Turkology is a complex of humanities sciences studying languages, history, literature, folklore, culture, and ethnology

Ethnology

Ethnology is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.-Scientific discipline:Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct...

 of people speaking Turkic languages

Turkic languages

The Turkic languages constitute a language family of at least thirty five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.Turkic languages are spoken...

 and Turkic peoples

Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...

 in chronological and comparative context. This includes ethnic groups from the Sakha

Sakha

Sakha may refer to:* Sakha language, or Yakut, a Turkic language* Sakha people, also Yakuts, a Turkic people* Sakha Republic, a federal subject of Russia* Sakha scripts, writing systems for the Sakha language* Xois, a town in Egypt also known as Sakha...

 in East Siberia

Siberia

Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...

 to the Balkan Turks and Gagauz

Gagauz

Gagauz may refer to:* Gagauz people* Gagauz language* Gagauzia...

 in Moldova

Moldova

Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the West and Ukraine to the North, East and South. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, as part...

.

History

Ethnological information on Turkic tribes for the first time was systemized by the 11th-century Turkic philologist Mahmud al-Kashgari in the Dīwān ul-Lughat it-Turk (Dictionary of Turkic languages). Multi-lingual dictionaries were compiled from the late 13th century for the practical application of participants in international trade and political life: Kipchak (Cuman)-Persian-Latin-German Codex Cumanicus, Armenian-Kipchak, and Russian-Kipchak dictionaries. By the Middle Ages the Turkology was centred around Byzantine

Byzantium

Byzantium was an ancient Greek city, founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 667 BC and named after their king Byzas . The name Byzantium is a Latinization of the original name Byzantion...

/Greek

Greece

Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....

 historians, ambassadors and travelers, and geographers. In the 15-17th centuries the main subject of Turkology was the study of the Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...

 and the Turkish language

Turkish language

Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,...

, and the Turkic languages of Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is the eastern part of Europe. The term has widely disparate geopolitical, geographical, cultural and socioeconomic readings, which makes it highly context-dependent and even volatile, and there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region"...

 and Western Asia. In 1533 a first hand-written primer appeared, and by 1612 a printed grammar by Jerome Megizer was published, followed by F. Mesgnin-Meninski's 4-volume "Lexicon Turcico-Arabico-Persicum" published in 1680.

P. S. Pallas initiated a more scientific approach to Turkology with his Comparative dictionaries of all languages and dialects (1787) which included lexical materials from Tatar, Mishar, Nogai, Bashkir, and other Türkic languages. In the 19th century, Turkology was further developed by M. A. Kazembek's Grammar of the Turkish-Tatar language (1839), O. N. Betlingk Grammar of the Yakut language (1851). A major achievement was the deciphering at the end of the 19th century of the Early Middle Age Orkhon inscriptions by V. Thomsen and W. W. Radloff (1895). By the end of the 19th century, Turkology developed into a complex discipline that included linguistics, history, ethnology, archeology, arts and literature. In the 20th century the Turkology complex included physical anthropology, numismatics, genetics, ancient Turkic alphabetic scripts, typology, genesis, and etymology, onomastics and toponymy. The appearance of Türkische Bibliothek (1905–27) inaugurated specialised periodicals, followed by Mitteilungen zur Osmanischen Geschichte (1921–26). Scientific developments allowed calibrated dating, dendrochronology, metallurgy, chemistry, textile, and other specialized disciplines which contributed to the development of the Turkological studies. Deeper study of the ancient sources allowed better understanding of economical, social, mythological and cultural forces of the sedentary and nomadic societies. Linguistic studies uncovered pre-literate symbioses and mutual influences between different peoples.

Persecution in Soviet Russia

On 9 August 1944 the Central Committee VKP(b), the ruling party of the former USSR, published an edict prohibiting "ancientization" of Turkic history. The edict was followed by a consecutive wave of mass arrests, imprisoning and killing of the erudite layer of society, massive creation of replacement "scientists", and re-writing of history pages on an industrial scale. Combined with the concurrent wholesale deportation of indigenous populations to remote areas in Middle Asia

Middle Asia

Middle Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west, to Mongolia in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north. The geographical term has appeared sometime prior to the 20th century in the Russian Empire and was closely associated with the Russian Turkestan and the...

 and Siberia

Siberia

Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...

, the wipe-out of the science was nearly complete, and the impact of the action subsided only partially in the newly independent countries after the collapse of the USSR. In the two decades after the Bolshevik

Bolshevik

The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists , derived from bol'shinstvo, "majority") were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903....

's assuming power, the tradition of Turkological studies in Russia and dependent countries was practically wiped out

Suppressed research in the Soviet Union

Suppressed research in the Soviet Union refers to scientific fields which were banned in the Soviet Union, usually for ideological reasons. Science and humanities were placed under a strict ideological scrutiny in the Soviet Union. All research was to be founded on the philosophy of dialectical...

.

On the other hand, this edict brought unintended benefits to Turkology. One was the nearly immediate linguistic development of an alternate lexicon which replaced the nouns and adjectives containing the word "Türk" by a wealth of euphemisms: "nomads, Siberians, Paleosiberians, Middle Asians, Scythians, Altaians, Tuvians", etc. that filled scientific publications. The other was "writing into a drawer", when results of the years of fruitful work were written down for future publication. When the bonds relaxed, the publications exploded. Another was a flight of scientists from European Russia into remote areas, which brought first class scientists to many intellectually starved outlying areas of Middle Asia. Another one was connected with the state-wide efforts to re-invent the history, when a wealth of Turkological facts were found in the process of search for "correct" history. And another one was a built-up of the public interest for the forbidden subjects, that resulted that no print size could satisfy the demand. L.N.Gumilev

Lev Gumilev

Lev Nikolayevich Gumilev , was a Soviet historian, ethnologist and anthropologist. His unorthodox ideas on the birth and death of ethnic groups have given rise to the political and cultural movement known as "Neo-Eurasianism".-Life:His parents were two prominent poets Nikolay Gumilev and Anna...

 and O.Suleimenov

Olzhas Suleimenov

Olzhas Omaruli Suleimenov is a Soviet poet, Kazakhstani politician, and Soviet anti-nuclear activist.-Life:Suleimenov was born on 18 May 1936 in Alma-Ata. He graduated from Geological Sciences Department of Kazakh State University in 1959. Suleimenov also finished Gorkii Institute of Literature in...

 inflamed a surge in the new generation of Turkology scholars.

With the physical culling of the scholars from the society, concurrently was also organized a total extermination of all their published and unpublished works, their books were removed from the libraries and destroyed from private collections by intimidated population, articles and publications were culled, published photographs were retouched, private photographs were destroyed, published scientific references were erased, or publications with undesired references were destroyed. Very few of the early 20th c. expedition diaries, ethnographical notes, reports and drafts for publications were ever recovered.

