of the "Tyburn Tree" was Dr John Story

John Story

Blessed John Story , England Roman Catholic martyr, born in Northern England, was educated at the University of Oxford, where he became lecturer on civil law in 1535, being made later principal of Broadgates Hall, afterwards Pembroke College, Oxford....
, a Roman Catholic who refused to recognize Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I of England

Elizabeth I was List of English monarchs and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the House of Tudor....
. Among the more notable individuals suspended from the "Tree" in the following centuries were John Bradshaw

John Bradshaw (judge)

John Bradshaw was an English judge. He is most notable for his role in the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I....
, Henry Ireton

Henry Ireton

Henry Ireton , was an England general in the army of Parliament of England during the English Civil War. He was the son-in-law of Oliver Cromwell....
and Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell was an English people Military history of the United Kingdom and Politics of England leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland....
, who were already dead; they were disinterred and hanged at Tyburn in January 1661 on the orders of Charles II

Charles II of England

Charles II was the Monarchy of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland.His father Charles I of England Regicide#The regicide of Charles I of England at Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War....
in an act of posthumous revenge for their part in the beheading of his father.

The executions were public spectacles and proved extremely popular, attracting crowds of thousands. The enterprising villagers of Tyburn erected large spectator stands so that as many as possible could see the hangings (for a fee). On one occasion, the stands collapsed, reportedly killing and injuring hundreds of people. This did not prove a deterrent, however, and the executions continued to be treated as public holidays, with London apprentices being given the day off for them. One such event was depicted by William Hogarth

William Hogarth

William Hogarth was a major England painting, Printmaking, pictorial satire, Social criticism and editorial cartoonist who has been credited with pioneering western sequential art....
in his satirical print, The Idle 'Prentice Executed at Tyburn (1747).

Tyburn was commonly invoked in euphemism

Euphemism

A euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression in place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener, or in the case of #Doublespeak, to make it less troublesome for the speaker....
s for capital punishment – for instance, "to take a ride to Tyburn" was to go to one's hanging, "Lord of the Manor of Tyburn" was the public hangman, "dancing the Tyburn jig" was the act of being hanged, and so on. Convicts would be transported to the site in an open ox-cart from Newgate Prison. They were expected to put on a good show, wearing their finest clothes and going to their deaths with insouciance. The crowd would cheer a "good dying", but would jeer any displays of weakness on the part of the condemned.

On April 19, 1779, clergyman James Hackman

James Hackman

James Hackman , briefly Rector of Wiveton in Norfolk, was the murderer who killed Martha Ray, singer and mistress of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich....
was hanged there following his April 7 murder of courtesan

Courtesan

A courtesan is mainly what one may call a high-class prostitute. A courtesan would offer her charms and sexual pleasures, generally and more usually to people of substantial wealth, in return for a good and respectable living, especially during hard times of poverty....
and socialite

Socialite

A socialite is a person who is known to be a part of fashionable Upper class because of his or her regular participation in social activities and fondness for spending a significant amount of time Entertainment and being entertained....
Martha Ray

Martha Ray

Martha Ray was a Kingdom of Great Britain singer of the Georgian era. Her father was a corsetmaker and her mother was a servant in a noble household....
, his former lover, and the mistress of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich

John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich

John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, Privy Council of Great Britain, Fellow of the Royal Society succeeded his grandfather, the Edward Montagu, 3rd Earl of Sandwich, in 1729, at the age of ten....
. The Tyburn gallows were last used on 3 November 1783, when John Austin, a highwayman

Highwayman

The word highwayman is first attested from the year 1617. The term "highwayman" is mainly applied to robbers who travelled on a horse, as opposed to those who robbed on foot ....
, was hanged. The site of the gallows is now marked by three brass triangles mounted on the pavement on an island in the middle of Edgware Road at its junction with Bayswater Road. It is also commemorated by the Tyburn Convent, a Catholic convent dedicated to the memory of martyrs executed there and in other locations for the Catholic faith.

