See Also

Trolleybus

A trolleybus is a bus Bus

A bus is a large automobile intended to carry numerous persons in addition to the driver [i] and ... 

 powered by two overhead electric wires, from which it draws electricity Electricity

Electricity is a general term for the variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge [i] ... 

 using two trolley pole Trolley pole

Trolley poles are usually tapered cylindrical poles of wood [i] or metal [i], used to transfer electricity [i] ... 

s. Two poles are required in order to accommodate the return current, which cannot pass to the ground as in the case of an electric tram Tram

A tram, tramcar, trolley, or streetcar, is a railborne [i], lighter than ... 

 or streetcar Tram

A tram, tramcar, trolley, or streetcar, is a railborne [i], lighter than ... 

 since trolleybuses use rubber tire Tire

A tire or tyre is a device covering the circumference of a wheel.... 

s, rather than steel wheels on rail. There are trolleybuses in many cities around the world.

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Encyclopedia



A trolleybus is a bus Bus

A bus is a large automobile intended to carry numerous persons in addition to the driver [i] and... 

 powered by two overhead electric wires, from which it draws electricity Electricity

Electricity is a general term for the variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge [i] ... 

 using two trolley pole Trolley pole

Trolley poles are usually tapered cylindrical poles of wood [i] or metal [i], used to transfer electricity [i] ... 

s. Two poles are required in order to accommodate the return current, which cannot pass to the ground as in the case of an electric tram Tram

A tram, tramcar, trolley, or streetcar, is a railborne [i], lighter than ... 

 or streetcar Tram

A tram, tramcar, trolley, or streetcar, is a railborne [i], lighter than ... 

 since trolleybuses use rubber tire Tire

A tire or tyre is a device covering the circumference of a wheel.... 

s, rather than steel wheels on rail. There are trolleybuses in many cities around the world.

Background


The history of the trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens Ernst Werner von Siemens

Ernst Werner von Siemens was a German inventor [i] and industrialist [i]. ... 

 ran his "Elektromote" in a Berlin Berlin

Berlin is the capital [i] city and a state [i] of Germany [i]. ... 

 suburb. This experimental demonstration continued until 13 June 1882, after which there was little progress in Europe, although separate experiments were conducted in the USA. The next development was when Lombard Gérin operated an experimental line at the Paris Exhibition of 1900 Exposition Universelle (1900)

The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a world's fair [i] held in Paris [i], France [i], to celebrate th ... 

 after four years of trials. Max Schiemann made the biggest step when on 10 July 1901 the world's first passenger-carrying trolleybus operated at Bielathal in Germany Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country [i] in central Europe [i]. ... 

. Schiemann built and operated the Bielathal system, and is credited with developing the under-running trolley current collection system, with two horizontally parallel overhead wires and rigid trolleypoles under tension to keep them up to the wires. Although the Bielathal system only operated until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now recognised as the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days, however, there were a few different methods of current collection being developed. The Mercedes-Stoll system, designed by Carl Stoll, was once operated near Dresden Dresden

Dresden is the capital city [i] of the German [i] Federal State of Saxony [i] and situated in a ... 

 between 1902 and 1904, and in Vienna Vienna

Vienna is the capital [i] of Austria [i], and also one of the nine States of Austria [i]. ... 

. The Lloyd-Köhler or Bremen system was tried out in Bremen, and the Filovia was demonstrated near Milan Milan

Milan is the main city of northern Italy [i], located in the plains of Lombardy [i]. ... 

.

Leeds Leeds

Leeds is a major city in the northern English [i] county of Yorkshire [i] and the urban ... 

 and Bradford Bradford

Bradford is a city in the northern [i] English [i] county of Yorkshire [i], and ... 

 became the first cities to operate passenger-carrying trolleybuses in the UK United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country and sovereign state [i] tha ... 

 on 20 June 1911. Bradford was also the last to operate trolleybuses in the UK, closing on 26 March 1972. The last rear entrance trolleybus in Britain was also in Bradford, now owned by the Bradford Trolleybus Association. Birmingham Birmingham

Birmingham is a city [i] and metropolitan borough [i] in the West Midlands [i] ... 