Turkology scholars persecuted in 20th-century Soviet Russia

Abdrahimov Ali Rahim (Ali Shakirovich, 1892–1943)	Turkologist, scientist, literary critic, writer, docent of Eastern Pedagogical Institute in Kazan Kazan Kazan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,143,546 , it is the eighth most populous city in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the... . Was arrested and incarcerated (dates unknown). After serving the term of the sentence A.Abdrahimov returned to Kazan, and was arrested again and sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in concentration camp
Aivazov Asan Sabri (1878–1938)	a Crimean, scientist, journalist, translator, teacher, editor of Tatar newspapers, member of "Kurultai". Served as an envoy of Regional Government to Turkey. Persecuted by Crimean ASSR People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD NKVD The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin.... ) for participation in "nationalist counterrevolutionary organization", shot to death in Simferopol Simferopol -Russian Empire and Civil War:The city was renamed Simferopol in 1784 after the annexation of the Crimean Khanate to the Russian Empire by Catherine II of Russia. The name Simferopol is derived from the Greek, Συμφερόπολις , translated as "the city of usefulness." In 1802, Simferopol became the...
Akchokrakly Osman Nuri Asad (1878–1938)	historian, writer, teacher, journalist,taught in Zindjirli medrese, in 1917 was elected a regional "Kurultai" delegate, was shot to death in Simferopol imprisonment
Akhatov Gabdulkhay Khuramovich Gabdulkhay Akhatov Gabdulkhay Khuramovich Akhatov is the soviet tatar scientist-linguist and an organizer of science, Ph.D , Dr...  (1927-1986)	Scientist, professor Professor A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...  of philology Philology Philology is the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics.Classical philology is the philology of Greek and Classical Latin...  (1970), turkologist, public figure, founder of modern Tatar dialectology Dialectology Dialectology is the scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics. It studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features...  and creator of the Kazan Kazan Kazan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,143,546 , it is the eighth most populous city in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the...  'school School A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is commonly compulsory. In these systems, students progress through a series of schools...  of phraseology Phraseology In linguistics, phraseology is the study of set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units , in which the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when... , the author of fundamental scientific works and textbooks (Tatarstan Tatarstan The Republic of Tatarstan is a federal subject of Russia located in the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kazan, which is one of Russia's largest and most prosperous cities. The republic borders with Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, and Orenburg Oblasts, and with the Mari El, Udmurt,... , Russia Russia Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects... , USSR)
Asfendiarov Sanjar Jafarovich (1889–1938)	Turkologist, Rector of the Moscow Oriental Studies Institute. Shot to death
Baiburtly Yagya Nadji Suleiman (1876–1943)	principal in Türkic school in Bakhchisarai, journalist, delegate of regional "Kurultai" (1917), persecuted by NKVD of Crimean ASSR for participation in "nationalist counterrevolutionary organization", shot to death in Arkhangelsk Arkhangelsk Arkhangelsk , formerly known as Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea in the north of European Russia. The city spreads for over along the banks of the river...  imprisonment
Baytusyn Akhmet (1873–1937)	Scientist, public figure, member of Russian parliament (1905–06), Kazakh free thinker, first researcher of Kazakh epos and folklore, author of alphabet textbook, phonetics and syntax rules, etymology of Kazakh language, was sentenced to death in 1931, spent years in concentration camps, freed in 1935 after petition of M.Gorky's wife, re-arrested and shot to death in 1937
Baryi Battal-Taimas (Saetbattalov Gabdelbaryi, 1883–1969)	historian, literary critic, publicist, editor of newspaper "Altai" (1918). Arrested, incarcerated, in 1921 escaped from a Soviet concentration camp and fled abroad. Buried in Istanbul Istanbul Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...
Bertels Eugene Edwardovich (1890–1957)	Iranist and Turkologist, corresponding member of USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), a member academician of Tehran Tehran Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...  Academy (Iran Iran Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia... , 1944), Ashgabat Academy (Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Turkmenistan , formerly also known as Turkmenia is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic . Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states... , 1951), Damascus Damascus Damascus , commonly known in Syria as Al Sham , and as the City of Jasmine , is the capital and the second largest city of Syria after Aleppo, both are part of the country's 14 governorates. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major...  Academy (Syria Syria Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.... , 1951), staff member of Asian Museum, Art History Institute, Leningrad State University, and Leningrad Institute of Eastern Languages. He was arrested three times, in 1922, then in 1925 as a "French spy", and again in 1941 as a "German spy", but survived to tell his story.
Bodaninsky Usein Abdrefi (1877–1938)	ethnographer, artist, critic. From 1917 Bodaninsky was a director of the Bakhchisarai museum, he was an organizer of ethnographical and archeological expeditions. Shot to death in Simferopol
Cherman Timofei Pavlovich (?)	Economist, historian, bibliographer, expert on Turkey. Was incarcerated, details unknown
Choban-zade Bekir Vagap ogly (1893–1937)	outstanding Soviet Turkologist. A Crimean Tatar Crimean Tatars Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic ethnic group that originally resided in Crimea. They speak the Crimean Tatar language... , a son of a peasant, a graduate of Budapest University, a Dean in University. Active participant in Stalinist "language construction", from 1924 worked in Baku. In 1937 arrested (like Alexander Samoylovich Alexander Samoylovich Alexander Nikolaevich Samoylovich was an important Russian Orientalist-Turkologist, academician of USSR Academy of Sciences , Rector of Leningrad Oriental Institute , academic secretary of Humanities Branch of USSR Academy of Sciences , director of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR... , arrested in Kislovodsk, but several months earlier) and shot to death. Biography see F.D.Ashnin "Bekir Choban-zade Vagap"/Peoples of Asia and Africa, 1967, No 1, p. 208.
Cholpan (1897–1937)	Uzbek Uzbeks The Uzbeks are a Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Pakistan, Mongolia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China...  writer and scientist. Killed in Stalinist persecutions
A. A. Divay (1855–1933)	Bashkurt field collector, Inspector, collector
Fielstrup Feodor Arturovich (1889-?)	Turkologist - ethnographer. Ethnographic department of Russian Museum, employee in "Commission for Study of Tribal Composition of Russia's Population and neighboring Countries". Arrested ca. 1933, died during interrogations
Gubaidullin Gaziz (Gabdulgaziz Salihovich, 1887–1937)	historian, professor (1927) in Azerbaijan University. Arrested and shot to death
Hakim Nigmat (?)	Turkologist, linguist. Docent of Tatar language faculty in Kazan Kazan Kazan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,143,546 , it is the eighth most populous city in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the...  Pedagogical Institute. Arrested in 1936 and perished without a trace
Huluflu Veli (?)	Historian of the literature. Director of Azarbaijan SSR Language, Literature and Arts Institute, head of the Sektor of arts in Azerbaijan branch of USSR Academy of Sciences (1934–1937). Arrested in 1937 and perished without a trace
Kudoyarov Galyautdin Gainutdinovich (189I-1966)	publicist, teacher, Tatarstan ASSR Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. It was created on May 27, 1920...  Narkom (People's Commissar) of Education (1931). Was persecuted twice (details unknown)
Khudyakov Michael Georgievich (1894-?)	Archeologist, researcher of history and culture of Volga region peoples. Institute for Study of USSR Peoples (Leningrad), docent in Leningrad State Historico-Linguistical Institute, USSR Academy State Institute of History of Material Culture. Arrested in 1936 and perished without a trace
Latynin Boris Alexandrovich (1899–1967)	Archeologist, ethnographer, scholar on cultures of Central Asia and Volga region peoples. Arrested in 1935, lost leg in incarceration, released in 40es, subsequently worked in Hermitage
Leibovich Eugene Solomon (?)	archeologist and ethnographer (peoples of Volga region and Urals). Arrested in 1936 and vanished
Mansurov Gasim Gatievich (1894–1955)	historian, lecturer, in 1920es worked for state government in Kazan, then scientific work in Moscow, author of two monographs on problems of Tatar revolutionary movement. Was persecuted (details unknown), after release lived in Murom Murom Murom is a historic city in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, which sprawls along the left bank of Oka River. Population: -History:In the 9th century CE, the city marked the easternmost settlement of the Eastern Slavs in the land of the Finno-Ugric people called Muromians. The Russian Primary Chronicle...
Martinovich Nikolai Nikolaevich (1883–1939)	Turkologist-ethnographer and specialist in folklore. Professor, lecturer in Petrograd University, associate in Russian museum, was arrested in 1920 and in 1921, in 1922 fled to exile
Miller Alexander Alexandrovich (1875–1937)	Caucasologist, ethnographer, archeologist, linguist, expert on prehistoric art, professor of archeology, professor of Georgian language, head of ethnographical department in Russian museum. Arrested in 1933, exiled to Tashkent, arrested again in 1937 and believed to have died in the Tashkent prison
Mirbaba ogly Usif Vesir (Chemenzemenly) (1887-?)	Azerbaijan writer, historian of the literature and specialist in folklore. Arrested in 1937 and perished without a trace
Novichev Aron Davydovich (1902–1987) (family name Rabinovic)	Turkologist, PhD in history, professor of Leningrad University. From 1932 to 1937 worked in Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, scientific secretary of Turkologists' Association. Arrested in 1937, exiled until 1940. Subsequently worked in Oriental Institute and Leningrad University
Odabash (Temirdjan) Abibulla Abdureshid (1891 - 1938?)	Lecturer in the Crimean Pedagogical Institute, delegate of "Kurultai", editor of "Eshil ada" and "Bilgi" magazines. Odabash was arrested in 1928 and vanished
