Treaty of Zara
Encyclopedia
The Treaty of Zadar, also known as the Treaty of Zara, was a peace treaty
signed in Zadar
, Dalmatia
on February 18, 1358 by which the Venetian Republic lost influence over its Dalmatian holdings. The Treaty of Zadar ended hostilities between Louis I of Hungary and the Republic of Venice
, who were contesting control of a series of territories along the eastern Adriatic coastline in present-day Croatia
.
was dissolved and, following a brief interlude, was replaced by the Angevin dynasty
as the rulers of Hungary and Croatia. The first Angevin king was Charles Robert
, who ruled from 1312 to 1342. He was supported by a Croatian nobleman Pavao Šubić, the count of Bribir and ruler of the coastal towns of Split, Trogir, and Šibenik. Pavao became the Ban of Croatia
, conferring on him many of the powers of a monarch including minting coinage, conferring charters on cities and levying annual taxes on them.
Pavao's actions led to a revolt among the Croatian nobility, who successfully reached out to King Charles to help them remove Pavaore. In exchange for his aide, however, the Croatian nobility was forced to declare their direct allegiance to the Hungarian monarchy, setting the stage for Hungarian attempts to expel the Venetian empire from the Croatian coastline. While the other cities in the Dalmatian region were suffering from tug of war warfare between the Venetians and the Hungary and Croatians, Dubrovnik
, which was held by Venice, was growing into an economic power house by exploiting its position between the west and the mineral-rich kingdoms of Serbia and Bosnia, as well as Dubrovnik's broader location between Europe and the Levant.
In the 1350s the Hungarian monarch, Louis I, was able to assemble a force of 50,000 men by joining his forces with reinforcements sent by the Duke of Austria, the Counts of Gorizia
, the Lord of Padua, Francesco I da Carrara
, and the Patriarchate of Aquileia
, a state within the Holy Roman Empire
. In 1356, the coalition besieged the Venetians at Asolo
, Conegliano
, Ceneda
and the stronghold of Treviso
. At the same time, along the Dalmatian coast, the army had attacked the Hungarian-Croatian cities of Zadar
, Trogir
, Split
and Dubrovnik
. Although Trogir, Split and the other smaller towns surrendered fairly quickly, Zadar offered significant resistance to the Hungarian-led coalition.
Broken by a series of military reversals suffered in their own territory, the Venetians resigned themselves to the unfavorable conditions stipulated in the Treaty of Zadar, which was signed in the eponymous city on February 18, 1358.
region and the Zadar's came under the rule of the King of Hungary
, then ruled by Louis I. It marked the rise of the Republic of Ragusa
as an independent and successful state. The same cannot be said for Zadar since it was later sold back to Venice by Ladislaus of Naples.
As a result of the peace treaty, the Republic of Venice had to give all his possessions to Hungary in Dalmatia, from the Kvarner to the Bay of Kotor
, but could keep the Istrian coast and the Treviso
region. It was also forced to cancel, under the title of doge, any reference to Dalmatia. Louis of Hungary entered triumphantly in Zadar in 1358 by granting extensive privileges to the nobility Zadar and erecting the city capital of the kingdom of Dalmatia.
Peace treaty
A peace treaty is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments, that formally ends a state of war between the parties...
signed in Zadar
Zadar
Zadar is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea. It is the centre of Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Population of the city is 75,082 citizens...
, Dalmatia
Dalmatia
Dalmatia is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south....
on February 18, 1358 by which the Venetian Republic lost influence over its Dalmatian holdings. The Treaty of Zadar ended hostilities between Louis I of Hungary and the Republic of Venice
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice in Northeastern Italy. It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century until 1797. It was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in...
, who were contesting control of a series of territories along the eastern Adriatic coastline in present-day Croatia
Croatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...
.
Background
In 1301, the house of ArpadÁrpád dynasty
The Árpáds or Arpads was the ruling dynasty of the federation of the Hungarian tribes and of the Kingdom of Hungary . The dynasty was named after Grand Prince Árpád who was the head of the tribal federation when the Magyars occupied the Carpathian Basin, circa 895...
was dissolved and, following a brief interlude, was replaced by the Angevin dynasty
Capetian House of Anjou
The Capetian House of Anjou, also known as the House of Anjou-Sicily and House of Anjou-Naples, was a royal house and cadet branch of the direct House of Capet. Founded by Charles I of Sicily, a son of Louis VIII of France, the Capetian king first ruled the Kingdom of Sicily during the 13th century...
as the rulers of Hungary and Croatia. The first Angevin king was Charles Robert
Charles I of Hungary
Charles I , also known as Charles Robert , was the first King of Hungary and Croatia of the House of Anjou. He was also descended from the old Hungarian Árpád dynasty. His claim to the throne of Hungary was contested by several pretenders...
, who ruled from 1312 to 1342. He was supported by a Croatian nobleman Pavao Šubić, the count of Bribir and ruler of the coastal towns of Split, Trogir, and Šibenik. Pavao became the Ban of Croatia
Ban of Croatia
Ban of Croatia was the title of local rulers and after 1102 viceroys of Croatia. From earliest periods of Croatian state, some provinces were ruled by Bans as a rulers representative and supreme military commander. In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually become chief government officials in...
, conferring on him many of the powers of a monarch including minting coinage, conferring charters on cities and levying annual taxes on them.