 was the first to replace a tram route with trolleybuses, while Wolverhampton Wolverhampton

!colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="#ff9999"|City of Wolverhampton
... 

 under the direction of Charles Owen Silvers was responsible for turning the "trackless tram" into the trolleybus. There were 50 trolleybus operations in the UK in total, with London London

London is the capital [i] city of England [i] and of the United Kingdom [i]. ... 

 being the largest. By the time trolleybuses arrived in British in 1911, the Schiemann system was well established and was the most common, although the short-lived Stockport Stockport

Stockport is a town in the metropolitan county [i] of Greater Manchester [i] in England [i], traditional ... 

 system used the Lloyd-Kölher system, and Keighley Keighley

Keighley is a town and civil parish [i] in the county [i] of West Yorkshire [i], England [i], northwest ... 

 used the Cedes-Stoll method.

In the USA, some cities, led by the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation

The Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation was an urban transit [i] holding company [i], based in Brooklyn [i] ... 

 , subscribed to the all-four concept of using buses, trolleybuses, tram Tram

A tram, tramcar, trolley, or streetcar, is a railborne [i], lighter than ... 

s and rapid transit Rapid transit

A rapid transit, underground, subway, tube, elevated, or metro(politan) sy... 

 subway and/or elevated lines , as appropriate, for routes ranging from lightly-used to heaviest trunk line. Buses and trolleybuses in particular were seen as entry systems that could later be upgraded to rail as appropriate. Although the BMT in Brooklyn Brooklyn

Brooklyn is one of the five boroughs [i] of New York City [i]. ... 

 built only one trolleybus line, other cities, notably San Francisco, California San Francisco, California

The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth-largest city in California [i] and the fourteenth-lar ... 

 and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, colloquially referred to as Philly, and known as The City of Brotherly Love i... 

, built larger systems and still maintain "all-four". If you include cable cars as another mode, San Francisco could be called "all-five," as the cable cars provide a general transportation Transport

Transport or transportation is the movement [i] of people [i] and goods [i] ... 

 function in addition to being a tourist attraction.

Advantages




Trolleybuses are particularly advantageous in hilly cities, as electric Electricity

Electricity is a general term for the variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge [i] ... 

 power is more effective than diesel Diesel engine

The diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine [i]; more specifically, it is a compression ... 

 power in climbing steep hills, and trolleybuses' rubber Rubber

Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon [i] polymer [i] which occurs as a milky emulsion [i] in the sap of se ... 

 tire Tire

A tire or tyre is a device covering the circumference of a wheel.... 

s have better adhesion Adhesion

Adhesion is the molecular attraction [i] exerted between bodies in contact.
... 

 than streetcars' steel wheels upon steel rails. San Francisco San Francisco, California

The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth-largest city in California [i] and the fourteenth-lar ... 

 and Seattle Seattle, Washington

Seattle is the largest city [i] in the Pacific Northwest [i] region of the United States [i]. ... 

, USA, both very hilly cities, use trolleybuses.

Like other electric vehicle Electric vehicle

An electric vehicle, or EV, is a vehicle [i] with one or more electric motor [i]s for propulsion. ... 

s, trolleybuses are often seen as more environmentally friendly than fossil fuel Fossil fuel

Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon [i]s formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. ... 

 or hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon

[i] that consists only of the elements [[carbon]... 

-based vehicles , but the power is not "free", and instead has to be produced at centralised power plant Power station

A power station or power plant is a facility for the generation [i] of electric power [i] ... 

s, with its attendant transmission losses. On the other hand, centrally-produced power has the advantage of being more efficient, not bound to a specific fuel source, and more amenable to pollution-control as a single-source supply than individual vehicles, each with their own power generation, exhausting noxious gases and particulates at street level.

Also, unlike buses or trams, trolleybuses are almost totally silent, without the noise of a diesel engine or the wheels on the rails. The main noise tends to come from auxiliary systems such as power steering pumps and air conditioning. Early trolleybuses without these systems were even quieter, and in the UK at least were often referred to as the "Silent Service". The quietness did have its disadvantages though, with quite a number of pedestrians falling victim to what was also known as "the Silent Death".