Polivanov Eugene Dmitrievich (1891–1938)	Linguist-Orientalist (Japanese Japanese language is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is a member of the Japonic language family, which has a number of proposed relationships with other languages, none of which has gained wide acceptance among historical linguists .Japanese is an... , Chinese Chinese language The Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages... , Dungan Dungan language The Dungan language is a Sinitic language spoken by the Dungan of Central Asia, an ethnic group related to the Hui people of China.-History:... , Korean Korean language Korean is the official language of the country Korea, in both South and North. It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in People's Republic of China. There are about 78 million Korean speakers worldwide. In the 15th century, a national writing... , Turkic Turkic languages The Turkic languages constitute a language family of at least thirty five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.Turkic languages are spoken...  and other languages), theorist in linguistics. In 1915-1921 professor in Petrograd University, in 1917-1918 E.Polivanov headed Foreign Ministry Oriental Relations department, in 1921-1926 he worked for state apparatus and taught in Tashkent University, in 1926-1929 in Moscow, in 1929-1934 in Samarkand Samarkand Although a Persian-speaking region, it was not united politically with Iran most of the times between the disintegration of the Seleucid Empire and the Arab conquest . In the 6th century it was within the domain of the Turkic kingdom of the Göktürks.At the start of the 8th century Samarkand came...  (1929–1931), Tashkent Tashkent Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan and of the Tashkent Province. The officially registered population of the city in 2008 was about 2.2 million. Unofficial sources estimate the actual population may be as much as 4.45 million.-Early Islamic History:...  (1931–1934), in 1934-1937 in Kirgiz Scientific Research Institute of Kirgiz Language and Writing (Frunze) and Frunze Pedagogical Institute. Arrested in 1937, declared to be a Japanese spy, shot to death in 1938 in Moscow Moscow Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
Radloff Fridrich Wilhelm Vasily Radlov Vasily Vasilievich Radlov or Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff was a German-born Russian founder of Turkology, a scientific study of Turkic peoples....  (Radlov Vasily Vasilievich, 1837–1918)	outstanding Turkologist, graduated Berlin Berlin Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...  University, from 1858 worked in Russia, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, teacher of Alexander Samoylovich Alexander Samoylovich Alexander Nikolaevich Samoylovich was an important Russian Orientalist-Turkologist, academician of USSR Academy of Sciences , Rector of Leningrad Oriental Institute , academic secretary of Humanities Branch of USSR Academy of Sciences , director of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR... . Stalinist's proclaiming an ethnically German Radlov a "Pantürkist" was especially ridiculous
Rudenko Sergey Ivanovich Sergei Rudenko Sergei Ivanovich Rudenko was a prominent Russian/Soviet anthropologist and archaeologist who discovered and excavated the most celebrated of Scythian burials, Pazyryk in Siberia....  (1885–1969)	Archeologist and ethnographer, worked in Transbaikalia, Altai, Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Kazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Ranked as the ninth largest country in the world, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of is greater than Western Europe...  and Bashkiria, professor in Petrograd University, head of ethnographical department in Russian museum, scientific secretary of state "Commission for Study of Tribal Composition of Russia's Population and neighboring Countries". Arrested in 1931 and sentenced to 10 years in BelBaltlLag concentration camp. Transferred in 1934 to forced labor in Belomor-Baltic Canal Combine as a hydrologist. Returned to archeology in 1945, in 1947-1954 headed excavations of famous Scythian time Pazyryk Pazyryk The Pazyryk burials are a number of Iron Age tombs found in the Pazyryk Valley of the Ukok plateau in the Altai Mountains, Siberia, south of the modern city of Novosibirsk, Russia; the site is close to the borders with China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia.The tombs are Scythian kurgans, that is...  kurgans in the Altai Mountains
Rykov Paul Sergeevich (1884–1942)	Archeologist, worked in Volga and Kazakhstan regions for USSR State Academy Institute of History of Material Culture. Fell under Stalinist persecution in 1938 and perished without a trace.
Sagidov Karim Muhamet (1888–1939)	Turkologist, Iranist. From 1934 in Historical-Archeological Institute (History Institute), Oriental Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Arrested in 1936, in 1936 "Special Cmission" of Leningrad Provincial Court sentenced him to 5 years of hard labor in a Far Eastern concentration camp by infamous Article 58, in he was 1939 released because of poor health, and died on the way home
Saifi Fatyh Kameletdin (?)	Turkologist-historian, a senior lecturer of Kazan (East) Pedagogical Institute. Arrested in 1936 and perished without a trace
Samoylovich Alexander Nikolaevich (1880–1938)	Turkologist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1934-1937 director of Oriental Institute. Arrested in 1937, shot to death in 1938
Sharaf Galimdyan Sharafutdinovich (1896–1950)	scientist-linguist, political figure of national movement. Was arrested and persecuted
Schmidt Alexey Viktorovich (1884 or 1885–1935)	Archeologist (Volga region, Kama, Ural) and Africanist ethnographer. USSR Academy State Institute of History of Material Culture, head of Africa department of USSR Academy of Sciences Anthropology and Ethnography Institute. Arrested in 1933 ("Russian Museum Case"), died in 1935 during NKVD interrogations
Serov Anton Mikhailovich (?)	Turkologist student. Arrested in 1949, imprisoned until general amnesty to the victims of Stalinist persecutions in the middle of the 50es
Sheikhzade Maksud (1908–1967)	Azerbaijanian, then Uzbek Uzbeks The Uzbeks are a Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Pakistan, Mongolia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China...  writer, translator, literary critic. In the end of 1920es exiled from Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Azerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to...  to Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Uzbekistan , officially the Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of the six independent Turkic states. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south....  as "nationalist" (stood up for preservation of his national culture and language). Arrested again in 1951, imprisoned until general amnesty to the victims of Stalinist persecutions in the middle of the 50es, freed in the middle of 1950es
Shteinberg Lev (Haim) Yakovlevich (1861–1927)	Ethnographer, expert on peoples of Siberia and North. Worked in USSR Academy of Sciences Anthropology and Ethnography Institute, corresponding member of USSR Academy of Sciences. Arrested in 1921, freed after petition of M.Gorky
Sidorov Alexey (?)	student of Oriental department in Leningrad State University, major Turkologist - linguist. Arrested in 1949, imprisoned until general amnesty to the victims of Stalinist persecutions in 1956, mentally sick at release, committed suicide
Sultan-Galiev Mirsaid Haidargalievich Mirsäyet Soltangäliev Sultan Galiev , usually known in English as Mirza Sultan-Galiev, was a Tatar Bolshevik who rose to prominence in the Russian Communist Party in the early 1920s...  (1892–1940)	one of outstanding organizators of Tatarstan state, member of Narkomnats (People's Commissariate for Nationalities) Board. The largest case fabricated by NKVD NKVD The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin....  was connected with Sultan-Galiev's name, a "sultangaleevshchina" in Stalinist lingo, for targeted destruction of the national educated layer in the Turkic republics of the former USSR. M.Sultan-Galiev was arrested and shot to death
Talanov Nikolai Georgievich (1897–1938)	Historian of Central Asia, Turkologist. Secretary of Leningrad Oriental Institute, Oriental Institute in 1931-1933, from 1935 director of Ethnography Museum. Arrested in 1937, Article 58-10, 2nd field session of the USSR Supreme Court sentenced him in 1938 to the highest measure of punishment, on the same day shot to death in Leningrad
Tchernyshev Eugeny Ivanovich (1894-?)	Historian of Tataria. Docent of Kazan Pedagogical Institute. Arrested in 1936 and perished without a trace
Teploukhov Sergey Alexandrovich (1888-1934?)	Archeologist, ethnographer of Sibiria. Worked in USSR State Institute of History of Material Culture, Russian Museum, as a senior lecturer in Leningrad State University. Arrested in 1934, in prison committed suicide
Tsedenishe (?)	Mongoloigist. Lecturer in Leningrad Oriental Institute. Arrested in 1936 or 1937 and perished without a trace
Tsintsius Vera Ivanovna (1903–1981)	Expert on Tungus-Manchurian languages, worked in Northern Peoples Institute. Arrested in 1936, was imprisoned from 1937 to 1940. After the WWII she worked in Linguistic Institute in Leningrad
Tsovikian Horem Mkrt (1900–1942)	Ethnically Armenian Turkologist and historian. Docent of Leningrad Oriental Institute, researcher in Oriental Institute. Arrested in 1938, incarcerated in local jail of the Leningrad People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs until his release in August 1939. Died during WWII blockade of Leningrad
Ukhtomsky Alexander Alekseevich, prince, bishop with chosen name Andrey, (1872–1937)	Chairman of Eastern-Russian cultural educational society, bishop of Ufa and Menzelinsky from 1913, founder of magazine "Beyond-Volga chronist", member of the Most Holy Synod (1917), was arrested numerous times, shot to death under decision of NKVD "troyka" of Yaroslavl Yaroslavl Yaroslavl is a city and the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow. The historical part of the city, a World Heritage Site, is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Kotorosl Rivers. It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities...  province.
Umnyakov Ivan Ivanovich (1890–1976)	Historian, archeologist, scholar on W. W. Bartold's works. Arrested at the end of 1920es or early 1930es. Is known to spend the first half of 1930es in Arkhangelsk exile. Survived persecutions of the Stalinist period
Vahidov Said Gabdulmannan (1887–1937)	archeograph scientist, historian. Arrested, persecuted, and shot to death
Validi-Togan Zaki Zeki Velidi Togan Zeki Velidi Togan was a historian, Turkologist, and leader of the Bashkir revolutionary and liberation movement.-Biography:He was born in Koedhoen village of Sterlitamak uyezd, today Bashkortostan....  (Validov Ahmetzaki Ahmetshakhovich, 1890–1970)	historian, Turkologist, academician, political figure, head of the first government of Bashkiria (1918). To avoid capture and persecution fled to Turkey.
Vasmer Richard Wilhelm George (Roman Romanovich, Richard Richardovich) (1888–1938)	Orientalist in Arabic, Persian, and Turkic, Semitic, Hebrew, and Syriac. Headed Hermitage department of Eastern Coins. Arrested in 1936, died in exile (after concentration camp) in Tashkent
Zabirov Vali Abdurahman (1897–1937)	a Tatar scientist, Turkologist, post-graduate student of Oriental Studies Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, a lecturer in Leningrad Oriental Institute. Arrested in 1936, shot to death in Solovki Solovki The Solovki prison camp was located on the Solovetsky Islands, in the White Sea). It was the "mother of the GULAG" according to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn...  in 1937