Tyburn today remains the point at which Watling Street

Watling Street

Watling Street is the name given to an ancient trackway in England and Wales that was first used by the Celts mainly between the modern cities of Canterbury and St Albans....
, the modern A5 begins. It continues in straight sections to Holyhead

Holyhead

Holyhead is the List of Anglesey towns by population in the county of Anglesey in the north west of Wales.Although it is the largest town in the county, with a population of 11,237 , it is neither the county town nor actually on the island of Anglesey....
. According to an 1850 publication., the site was at No. 49. Connaught Square

Connaught Square

Connaught Square, in the City of Westminster , was the first square of city houses to be built in the Bayswater area. It was named after the Duke of Gloucester, a member of the royal family who was also Earl of Connacht, who had a house nearby....

Some notable executions at Tyburn (in chronological order)

Name	Date	Cause
Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March	29 November 1330	Accused of assuming royal power; hanged without trial.
Sir Humphrey Stafford of Grafton	8 July 1486	Accused of siding with Richard III Richard III of England Richard III was List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England of Kingdom of England from 1483 until his death. He was the last king from the House of York, and his defeat at the Battle of Bosworth Field marked the culmination of the Wars of the Roses and the end of the Plantagenet dynasty.... ; hanged without trial on orders of Henry VII Henry VII of England Henry VII was the Kingdom of England and Lordship of Ireland from his usurpation of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty.... .
Michael An Gof Michael An Gof Michael Joseph and Thomas Flamank were the leaders of the Cornish Rebellion of 1497.The rebels marched on London to protest at King Henry VII of England's levying a tax to pay for an invasion of Scotland in retaliation for the Scots' support for the pretender Perkin Warbeck.... & Thomas Flamank Thomas Flamank Thomas Flamank was a lawyer from Cornwall who together with Michael An Gof led the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 against taxes in 1497.The Cornish believed their distance from Scotland – on whom the war taxes were to be used against – was too far from Cornwall to concern them, so refused to pay....	24 June 1497	Leaders of the 1st Cornish Rebellion of 1497 Cornish Rebellion of 1497 The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 was a Popular revolt in late medieval Europe by the people of Cornwall in the far south west of Great Britain. Its primary cause was the raising of war taxes by King Henry VII of England on the impoverished Cornish people for a campaign against Scotland, motivated by brief border skirmishes that were inspired... .
Perkin Warbeck Perkin Warbeck Perkin Warbeck was a pretender to the England throne during the reign of King Henry VII of England. Traditional belief claims that he was an impostor, pretending to be Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, the younger son of King Edward IV of England, but was in fact a Flemings born in Tournai around 1474....	23 November 1499	Treason Treason In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more serious acts of loyalty to one's sovereignty or nation. Historically, treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors, such as the murder of a husband by his wife .... ; pretender Pretender A pretender is a claimant to an abolished throne or to a throne already occupied by somebody else. The English word :wikt:pretend comes from the French word pr?tendre, meaning "to put forward, to profess or claim".... to the throne of Henry VII of England by passing himself off as Richard IV, the younger of the two Princes in the Tower Princes in the Tower The Princes in the Tower, Edward V of England and his brother, Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York , were two sons of Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville.... . Leader of the 2nd Cornish Rebellion of 1497 Cornish Rebellion of 1497 The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 was a Popular revolt in late medieval Europe by the people of Cornwall in the far south west of Great Britain. Its primary cause was the raising of war taxes by King Henry VII of England on the impoverished Cornish people for a campaign against Scotland, motivated by brief border skirmishes that were inspired... .
Elizabeth Barton Elizabeth Barton Sr. Elizabeth Barton was executed as a result of her prophecies regarding the marriage of King Henry VIII of England to Anne Boleyn against the wishes of the Pope.... "The Holy Maid of Kent"	20 April 1534	Treason Treason In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more serious acts of loyalty to one's sovereignty or nation. Historically, treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors, such as the murder of a husband by his wife .... ; a nun who unwisely prophesied that King Henry VIII Henry VIII of England Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lordship of Ireland and claimant to the Early Modern France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII of England.... would die within six months if he married Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn was List of English consorts as the Wives of Henry VIII of Henry VIII of England. She was also Earl of Pembroke in her own right. Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation.... .