One advantage is that they can generate electric power from kinetic energy whilst braking, a process known as regenerative braking.

Another area where trolleybuses enjoy a special niche is in locations where hydropower Hydropower

[Image:SaintAnthonyFalls.jpg|thumb|left|Saint Anthony Falls [i]]] [i]
... 

 is abundant and cheap. Examples of this are the extensive trolleybus systems in Vancouver Vancouver

Vancouver is a Canadian city [i] in the province [i] of British Columbia [i] ... 

, British Columbia British Columbia

British Columbia, often referred to as B.C. or BC , is the westernmost of [[Canada|Canada's]... 

, Canada Canada

Canada is the world's second-largest [i] country by total area, occupying most ... 

 and Seattle Seattle, Washington

Seattle is the largest city [i] in the Pacific Northwest [i] region of the United States [i]. ... 

, Washington Washington

Washington is a state [i] in the Pacific Northwest [i] of the United States [i]. ... 

, USA. The latter city doubly benefits, due to the steep road grades near the Downtown Downtown Seattle

Downtown is the central business district [i] of Seattle [i], Washington [i].... 

 waterfront and on Queen Anne Queen Anne, Seattle, Washington

Queen Anne Hill is the highest named hill [i] in Seattle, Washington [i], with a maximum elevation of 45 ... 

, First First Hill, Seattle, Washington

First Hill is a neighborhood [i] in Seattle, Washington [i], named for the hill on which it is located.... 

, and Capitol Hill Capitol Hill, Seattle, Washington

Capitol Hill is the second most densely populated neighborhood [i] in Seattle, Washington [i], United States [i] ... 

s.

Trolleybuses are used extensively in large European cities such as Athens Athens

Athens is the capital [i] and the largest city of Greece [i]. ... 

, Moscow Moscow

Moscow is the capital [i] of Russia [i] and the country's principal political, economic, financial, edu ... 

, Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg listen is a city located in northwestern Russia [i] on t ... 

, Kiev Kiev

Kiev, also written as Kyiv is the capital [i] and the largest city of Ukraine [i], lo ... 

, Belgrade Belgrade

Belgrade is the capital [i] and largest city of the Republic of Serbia [i]. ... 

 and Vilnius Vilnius

Vilnius is the capital [i] and largest city [i] of Lithuania [i], with a population of 553,904 as of December 2005 [i] ... 

, as well as smaller ones, like Lausanne Lausanne

Lausanne is a city in the French [i]-speaking part of Switzerland [i], situated on the s ... 

, Salzburg Salzburg

Salzburg is a city [i] in western Austria [i] and the capital [i] ... 

 and Nancy Nancy

Nancy is a city and commune [i] which is the prfecture [i] of the Meurthe-et-Moselle [i] ... 

. Cities, especially located on hills, have chosen trolleybuses over diesel buses because the electric engine is capable of producing much more torque than a diesel engine. Moreover, the electric engine can be temporarily "overpowered", that is, more than the average power can be obtained from the engine for a short period of time, e.g. when climbing a steep hill. Also, realizing the advantages of these zero-emission vehicles, some other European cities have started to expand their systems again. Other cities such as Lecce Lecce

Lecce is a city situated in the south of Italy [i], in the region of Apulia [i]. ... 

 will introduce new trolleybus systems.



Some have suggested that the trolleybus will become obsolete in a future hydrogen economy Hydrogen economy

A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical [i] future economy [i] in which energy [i], for mobile ap ... 

. However, direct electric transmission, as used in trolleybuses, is far more efficient than conversion of energy into hydrogen, transportation and storage of the hydrogen and its conversion back into electricity by fuel cells.

China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus that runs without powerlines. This bus runs on power stored in large onboard supercapacitor Supercapacitor

A supercapacitor or an ultracapacitor is an electrochemical capacitor [i] that has an unusually hi ... 

s, which are quickly recharged whenever the electric bus stops in any bus stop. A few prototypes were being tested in Shanghai Shanghai

Shanghai , situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta [i] in East China [i], is the largest city o ... 

 in early 2005.