• Я. В. Васильков, М. Ю. Сорокина (eds.), Люди и судьбы. Биобиблиографический словарь востоковедов - жертв политического террора в советский период (1917–1991) ("People and Destiny. Bio-Bibliographic Dictionary of Orientalists - Victims of the political terror during the Soviet period (1917-1991)"), Петербургское Востоковедение (2003). online edition
• Д.Д.Тумаркин (ed.), Репрессированные Этнографы, Вып. 1, М., Вост. лит., 2002 (Tumarkin D.D., "Prosecuted Ethnographers", Issue 1, Moscow, Oriental Literature, 2002)
• Tallgren A.M., 1936. Archaeological studies in Soviet Russia // Eurasia septentrionalis antiqua. X.
• А.А.Формозов, Русские археологи и политические репрессии 1920-1940-х гг. Институт археологии РАН, Москва, 1998 (Formozov A.A., "Russian archeologists and political repressions of the 1920-1940's", Russian Academy of Sciences Archeology Institute, Moscow, 1998)

List of Turkologists

• Abramzon S. M
  Saul Abramzon
  Abramzon Saul Matvei was a scientist-ethnographer, Turkologist, and specialist in Kirgiz ethnology. Saul Abramzon graduated Leningrad University in the former USSR; he specialized in Turkic ethnology under Turkologists Samoilovich A.N. |A. N. Samoylovich]] and S. E. Malov...
  
   (1905–1977) (ethnographer)
• Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
  Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
  Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur was a khan of Khiva and a historian who wrote in the Khiva dialect of the Chagatai language....
  
   (1605–1664) (historian, Turkologist)
• Adamovic M. (Uralic languages, Turkologist)
• Akhatov G.Kh.
  Gabdulkhay Akhatov
  Gabdulkhay Khuramovich Akhatov is the soviet tatar scientist-linguist and an organizer of science, Ph.D , Dr...
  
   (1927-1986) (Professor of Philology, Turkologist, Linguist, Orientalist)
• Ahinjanov S. M. (1939–1991) (archeologist, historian, Turkologist)
• Akishev K .A.
  Kimal Akishev
  Kimal Akishev is a known scientist, archeologist, and historian. K Akishev was a fifth generation descendent of the Argyn tribe head Chorman-bi, his parents were Abu Ali, or Akysh, and Gaziza Chorman, he was a youngest son of three sons and four daughters in the family, which lived in the South...
  