John Houghton Saint John Houghton File:John Houghton.jpegSaint John Houghton was an recussant martyr.Born sometime around 1486, he was educated at Cambridge, but cannot be identified among surviving records....	4 May 1535	Prior Prior Prior is a title, derived from the Latin adjective for 'earlier, first', with several notable uses.... of the Charterhouse London Charterhouse The London Charterhouse is a former Carthusian monastery in London, England, to the north of what is now Charterhouse Square. The building is formally known as Sutton's Hospital in Charterhouse, and is a registered charity.... who refused to swear the oath condoning King Henry VIII Henry VIII of England Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lordship of Ireland and claimant to the Early Modern France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII of England.... 's divorce of Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Aragon also known as Katherine or Katharine; was the List of English consorts as the Wives of Henry VIII of Henry VIII of England, and Princess of Wales by her first marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales.... .
Thomas Fiennes, 9th Baron Dacre Thomas Fiennes, 9th Baron Dacre Thomas Fiennes, 9th Baron Dacre was an England notable for his conviction and execution for murder.Dacre was the son of Sir Thomas Fiennes and Jane Sutton daughter of Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley....	29 June 1541	Lord Dacre was convicted of murder after being involved in the death of a gamekeeper whilst taking part in a poaching expedition on the lands of Sir Nicholas Pelham of Laughton Laughton, East Sussex Laughton is a village and civil parish in the Wealden District of East Sussex, England. The village is located five miles east of Lewes, at a junction on the minor road to Hailsham .... .
Thomas Culpeper Thomas Culpeper Thomas Culpeper was a courtier of Henry VIII of England. He was distantly related to the Howard family clan, who were immensely powerful at the time....	10 December 1541	A courtier of King Henry VIII Henry VIII of England Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lordship of Ireland and claimant to the Early Modern France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII of England.... who had an affair with his fifth wife, Queen Catherine Howard Catherine Howard Katherine Howard , also spelled Catherine or Katheryn, was the fifth Wives of Henry VIII of Henry VIII of England , and sometimes known by his reference to her as his "rose without a thorn".... . Unusually, Culpeper was beheaded, a death normally reserved for the nobility, carried out at Tower Hill Tower Hill Tower Hill is an elevated spot north-west of the Tower of London, just outside the limits of the City of London in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.... . Culpeper and Francis Dereham Francis Dereham Francis Dereham was most famous for his affair with Queen Catherine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII of England of England. This affair lasted until Katherine was made Lady-in-waiting to Henry's fourth wife Anne of Cleves.... were both sentenced to be 'hung, drawn and quartered' but Henry ordered that Culpeper's sentence be commuted to beheading on account of his previously good relationship with Henry. The unfortunate Dereham suffered the full sentence.
Humphrey Arundell Humphrey Arundell Sir Humphrey Arundell was executed at Tyburn, London, Middlesex, England. He was born at Helland, Bodmin in Cornwall and was an experienced soldier and the leader of the Cornish rebellion of 1549, which is also known as the Prayer Book Rebellion....	27 January 1550	Leader of the Cornish Rebellion against the English in 1549 - sometimes known as the Prayer Book Rebellion Prayer Book Rebellion The Prayer Book Rebellion, Prayer Book Revolt, Prayer Book Rising, Western Rising or Western Rebellion was a popular revolt in Cornwall and Devon, in 1549....
Edmund Campion Edmund Campion Saint Edmund Campion, S.J. was an England Jesuit priest and martyr....	1 December 1581	Roman Catholic priest Priest A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of, a deity or deities.... s and martyr Martyr The term martyr is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices his or her life in order to further a cause or belief for many.... s.
John Adams John Adams (martyr) John Adams was a Catholic priest and martyr.He was born at Winterbourne St Martin in Dorset at an unknown date and became a Protestant minister....	8 October 1586
Robert Dibdale Robert Dibdale Robert Dibdale, also spelled Debdale, was a Catholic priest and martyr. He was born the son of John Dibdale of Shottery, in the parish of Stratford-on-Avon and the birthplace of William Shakespeare's wife Anne Hathaway at a date unknown....
John Lowe
Robert Southwell Robert Southwell Saint Sir Robert Southwell was an England Jesuit priest and poet who worked as a missionary in post-Reformation England. He was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn, London, and became a Catholic martyr....	21 February 1595