Restraints


With the raise of hybrid designs the trolleybus is no longer "captive" to its overhead trolley wires. Re-routings, temporary or permanent, are not usually readily available outside of "downtown" areas where the buses may be re-routed via adjacent business area streets where other trolleybus routes operate. Dewirements sometimes occur, leaving the bus stranded without power, although these events are relatively rare on systems with well-maintained overhead wire, hangers, fittings and "contact shoes." Some systems, such as Muni San Francisco Municipal Railway

The San Francisco Municipal Railway, or Muni as it is commonly known, is the public transit [i] sy ... 

 in San Francisco and TransLink in Vancouver Vancouver

Vancouver is a Canadian city [i] in the province [i] of British Columbia [i] ... 

, have circumvented this problem by installing battery packs on their trolleybuses to allow them to drive for short distances in case they cannot follow the standard route. Also capacitators may be used to drive small distances without connections to the grid. Boston Boston, Massachusetts

Boston is the capital [i] of the Commonwealth [i] of Massachusetts [i] in the United States [i] ... 

 is using dual-mode bus Dual-mode bus

A dual-mode bus is a bus [i] that can run on power from two different sources, typically electricity fro ... 

es on its new Silver Line that run on overhead electricity on a fixed right of way and then transition to city streets using diesel Diesel

Diesel or diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate [i] of fuel oil [i] ... 

 power. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, colloquially referred to as Philly, and known as The City of Brotherly Love i... 

, whose five trolleybus lines have been suspended for partial reconstruction, new trolleybuses on order will also have a means of operating short distances without wire. In Athens Athens

Athens is the capital [i] and the largest city of Greece [i]. ... 

, Greece, which has an extensive trolleybus system, in 2003-2004 all trolleybuses were replaced with new vehicles that are equipped with a diesel engine that allows them to run off-line for a considerable distance.

Limitations in the creation of power lines also limits the use of trolleybuses. Limitations may also arise when super-tall trucks need to use a route, preventing the installation of lines. Nevertheless the implementaion is less expensive and faster compared to tramways.

Trolleybuses can pass one another in regular service, if two separate sets of wires with a switch are provided.

Trolleybuses were generally implemented only when they confer one of the advantages listed above, because of the high cost of their infrastructure compared to the alternative, the standard bus. With increasing diesel costs and particle and NOx problems in cities, trolleybuses may be seen as the best suited relief for medium sized cities.

While at one time numerous cities operated this mode of transport, it is on average uncommon today in North America, though it is still a common form of transport in many European, Russian, Brazilian and Chinese cities, generally occupying the niche between street railways and diesel-powered buses. There were also new systesm set up just recently.




Trolleybus wire switch

Trolleybus wire switches are a standard piece of equipment in places where the line forks into two others or two lines join into one. The switch pictured here is a fully automatic one; the driver controls it by means of the application of power to the bus's motor. If the "straight through" option is desired, the driver coasts through the switch. All parts of switch are still in their initial positions when trolleybus goes under the switch. If the "turn" option is desired, the driver passes the switch while applying power to the bus's motor. The switch detects the current drop in the wires caused by the draw on power of the motor and activates a small electromagnet Electromagnet

An electromagnet is a type of magnet [i] in which the magnetic field [i] is produced by a flow of electr ... 

 to change the switch position. After a short period of time the electromagnet automatically turns off and, due to attached spiral coils, the switch returns to the normal "straight through" configuration.


Trolleybuses in Russia Russia

Russia , also the Russian Federation , is a country [i] that stretches over a vast expanse of Eurasia [i] ... 

 


The first trolley vehicle in Russia was built in Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg listen is a city located in northwestern Russia [i] on t ... 

 in 1902 on Frese machinebuilding factory. It utilised a carriage-type current receiver like the early von Siemens prototypes. There was no attempt to organize passengers or cargo services at this time.

The first operational trolleybus service was introduced in 1933 in Moscow Moscow

Moscow is the capital [i] of Russia [i] and the country's principal political, economic, financial, edu ... 