   (1924–2003) (archeologist, historian, investigated Issyk Kurgan
  Issyk kurgan
  The Issyk kurgan, in south-eastern Kazakhstan, less than 20 km east from the Talgar alluvial fan, near Issyk, is a burial mound discovered in 1969. It has a height of six meters and a circumference of sixty meters. It is dated to the 4th or 3rd century BC . A notable item is a silver cup...
  
  )
• Altheim F.
  Franz Altheim
  Franz Altheim was a German historian, best known for his trip with Erika Trautmann funded by the Ahnenerbe and Hermann Göring.-Early life:...
  
   (1898–1976) (historian)
• Amanjolov A. S. , runiform writing)
• Anokhin A. V.
  Andrey V. Anokhin
  Anokhin Andrey Victorovitch was an Altai scientist - Turkologist, ethnographer, composer and educator.A. V. Anokhin was born in a village Right Lamki in Tambov province' Arjan district. In the beginning of 1870 his family moved to Biisk. A...
  
   (1867–1931) (Turkologist, ethnographer, ancient musical arts)
• Aristov N. A.
  Nikolai Aristov
  Nikolai Aleksandrovich Aristov was a Türkologist by calling, who utilized his experience, education, and access to official information he had as a fairly high-level official in the Turkestan czarist administration, to accumulate and analyze the ethnographic and ethnic history of the Central...
  
   (1847–1903) (Orientalist)
• Artamonov M.
  Mikhail Artamonov
  Mikhail Illarionovich Artamonov Artamonov's scientific career was centered on the Leningrad University, where he was a professor since 1935 and the head of the chair of archeology since 1949. He researched Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements by the Don River, in the North Caucasus and in the Ukraine...
  
   (1898–1972) (Archaeologist, Turkologist, historian, Khazar studies)
• Asmussen J. P. (1928–2002), (Orientalist, Manichaeism historian)
• Ayda Adile
  Adile Ayda
  Adile Ayda was the first woman career diplomat of Turkey, but is today better remembered as an Etruscologist. She became interested in Etruscan studies while stationed in Rome as the Minister-Counsellor of the Turkish Embassy, did research on the subject during her stay in Italy and wrote down her...
  
   (1912–1992) (Etruscologist, Orientalist)
• Bacot J.
  Jacques Bacot
  Jacques Bacot was an explorer and pioneering French Tibetologist. He travelled extensively in India, western China, and the Tibetan border regions. He worked at the École pratique des hautes études. Bacot was the first western scholar to study the Tibetan grammatical tradition, and along with F. W...
  
   (1877–1965) (Orientalist)
• Baichorov S. Ya. (Turkologist, philologist, runiform writing
• Bailey H. W.
  Harold Walter Bailey
  Sir Harold Walter Bailey , who published as H. W. Bailey, was an eminent English scholar of Khotanese, Sanskrit, and the comparative study of Iranian languages....
  
   (1899–1996) (Orientalist)
• Bang W. (Bang Kaup J. W., J. Kaup) (1869–1934) (Turkologist, linguist)
• Barfield T. J. (history, anthropology, and social theory)
• Bartold W. W.
  Vasily Bartold
  Vasily Vladimirovich Bartold was a Russian and Soviet historian and turcologist.-Biography:Bartold was born in Saint Petersburg.Bartold's lectures at the University of Saint Petersburg were annually interrupted by extended field trips to Muslim countries...
  
   (1869–1930) (Orientalist)
• Baskakov N. A. (1905–1995) (Turkologist, linguist, ethnologist)
• Batmanov I. A. (Turkologist, philologist, runiform writing)
• Bazin Louis
  Louis Bazin
  Louis Bazin is a French orientalist.-Biography:Born in Caen, he entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1939. When he graduated in 1943, he became a senior research fellow at the French National Centre for Scientific Research, while continuing his studies at the National School for Modern Oriental...
  
   (Sinologist, orientalist)
• Beckwith C.
  Christopher Beckwith
  Christopher I. Beckwith is a professor of Central Eurasian Studies at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana.He received his Ph.D. degree from Indiana University in Uralic and Altaic Studies ....
  
   (Uralic and Altaic Studies)
• Benzing J. (1913–2001) (Turkic and northern Eurasia languages)
• Bichurin N. Ya. (1777–1853) (Sinologist, orientalist)
• Bidjiev Kh. Kh.-M. (1939–1999) (archeologist, Turkologist)
• Bosworth C. E.
  Clifford Edmund Bosworth
  Clifford Edmund Bosworth FBA is an English historian and orientalist, specializing in Arabic studies. He received his B.A. degree from Oxford University and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Edinburgh University. He held permanent posts at St. Andrews University, Manchester University, and the Center...
  
   (Orientalist, Arabist)
• Bretschneider, E.
  Emil Bretschneider
  Emil Bretschneider was a Russian sinologist of Baltic German descent and a correspondent member of Académie française. He graduated from the medical school of University of Dorpat in Dorpat Estonia and was first posted as a physician by the Russian legation to Tehran...
  
   (1833–1901) (Sinologist)
• Budberg P. A.
  Peter A. Boodberg
  Peter Alexis Boodberg in American spelling, was an American sinologist of Russian origin....
  
   (Boodberg) (1903–1972) (Sinologist, orientalist)
• Castrén M. A.
  Matthias Castrén
  Matthias Alexander Castrén was a Finnish ethnologist and philologist.Castrén was born at Tervola, in Northern Finland, on the 20th of November...
  
   (1813–1852)
• Chavannes E.
  Édouard Chavannes
  Édouard Chavannes was a French sinologist.He is best known for his translations from Sima Qian's Shiji , sections of the Hou Hanshu relating to the 'Western Regions', the Weilüe, his studies of Han dynasty stone carvings Édouard Chavannes (Chinese: ) (1865–1918) was a French sinologist.He is best...
  
   (1865–1918) (Sinologist)
• Chia-sheng, Feng (Jiasheng, Fen Tszia-shen, C. S. Feng)
• Clauson G.
  Gerard Clauson
  Sir Gerard Leslie Makins Clauson was an English civil servant, businessman, and Orientalist best known for his studies of the Turkish language....
  
   (1891–1974) (Orientalist, Turkish language)
• Čaušević Ekrem (Turkologist) Ekrem Čaušević 
• de Guignes (Joseph)
  Joseph de Guignes
  Joseph de Guignes , French orientalist and sinologist, was born at Pontoise, the son of Jean Louis de Guignes and Françoise Vaillant. He died in Paris....
  
    (1721–1800) (Orientalist)
• Dal, Vladimir
  Vladimir Dal
  Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was one of the greatest Russian language lexicographers. He was a founding member of the Russian Geographical Society. He knew at least six languages including Turkic and is considered to be one of the early Turkologists...
  
   (1801–1872, Russian language lexicographer)
• Dilaçar Agop
  Agop Dilaçar
  Agop Martayan Dilaçar was an Armenian-Turkish linguist who specialized in Turkic languages and the first Secretary General and head specialist of the Turkish Language Association.- Biography :...
  