Philip Powel	30 June 1646
John Southworth	28 June 1654
Robert Hubert Robert Hubert Robert Hubert was a watchmakerOne source claims he was also a silversmith: One source, however, claims he was a sailor: , accessed 3 September 2006.] "At his trial it was proven that Hubert, a sailor...". from Rouen, France, famous for his false confession of starting the Great Fire of London....	28 September 1666	Falsely confessed to starting the Great Fire of London Great Fire of London The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of London, England, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666.... .
Claude Duval Claude Duval Claude Du Vall was a France-born gentleman highwayman in post-Restoration Great Britain....	21 January 1670	Highwayman Highwayman The word highwayman is first attested from the year 1617. The term "highwayman" is mainly applied to robbers who travelled on a horse, as opposed to those who robbed on foot .... .
Saint Oliver Plunkett Oliver Plunkett Saint Oliver Plunkett was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland.He maintained his duties in Ireland in the face of English persecution and was eventually arrested and tried for treason at a kangaroo court after lawful courts had failed to convict him....	1 July 1681	Archbishop of Armagh, Primate of All Ireland Primate of All Ireland Primate of All Ireland is a title held by the Archbishop of Armagh , in both the Roman Catholic and Church of Ireland traditions, and signifies that within their respective churches they are the senior churchmen in the island of Ireland.... and martyr Martyr The term martyr is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices his or her life in order to further a cause or belief for many.... .
Jane Voss	19 December 1684	Robbing on the highway, high treason, murder, and felony
William Chaloner	23 March 1699	Notorious coiner and counterfeiter, convicted of high treason partly on evidence gathered by Isaac Newton Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton, Fellow of the Royal Society was an English people physicist, mathematician, Astronomy, Natural philosophy, Alchemy, and Theology and one of the the 100 in human history....
Jack Sheppard Jack Sheppard Jack Sheppard was a notorious English Robbery, Burglary and Theft of early 18th-century London. Born into a poor family, he was apprenticed as a carpenter but took to theft and burglary in 1723, with little more than a year of his training to complete.... "Gentleman Jack"	16 November 1724	Notorious thief and multiple escapee.
Jonathan Wild Jonathan Wild Jonathan Wild was perhaps the most famous crime of London — and possibly Great Britain — during the 18th century, both because of his own actions and the uses novelists, playwrights, and political satire made of them....	24 May 1725	Organized crime Organized crime Organized crime or criminal organizations comprise groups or operations run by crimes, most commonly for the purpose of generating a money profit.... lord.
James MacLaine James MacLaine "Captain" James MacLaine was a notorious highwayman with his accomplice William Plunkett . He was known as the "Gentleman Highwayman" as a result of his courteous behaviour during his robberies.... "The Gentleman Highwayman"	3 October 1750	Highwayman Highwayman The word highwayman is first attested from the year 1617. The term "highwayman" is mainly applied to robbers who travelled on a horse, as opposed to those who robbed on foot .... .
Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers was the last member of the House of Lords hanged in England.The 4th Earl Ferrers, descendant of an ancient and noble family, was the eldest son of Hon....	5 May 1760	The last peer to be hanged for murder.
John Rann John Rann John "Sixteen String Jack" Rann was an English criminal and highwayman during the mid-18th century. He was a prominent and colourful local figure renowned for his wit and charm, he would later come to be known as "Sixteen String Jack" for the 16 various coloured strings he wore on the knees of his silk breeches among other eccentric costumes... "Sixteen String Jack"	30 November 1774	Highwayman Highwayman The word highwayman is first attested from the year 1617. The term "highwayman" is mainly applied to robbers who travelled on a horse, as opposed to those who robbed on foot ....
Rev. James Hackman James Hackman James Hackman , briefly Rector of Wiveton in Norfolk, was the murderer who killed Martha Ray, singer and mistress of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich....	19 April 1779	Hanged for the murder of Martha Ray Martha Ray Martha Ray was a Kingdom of Great Britain singer of the Georgian era. Her father was a corsetmaker and her mother was a servant in a noble household.... , mistress of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, Privy Council of Great Britain, Fellow of the Royal Society succeeded his grandfather, the Edward Montagu, 3rd Earl of Sandwich, in 1729, at the age of ten.... .
John Austin	3 November 1783	A highwayman Highwayman The word highwayman is first attested from the year 1617. The term "highwayman" is mainly applied to robbers who travelled on a horse, as opposed to those who robbed on foot .... , the last person to be executed at Tyburn.