. In Soviet cities with underground metropolitan railways, trolleybus systems were intended to replace tramcars. In reality such plans were partially performed in 1950s rather than in 1930s. The first Soviet-made passenger trolleybus LK-1 was named after Politburo member Lazar Kaganovich. It was a dangerous and unreliable vehicle, quickly replaced by more advanced YaTB vehicles. These cars, both passenger and cargo, were the mainstay of Soviet trolley fleet before Great Patriotic War Eastern Front (World War II)

The Eastern Front of World War II [i] was the theatre of war [i] covering the conflict in centra ... 

. At this time new trolleybus systems were opened in Leningrad Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg listen is a city located in northwestern Russia [i] on t ... 

, Kiev Kiev

Kiev, also written as Kyiv is the capital [i] and the largest city of Ukraine [i], lo ... 

  and few other major Soviet cities.

It may appear strange that in the time of the Great Patriotic War, new trolleybus systems were opened in USSR Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , more commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a Communist state [i] ... 

. The need for mass transit in cities away from the front was urgent, but construction of tram lines was too expensive and time-consuming. Buses were largely mobilized to the Red Army Red Army

The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, , the armed ... 

 as staff and medical vehicles. The remains of the bus fleet quickly stalled due to fuel shortages. The trolleybuses proved a good solution. Some vehicles, wires and other equipment were evacuated from Moscow in 1941; these materials were used for erecting new lines and systems in other cities. In the front-line city of Leningrad, trolleybus service ceased operations in November 1941 and was not restored until the end of the war. City trams were relaunched in April 1942 and performed without interruption under siege conditions. This restored Soviet plans of mass transit development in the form of co-existence of subways, trams, and trolleys.

The postwar period saw an explosion of development and expansion of trolleybus systems in the Soviet Union Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , more commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a Communist state [i] ... 

. Many cities and towns introduced passenger and cargo trolleybus services, sometimes interfering with tram operations. Production at the time was limited to the monopoly Zavod imeni Uritskogo . It produced thousands of MTB-82, ZiU-5 ZiU-5

The ZiU-5 is the Soviet [i] trolleybus [i]. The ZiU acronym stands for Zavod imeni Uritskogo ... 

, ZiU-9 ZiU-9

ZiU-9 is the Soviet [i] trolleybus [i] vehicle. ... 

 passenger trolleybuses for domestic purposes and for export. ZiU-9s were sold to Greece Greece

Greece
Greece lies at the juncture of Europe [i], Asia [i], and Africa [i]. ... 

, Colombia Colombia

The Republic of Colombia , is the northwesternmost country of South America [i]. ... 

, Argentina Argentina

Argentina is a country in southern South America [i]. ... 

 and eastern bloc countries. Three ZiU-9 cars were on loan in 1973 for testing purposes in Helsinki Helsinki

Helsinki , Helsingfors is the capital [i] and largest city of Finland [i]. ... 

, Finland Finland

The Republic of Finland , is one of the Nordic countries [i]. ... 

.

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to insufficient funding for many municipal trolleybus systems, but they proved more resilient than municipal tram or bus operations. There are no closed trolleybus systems in areas of modern Russia Russia

Russia , also the Russian Federation , is a country [i] that stretches over a vast expanse of Eurasia [i] ... 

 that are at peace. The trolleybus system in Grozny Grozny

Grozny or Groznyy is the capital of the Chechen Republic [i] in Russia [i]. ... 

 was completely destroyed in the First Chechen War First Chechen War

[i] forces attempted to stop the southern [[republic]... 

. Reconstruction is in planning. There are two systems with uncertain futures, in Voronezh Voronezh

Voronezh is a large city in the Southwest Russia, not far from Ukraine [i].... 

 and Shakhty Shakhty

Shakhty is a city [i] in Rostov Oblast [i], Russia [i]. ... 

. In other cities the development of trolleybus passenger services continues. Two new systems were introduced in Moscow suburbs Khimki and Vidnoe in the second half of 1990s. ZiU has lost its monopoly in producing trolley vehicles. Today a number of domestic factories offer trolleybuses for the Russian market.