   (1895–1979) (linguist)
• Doblhofer E. (Historical philology,)
• Doerfer, G.
  Gerhard Doerfer
  Gerhard Doerfer was a German Turkologist, Altaist, and philologist best known for his studies of the Turkish language.Doerfer spent his childhood in Konigsberg and Berlin. After release from captivity following the World War II, from 1949 to 1954 he took in Berlin courses in Turkic and Altaic...
  
   (1920–2003) (Turkologist)
• Dolgih B. O. (1904–1971) (historian, ethnographer-Sibirologist)
• Donner O.
  Otto Donner
  Otto Donner was a Finnish linguist and politician. He was professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Indo-European linguistics at the University of Helsinki, but also studied the Finno-Ugric languages. He was a member of the Finnish parliament 1877–1905, and minister of education 1905–1908...
  
   (1835–1909) (linguist)
• Drompp M. R. (Orientalist, Turkologist)
• Dybo A. V.
  Anna V. Dybo
  Anna V. Dybo is a Russian linguist, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and co-author of the Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages . She is a specialist in the Tungusic languages.-Works by Anna V. Dybo:...
  
   (Philologist, Turkologist, comparative linguist)
• Eberhard Wolfram (1909–1988) (Sinologist, Philologist, Turkologist)
• Erdal Marcel
  Marcel Erdal
  Marcel Erdal is a linguist and Turkologist, professor and head of the Turcology department at the Goethe University in Frankfurt.-Publications:* The Turkic Nagy-Szent-Miklos inscription in Greek letters, 1988...
  
   (linguist)
• Fedorov-Davydov G.A.
  German Fedorov-Davydov
  German Alexey Fedorov-Davydov was an outstanding historian, archaeologist, numismatist and art historian, professor of Moscow State University...
  
   (1931–2000) (archeologist)
• Frye R.N.
  Richard Nelson Frye
  Richard Nelson Frye is an American scholar of Iranic and Central Asian Studies, and Aga Khan Professor Emeritus of Iranian Studies at Harvard University...
  
   (philologist, historian)
• Gabain, von, A. (1901–1993) (Turkologist, Sinologist, linguist, art historian)
• Geng Shimin 耿世民 (Turkologist, Uigurologist, Manichaeanism, linguist, archeologist, historian)
• Gibbon E.
  Edward Gibbon
  Edward Gibbon was an English historian and Member of Parliament...
  
   (1737–1794) (historian)
• Giraud M. R. (1904–1968) (philologist, historian)
• Gökalp Z.
  Ziya Gökalp
  Ziya Gökalp was a Turkish sociologist, writer, poet, and political activist. In 1908, after the Young Turk revolution, he adopted the pen name Gökalp , which he retained for the rest of his life...
  
   (1886–1924) (Sociologist)
• Golden P.
  Peter Benjamin Golden
  Peter Benjamin Golden is Professor of History at Rutgers University. He earned his bachelors degree from CUNY Queens College in 1963 and his M.A. and PhD in History from Columbia University in 1968 and 1970, respectively...
  
   (historian)
• Golubovsky P. V. (1857–1907) (historian)
• De Groot J. J. M.
  Jan Jakob Maria de Groot
  Jan Jakob Maria de Groot was a Dutch Sinologist and historian of religion. He taught at Leyden and later in Berlin, and is chiefly remembered for his monumental work, The Religious System of China, Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions...
  
   (1854–1921) (Sinologist)
• Grousset R.
  René Grousset
  René Grousset was a French historian, curator of both the Cernuschi and Guimet Museums in Paris, and a member of the prestigious Académie française...
  
   (1885–1952)
• Gumilev L. (Arslan)
  Lev Gumilev
  Lev Nikolayevich Gumilev , was a Soviet historian, ethnologist and anthropologist. His unorthodox ideas on the birth and death of ethnic groups have given rise to the political and cultural movement known as "Neo-Eurasianism".-Life:His parents were two prominent poets Nikolay Gumilev and Anna...
  
   (1912–1992)
• Halasi-Kun Tibor (1914–1991) (Turkologist)
• Gustav Haloun
  Gustav Haloun
  Gustav Haloun was a Czech Sinologist. He taught at Prague University , Halle University , and Göttingen University , before becoming Professor of Chinese at Cambridge University.He researched about the Hundred Schools of Thought, Bactria, Da Yuezhi, and...
  
   (1898–1951)
• Hamilton J. R. (linguist, Uigur and Chigil studies)
• Harmatta J.
  János Harmatta
  János Harmatta was a Hungarian linguist.He taught as a professor at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.- Literary works :* Harmatta János : Forrástanulmányok Herodotos Skythika-jához = Quellenstudien zu den Skythika des Herodot / irta Harmatta János - References :* Harmatta János :...
  
   (1917–2004) (linguist)
• Hashimoto Mantaro J.
  Hashimoto Mantaro
  was a Japanese-born sinologist who published many books on Sinitic languages, Phonology, the Hakka language, Lexicology, Taiwanese Hokkien, and the influence of Altaic languages on Mandarin Chinese.-List of published books and academic papers:...
  
   (1932－1987) (linguist, philologist, Sinologist; the influence of Altaic languages
  Altaic languages
  Altaic is a proposed language family that includes the Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, and Japonic language families and the Korean language isolate. These languages are spoken in a wide arc stretching from northeast Asia through Central Asia to Anatolia and eastern Europe...
  
   on Mandarin Chinese)
• Heissig W.
  Walther Heissig
  Walther Heissig was an Austrian Mongolist. He was born in Vienna. He studied prehistory, ethnology, historical geography, sinology and Mongolian in Berlin and Vienna, and got his doctoral degree in 1941 in Vienna. Afterwards he traveled to China, worked at the Fu-jen University in Beijing and...
  
   (1913–2005) (Mongolist)
• Henning W. B.
  Walter Bruno Henning
  Walter Bruno Henning was a scholar of Middle Iranian languages and literature, especially of the corpus discovered by the Turpan expeditions of the early 20th century.-Biography:...
  
   (1908—1967)
• Herberstein S.
  Sigismund von Herberstein
  Siegmund Freiherr von Herberstein, , was an Carniolan diplomat, writer, historian and member of the Holy Roman Empire Imperial Council...
  
   (Siegmund, Sigismund, Freiherr von Herberstein, Gerbershtein) (1486–1566) (historian, writer, diplomat)
• Hirth F.
  Friedrich Hirth
  Friedrich Hirth, Ph.D. was a German-American sinologist.-Biography:He was educated at the universities of Leipzig, Berlin, and Greifswald . He was in the Chinese maritime customs service from 1870 to 1897...
  
   (1845–1927) (Sinologist)
• Howorth H. H. (1842–1923) (archeologist, historian)
• Hulsewe A. F. P. (1910–1993) (Sinologist)
• Ismagulov Orazak
  Orazak Ismagulov
  Orazak Ismagulov is an internationally-known anthropologist, Doctor of historical sciences , corresponding member of the Kazakhstan National Academy of Sciences . Ismagulov uses anthropological studies of ancient and modern people as a source of historical information for ethnogenesis and ethnic...
  
   (anthropologist)
• Jalairi Kadir Galy (Djalairi, Kadyrali, Kadyr Ali, Kydyrgali) (ca 1620) (historian)
• Jarring G.
  Gunnar Jarring
  Gunnar Valfrid Jarring was a Swedish diplomat and Turkologist.Jarring was born in Brunnby, Höganäs Municipality, Skåne County , Sweden. He earned a Ph.D. from Lund University in 1933 with his dissertation Studien zu einer osttürkischen Lautlehre...
  