Pavao's actions led to a revolt among the Croatian nobility, who successfully reached out to King Charles to help them remove Pavaore. In exchange for his aide, however, the Croatian nobility was forced to declare their direct allegiance to the Hungarian monarchy, setting the stage for Hungarian attempts to expel the Venetian empire from the Croatian coastline. While the other cities in the Dalmatian region were suffering from tug of war warfare between the Venetians and the Hungary and Croatians, Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641...
, which was held by Venice, was growing into an economic power house by exploiting its position between the west and the mineral-rich kingdoms of Serbia and Bosnia, as well as Dubrovnik's broader location between Europe and the Levant.
In the 1350s the Hungarian monarch, Louis I, was able to assemble a force of 50,000 men by joining his forces with reinforcements sent by the Duke of Austria, the Counts of Gorizia
Gorizia
Gorizia is a town and comune in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia. It is located at the foot of the Julian Alps, bordering Slovenia. It is the capital of the Province of Gorizia, and it is a local center of tourism, industry, and commerce. Since 1947, a twin...
, the Lord of Padua, Francesco I da Carrara
Francesco I da Carrara
Francesco I da Carrara was Lord of Padua from 1350 to 1388.The son of the assassinated Giacomo II da Carrara, he succeeded him as lord of Padua by popular acclamation. In 1356 he was named imperial vicar by emperor Charles IV...
, and the Patriarchate of Aquileia
Patriarchate of Aquileia (State)
The Patriarchate of Aquileia was an Imperial State in the Friulian region of Northeastern Italy under the control of the Patriarchs of Aquileia.- Foundation :...
, a state within the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
. In 1356, the coalition besieged the Venetians at Asolo
Asolo
Asolo is a town and comune in the Veneto Region of Northern Italy. It is known as "The Pearl of the province of Treviso", and also as "The City of a Hundred Horizons" for its mountain settings.-History:...
, Conegliano
Conegliano
Conegliano is a town and comune of the Veneto region, Italy, in the province of Treviso, about north by rail from the town of Treviso. The population of the city is of around 36,000 people. The remains of a castle that was built in the 10th century remain on a nearby hill...
, Ceneda
Vittorio Veneto
Vittorio Veneto is a city and comune situated in the Province of Treviso, in the region of Veneto, Italy, in the northeast of the Italian peninsula, between the Piave and the Livenza rivers.-Geography:...
and the stronghold of Treviso
Treviso
Treviso is a city and comune in Veneto, northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Treviso and the municipality has 82,854 inhabitants : some 3,000 live within the Venetian walls or in the historical and monumental center, some 80,000 live in the urban center proper, while the city...
. At the same time, along the Dalmatian coast, the army had attacked the Hungarian-Croatian cities of Zadar
Zadar
Zadar is a city in Croatia on the Adriatic Sea. It is the centre of Zadar county and the wider northern Dalmatian region. Population of the city is 75,082 citizens...
, Trogir
Trogir
Trogir is a historic town and harbour on the Adriatic coast in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia, with a population of 12,995 and a total municipality population of 13,322 . The historic city of Trogir is situated on a small island between the Croatian mainland and the island of Čiovo...
, Split
Split (city)
Split is a Mediterranean city on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea, centered around the ancient Roman Palace of the Emperor Diocletian and its wide port bay. With a population of 178,192 citizens, and a metropolitan area numbering up to 467,899, Split is by far the largest Dalmatian city and...
and Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641...
. Although Trogir, Split and the other smaller towns surrendered fairly quickly, Zadar offered significant resistance to the Hungarian-led coalition.
Broken by a series of military reversals suffered in their own territory, the Venetians resigned themselves to the unfavorable conditions stipulated in the Treaty of Zadar, which was signed in the eponymous city on February 18, 1358.
Consequences
The treaty was signed in the Closter of Monastery of St. Francis and based on the terms of the agreement, the DubrovnikDubrovnik
Dubrovnik is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641...
region and the Zadar's came under the rule of the King of Hungary
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary comprised present-day Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia , Transylvania , Carpatho Ruthenia , Vojvodina , Burgenland , and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders...
, then ruled by Louis I. It marked the rise of the Republic of Ragusa
Republic of Ragusa
The Republic of Ragusa or Republic of Dubrovnik was a maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik in Dalmatia , that existed from 1358 to 1808...
as an independent and successful state. The same cannot be said for Zadar since it was later sold back to Venice by Ladislaus of Naples.
As a result of the peace treaty, the Republic of Venice had to give all his possessions to Hungary in Dalmatia, from the Kvarner to the Bay of Kotor
Bay of Kotor
The Bay of Kotor in south-western Montenegro is a winding bay on the Adriatic Sea. The bay, sometimes called Europe's southernmost fjord, is in fact a submerged river canyon of the disintegrated Bokelj River which used to run from the high mountain plateaus of Mount Orjen...
, but could keep the Istrian coast and the Treviso
Treviso
Treviso is a city and comune in Veneto, northern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Treviso and the municipality has 82,854 inhabitants : some 3,000 live within the Venetian walls or in the historical and monumental center, some 80,000 live in the urban center proper, while the city...
region. It was also forced to cancel, under the title of doge, any reference to Dalmatia. Louis of Hungary entered triumphantly in Zadar in 1358 by granting extensive privileges to the nobility Zadar and erecting the city capital of the kingdom of Dalmatia.