Preservation

The world's largest collection of preserved trolleybuses is at The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft

The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft is a transport museum [i] which specialises in the preservation of trolleybuses [i] ... 

 in England. Examples are also preserved at The East Anglia Transport Museum East Anglia Transport Museum

The East Anglia Transport Museum is a located in Carlton Colville [i] near Lowestoft [i] in Suffolk [i],... 

 and The Black Country Living Museum Black Country Living Museum

The Black Country Living Museum is located in Dudley [i] in the West Midlands [i] in England [i]... 

 in England, the Brisbane Tramway Museum Brisbane Tramway Museum

Brisbane Tramway Museum is a transport museum which preserves and displays trams [i] and trolley-bus [i] ... 

 and the Adelaide Electric Traction Museum in Australia Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere [i] c ... 

. In Foxton, New Zealand New Zealand

New Zealand is a country in the south-western Pacific Ocean [i] consisting of two large islands and many ... 

, preserved trolleybuses operate on the public highway on their own system.

The Bradford Trolleybus Association is currently restoring Bradford Trolleybus 758, the last rear entrance trolleybus in Britain. Bradford Trolleybus 758 is kept at The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft

The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft is a transport museum [i] which specialises in the preservation of trolleybuses [i] ... 

. The Bradford Trolleybus Association urgently need funds to continue the restoration of this historic Trolleybus. For more information, go to www.bradfordtrolleybusassociation.co.uk .

In Lausanne, the Association Retrobus preserves old trolleybuses and enables them to circulate in town, especially on summer weekends.

The Illinois Railway Museum Illinois Railway Museum

The Illinois Railway Museum is the United States [i]'s largest railway [i] museum. ... 

 also maintains a historical collection of trolleybuses from Chicago, Illinois Chicago

Chicago is the largest city [i] in the U.S. state [i] of Illinois [i], as well as the third-most populous [i] ... 

, Dayton, Ohio Dayton, Ohio

Dayton is a city in southwestern Ohio [i], United States [i] with a population of 166,179 . ... 

, Cleveland, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio

For the Cleveland area, see Greater Cleveland [i].
... 

, Des Moines, Iowa Des Moines, Iowa

official_name = Des Moines, Iowa
... 

, Vancouver British Columbia Vancouver

Vancouver is a Canadian city [i] in the province [i] of British Columbia [i] ... 

 and Milwaukee, Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Milwaukee is the largest city within the state of Wisconsin [i] and 22nd-largest in the United States [i] ... 

.

Russian transport museums have a variety of historic trolleybuses made by local manufacturers. In Moscow Moscow

Moscow is the capital [i] of Russia [i] and the country's principal political, economic, financial, edu ... 

 vintage vehicles are only available for public in transport-dedicated exhibitions and parades of old vehicles in different celebration days. In Saint Peterburg Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg listen is a city located in northwestern Russia [i] on t ... 

 and Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod , colloquially shortened as Nizhny and also transliterated [i] ... 

 museum cars are also may be hired for city excursions and parties.

See also

  • Gyrobus
  • List of cities with trolleybuses
  • List of cities that no longer have trolleybuses List of cities that no longer have trolleybuses

    This is a list of cities that had trolleybus [i]es at some time in the past as part of their public transport [i]... 

  • Low-floor trolleybuses Low floor

    In public transportation, low-floor is a term describing vehicles such as bus [i]es, trolleybus [i]es, a ... 



Books

Sebree, Mac, and Paul Ward. 1973. “Transit’s Stepchild, the Trolley Coach” . Los Angeles: Interurbans.

Sebree, Mac, and Paul Ward. 1974. "The Trolley Coach in North America" . Los Angeles: Interurbans.

Mick Leak. 2006. "The Story Of Britain's Last Rear Entrance Trolleybus In Public Service - Bradford 758. Published By The Bradford Trolleybus Association. Bradford. United Kingdom.

Periodicals

"Trolleybus Magazine" . National Trolleybus Association . Bimonthly.

"Trackless" The Quarterly Magazine Published By The Bradford Trolleybus Association For Its Members.

References

  • , accessed January 30, 2004


External links




  • - Has photos of Trolleybuses in Vancouver & Edmonton , and Wellington
  • — available in English, German and Russian.
  • / "Seventy years of Kiev trolleybus", Zerkalo Nedeli Zerkalo Nedeli

    Zerkalo Nedeli, usually referred to in English as the Mirror Weekly, is one of Ukraine [i] ... 

     , December 10-16, 2005, and .