   (1907–2002) (Turkologist)
• Jdanko T. (Zhdanko) (ethnographer)
• Johanson, L. (Turkologist)
• Kantemir D.
  Dimitrie Cantemir
  Dimitrie Cantemir was twice Prince of Moldavia . He was also a prolific man of letters – philosopher, historian, composer, musicologist, linguist, ethnographer, and geographer....
  
   (Cantemir) (1673–1723) (historian, linguist, ethnographer)
• Khalikov A. Kh. (1929–1994) (archeologist, historian, Turkologist)
• Khazanov A.
  Anatoly Khazanov
  Anatoly Khazanov is an anthropologist and historian.Born in Moscow, Khazanov attended Moscow State University, where he received a B.A. and M.A.in 1960. He earned a Ph.D. degree in 1966 and Dr.Sc. in 1976 from the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1990, he has been Professor of the Anthropology...
  
   (social anthropologist and ethnologist)
• Kitsikis Dimitri
  Dimitri Kitsikis
  Dimitri Kitsikis is a Greek Turkologist, Professor of International Relations and Geopolitics. He has also published poetry in French and Greek.-Life:D...
  
   (political science)
• Klaproth J.
  Julius Klaproth
  Julius Heinrich Klaproth , German linguist, historian, ethnographer, author, Orientalist and explorer. As a scholar, he is credited along with Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat, with being instrumental in turning East Asian Studies into scientific disciplines with critical methods.-Chronology:Klaproth was...
  
   (1783–1835), (Orientalist, Linguist, Historian, Ethnographer)
• Köprülü M. F. (Koprulu)
  Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
  Mehmet Fuat Köprülü , aka Köprülüzade, who traced his descent from the illustrious Köprülü family, was a Turkish politician and historian, known for his contributions to Ottoman history, Turkish folklore and language.-Biography:A founding member of the Democratic Party along with Celal Bayar, Adnan...
  
   (1890–1966)
• Kormushin I. V. (Turkologist, philologist, runiform writing)
• Kotwicz W. (1872–1944) (Orientalist)
• Kradin N. N.
  Nikolay Kradin
  Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin is a Russian anthropologist and archaeologist. Since 1985 he has been a Research Fellow of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Vladivostok...
  
   (anthropologist, archaeologist)
• Küner N. V.
  Nikolai Kuehner
  Nikolai Kuehner was a prominent scientist known as Orientalist, Sinologist, Tibetolog, Manchurist, geographer, and ethnographer....
  
   (1877–1955) (17-languages polyglot, Turkologist)
• Kurat A. N. (historian) (1903–1971)
• Kvaerne P. (Tibetology, Religions)
• Kyzlasov I. L. (Turkologist, runiform writing)
• Lagashov B. R. (Caucasology, philology)
• Le Coq A.
  Albert von Le Coq
  Albert von Le Coq was a German archaeologist and explorer of Central Asia. He was heir to a sizable fortune derived from breweries and wineries scattered throughout Central and Eastern Europe, thus allowing him the luxury of travel and study at the - no longer existing - Ethnology Museum in Berlin...
  
   (1860–1930) (archaeologist, explorer)
• Liu Mau-tsai (Liu Guan-ying) (Sinologist, Turkologist)
• Lubotsky A (philologist)
• Maenchen-Helfen O.
  Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen
  Otto John Maenchen-Helfen was an Austrian academic, sinologist, historian, author, and traveler....
  
   (1894–1969) (academic, sinologist, historian, author, and traveler)
• Malov S. E.
  Sergey Malov
  Sergey Efimovich Malov was a Russian Turkologist who made important contributions to the documentation of archaic and contemporary Turkic languages, classification of the Turkic alphabets, and the deciphering of the Turkic Orkhon script.- Biography :...
  
   (1880–1957) (Orientalist, runiform writing)
• Marquart J. (Markwart) (1864–1930)
• McGovern W. M. (1897–1964) (Orientalist)
• Mészáros Gyula
  Gyula Mészáros
  Gyula Mészáros was a Hungarian ethnographer, Orientalist and Turkologist....
  
   (1883-1957) (Hungarian ethnographer, Orientalist
  Oriental studies
  Oriental studies is the academic field of study that embraces Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, peoples, history and archaeology; in recent years the subject has often been turned into the newer terms of Asian studies and Middle Eastern studies...
  
  , Turkologist)
• Minorsky V. F.
  Vladimir Fedorovich Minorsky
  Vladimir Fedorovich Minorsky was a Russian Orientalist best known for his contributions to Kurdish and Persian history, geography, literature, and culture.-Life and career:...
  
   (1877–1966) (Orientalist)
• Moravcsik Gyula (1892–1972) (Byzantinology)
• Mukhamadiev A. (Numismatist, orientalist, philologist)
• Müller G. F. (Miller)
  Gerhardt Friedrich Müller
  Gerhard Friedrich Müller was a historian and pioneer ethnologist.-Biography:He was educated at Leipzig.In 1725, he was invited to St. Petersburg to co-found the Imperial Academy of Sciences...
  
   (1705–83) (father of ethnography)
• Munkacsi B. (1860–1937) (linguist)
• Nadelyaev V. M. (Turkologist, philologist, runiform writing)
• Nasilov D. M. (Turkologist, philologist)
• Németh Gyula
  Gyula Németh (linguist)
  Gyula Németh was a Hungarian linguist and turkologist and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.-External links:* *...
  
   (1890-1976) (Turkologist, linguist)
• Ogel B. (1923–1989) (Philology)
• Paksoy, Hasan Bulent (historian)
• Pallas P. S.
  Peter Simon Pallas
  Peter Simon Pallas was a German zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia.- Life and work :Pallas was born in Berlin, the son of Professor of Surgery Simon Pallas. He studied with private tutors and took an interest in natural history, later attending the University of Halle and the University...
  
   (1741—1811) (naturalist, ethnographer)
• Pelliot P.
  Paul Pelliot
  Paul Pelliot was a French sinologist and explorer of Central Asia. Initially intending to enter the foreign service, Pelliot took up the study of Chinese and became a pupil of Sylvain Lévi and Édouard Chavannes....
  
   (1878–1945) (Sinologist)
• Pletneva S. A. (archeologist)
• Podolak, Barbara (Turkologist, linguist)
• Polivanov E. D. (1891–1938) (Founder of Altaistics, theorist in linguistics, Orientalist, polyglot Поливанов, Евгений Дмитриевич 
• Poppe N. N. (1897–1991) (linguist-Altaist)
• Potanin G. N. (1835–1920) (Explorer, historian)
• Potapov L.P.
  Leonid P. Potapov
  Leonid Pavlovich Potapov was a 20th century ethnographer specialising in the study of peoples of Southern Siberia.Leonid Potapov was born in the Altai city Barnaul. From his early years L.Potapov showed interest to ethnography of his native land, travelling to study the culture of Altaians with a...
  
   (1905–2000) (Turkologist, ethnographer, ethnologist)
• Potocki Yan
  Jan Potocki
  Count Jan Nepomucen Potocki was a Polish nobleman, Polish Army Captain of Engineers, ethnologist, Egyptologist, linguist, traveler, adventurer and popular author of the Enlightenment period, whose life and exploits made him a legendary figure in his homeland...
  
   (Jan) (1761–1815) (ethnologist, linguist, historian)
• Poucha P. (Central Asian philology)
• Puech H.-C. (linguist)
• Radloff W.
  Vasily Radlov
  Vasily Vasilievich Radlov or Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff was a German-born Russian founder of Turkology, a scientific study of Turkic peoples....
  
   (1837–1918)
• Ramstedt G. H.
  Gustaf John Ramstedt
  Gustaf John Ramstedt was a Swedish-speaking Finnish linguist and diplomat.-Biography:Ramstedt was born in Ekenäs in Southern Finland....
  
   (1873–1950) (Altaic languages)
• Räsänen Martti (Ryasyanen M.)
• Rasonyi L. (1899–1984) (Turkologist) Rásonyi László 
• Rasovsky D. A. (historian)
• Rémi-Giraud S. (linguist)
• Robruk, of, William (Guglielmo di, Gil'om de, Rubruquis) (travel ca 1248-1252)
• Rochrig F. L. O. (Roehrig) (1819–1908) (Orientalist, Turkologist, Native American linguist)
• Samoilovich A. N. (1880–1938, killed in Stalinist repressions
  Great Purge
  The Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1936 to 1938...
  
  ) (Orientalist, Turkologist)
• Samolin W. (1911-1972?) (Orientalist)
• Senigova T. N. (Fine Arts, Turkologist)
• Seydakmatov K. (Turkologist, runiform writing)
• Shcherbak A. M. (1926—2008) (Turkologist, runiform writing)
• Siemieniec-Gołaś, Ewa (Turkologist, linguist)
• Smirnova O. I. (numismatist)
• Stachowski M. (linguist, etymologist)
• Stachowski St. (linguist)
• Starostin S.
  Sergei Starostin
  Dr. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin was a Russian historical linguist and scholar, best known for his work with hypothetical proto-languages, including his work on the reconstruction of the Proto-Borean language, the controversial theory of Altaic languages and the formulation of the Dené–Caucasian...
  
   (1953–2005) (linguist, Altaic languages hypothesis)
• Strahlenberg, von, P.J.
  Philip Johan von Strahlenberg
  Philip Johan von Strahlenberg was a Swedish officer and geographer of German origin who made important contributions to the cartography of Russia. Strahlenberg was born in Stralsund, which then belonged to Sweden, and his original name was Philip Johan Tabbert. He joined the Swedish army in 1694...
  
   (Philip Johan Tabbert) (1676 — 1747)
• Tekin, Talât (Altaic languages)
• Tenishev E. R. (1921–2004) (linguist, Central Asian philology Тенишевы 
• Tiesenhausen, von, W.
  Tyzenhaus
  Tyzenhaus was a noble family of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth of German extraction. It was active in the Duchy of Livonia, Duchy of Courland and the northern Grand Duchy of Lithuania...
  
   (In Russian Tizengauzen V.G.) (1825–1902) (Orientalist, numismatist, archeologist)
• Thomsen Vilhelm
  Vilhelm Thomsen
  Vilhelm Ludwig Peter Thomsen was a Danish linguist. In 1893, he deciphered the Turkish Orkhon inscriptions in advance of his rival, Wilhelm Radloff...
  
   (1842–1927) (Danish linguist, decipherer of the Orkhon inscriptions)
• Togan, Zeki Velidi
  Zeki Velidi Togan
  Zeki Velidi Togan was a historian, Turkologist, and leader of the Bashkir revolutionary and liberation movement.-Biography:He was born in Koedhoen village of Sterlitamak uyezd, today Bashkortostan....
  
   (1890–1970) (historian, Turkologist, leader of liberation movement)
• Tolstov S. P. (1907–1976) (archeologist)
• Tremblay X. (philology)
• Vainberg B. I. (archeologist, numismatist)
• Vaissière, Étienne de la
  Étienne de la Vaissière
  Étienne de La Vaissière is a French historian, professor at the Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, in Paris. He is teaching economic and social history of early medieval Central Asia, before and after the arrival of Islam...
  
   (Orientalist, philologist)
• Valihanov Chokan (Shokan, Chokan Chingisovich) (1835–1865) (Turkologist, ethnographer, historian)
• Vambery A.
  Ármin Vámbéry
  Ármin Vámbéry, Arminius Vámbéry born Hermann Bamberger, or Bamberger Ármin , was a Hungarian orientalist and traveler...
  
   (1832–1913)
• Vasiliev D. D. (Türkic runiform script)
• Velikhanly N. M (Velikhanova) (Orientalist)
• Velyaminov-Zernov V. V. (1830–1904) (Turkologist)
• Wang Guowei
  Wang Guowei
  Wang Guowei , courtesy name Jing'an or Baiyu , was a Chinese scholar, writer and poet...
  
   (王国维, 1877–1927) (Sinologist, historian, and philologist)
• Wikander S.Stig Wikander (1908–1983) (Orientalist, philologist, Native American linguist) Stig Wikander
• Wittfogel K. A. (1896–1988) (Sinologist, historian)
• Yadrintsev N.V. (1842–1894) (archeologist, Turkologist, explorer)
• Yudin V. P. (1928—1983) (Orientalist, historian, and philologist)
• Zajączkowski Ananiasz (1903–1970) (Turkologist Ananiasz Zajączkowski 
• Zakiev M.
  Mirfatyh Zakiev
  Zakiev Mirfatyh is a Türkology scholar, philologist, teacher, and a Tatarstan public figure, Doctor of Philology, professor, full member of Academy of Sciences of the Tatarstan Republic...
  
   (Philologist)
• Zehren E. (Orientalist, archeologist)
• Zieme P. W. H. (Turkologist, linguist)
• Zuev Yu.
  Yury Zuev
  Yury Zuev was a Kazakh sinologist and turkologist of Russian origin.Zuev was born on in the Siberian city of Tümen in a white-collar family. Zuev studied in Leningrad State University to major in the historical studies of the Eastern countries, successfully learning ancient Chinese, Middle...
  
   (1932–2006) (Sinologist)

See also

• Turko-Tatar
  Turko-Tatar
  Turko-Tatar was a common designation associated with academic Turkology in the 19th century.The term "Turko-Tatar" was used in scholarly works such as the Allgemeine Grammatik der Turko-tatarischen Sprachen by the Azeri scholar A. Kazem-bek , or L.Z. Budagov’s Sravnitel’nïy slovar...
  
  
• Bibliography of Turkic linguistics//Monumenta Altaica http://altaica.narod.ru/bibliograf/e_turkmeng.htm (period 1810-2003)

Related periodical publications

A selection of English-language periodicals studying Turkology

• Journal of Turkic Languages
• Journal of Turkish Linguistics
• Journal of Turkology
• Journal of the American Oriental Society
• Journal of Asian Studies'
• British Society for Middle Eastern Studies'
• The Turkology Update Leiden Project(TULP)
• Journal of American Studies of Turkey
• Turkologischer Anzeiger/Turkology Annual
• Indiana University Central Eurasian Studies

External links

• İstanbul Kültür University
• International Turkology and Turkish History Research Symposium
• SOTA Research Centre for Turkestan and Azerbaijan
• ATON at Texas Tech University
• Turkish Studies Institutes, Departments Links